A college graduate, Evers became active in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s. Following the 1954 ruling of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education
that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, Evers challenged
the segregation of the state-supported public University of Mississippi,
applying to law school there. He also worked for voting rights,
economic opportunity, access to public facilities, and other changes in
the segregated society. Evers was awarded the 1963 NAACP Spingarn Medal.
Evers' widow, Myrlie Evers, became a noted activist in her own right, serving as national chair of the NAACP. In 1969 his brother Charles became the first African American to be elected mayor of a Mississippi city in the post-Reconstruction era.
Early life
Evers was born on July 2, 1925, in Decatur, Mississippi, the third of five children (including elder brother Charles Evers) of Jesse (Wright) and James Evers. The family included Jesse's two children from a previous marriage. The Evers family owned a small farm and James also worked at a sawmill. Evers and his siblings walked 12 miles (19 kilometers) a day to attend segregated schools; eventually Medgar earned his high school diploma.
In 1948, Evers enrolled at Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College (a historically black college, now Alcorn State University), majoring in business administration. He also competed on the debate, football, and track teams, sang in the choir, and was junior class president. Evers earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1952.
On December 24, 1951, Evers married classmate Myrlie Beasley. Together they had three children: Darrell Kenyatta, Reena Denise, and James Van Dyke Evers.
Activism
The couple moved to Mound Bayou, Mississippi, a town developed by African Americans, where Evers became a salesman for T. R. M. Howard's Magnolia Mutual Life Insurance Company. He was also president of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL), which began to organize actions for civil rights; Evers helped organize the RCNL's boycott of gasoline stations that denied blacks the use of the stations' restrooms.
He and his brother, Charles, attended the RCNL's annual conferences in
Mound Bayou between 1952 and 1954, which drew crowds of 10,000 or more.
On November 24, 1954, Evers was named as the NAACP's first field secretary for Mississippi. In this position, he helped organize boycotts and set up new local chapters of the NAACP. Evers was also involved with James Meredith's efforts to enroll in the University of Mississippi in the early 1960s.
Evers also encouraged Dr. Gilbert Mason Sr. in his organizing of the Biloxi wade-ins from 1959 to 1963, protests against segregation of the city's public beaches on the Mississippi Gulf Coast.
Evers conducted actions to help integrate Jackson's privately owned
buses and tried to integrate the public parks. Evers led voter
registration drives and used boycotts to integrate Leake County schools
and the Mississippi State Fair.
Evers' civil rights leadership, along with his investigative work, made him a target of white supremacists. Following the Brown v. Board of Education decision, local whites founded the White Citizens' Council in Mississippi, and numerous local chapters were started, to resist the integration
of schools and facilities. In the weeks before Evers was killed, he
encountered new levels of hostility. Evers' public investigations into
the 1955 lynching of Chicago teenager Emmett Till in Mississippi, and his vocal support of Clyde Kennard, had made Evers a prominent black leader. On May 28, 1963, a Molotov cocktail was thrown into the carport of his home. On June 7, 1963, Evers was nearly run down by a car after he came out of the NAACP office in Jackson, Mississippi.
Assassination
Evers lived with the constant threat of death. A large white supremacist population and the Ku Klux Klan were present in Jackson
and its suburbs. The risk was so high that before his death, Evers and
his wife, Myrlie, had trained their children on what to do in case of a
shooting, bombing, or other kind of attack on their lives.
Evers, who was regularly followed home by at least two FBI cars and a
police car, arrived at his home on the morning of his death without an
escort. None of his usual protection was present, for reasons
unspecified by the FBI or local police. There has been speculation that
many members of the police force at the time were members of the Klan.
In the early morning of Wednesday, June 12, 1963, just hours after President John F. Kennedy's nationally televised Civil Rights Address,
Evers pulled into his driveway after returning from a meeting with
NAACP lawyers. His family had worried for his safety that day, and Evers
himself had warned his wife that he felt in greater danger than usual.
Emerging from his car and carrying NAACP T-shirts that read "Jim Crow Must Go", Evers was struck in the back with a bullet fired from an Eddystone Enfield 1917 rifle;
the bullet passed through his heart. Initially thrown to the ground by
the impact of the shot, Evers rose and staggered 30 feet (10 meters)
before collapsing outside his front door. His wife, Myrlie, was the
first to find him.
Evers was taken to the local hospital in Jackson, where he was
initially refused entry because of his race. Evers' family explained who
he was, and he was admitted; Evers died in the hospital 50 minutes
later, three weeks shy of his 38th birthday. Evers was the first black man to be admitted to an all-white hospital in Mississippi. Mourned nationally, Evers was buried on June 19 in Arlington National Cemetery, where he received full military honors before a crowd of more than 3,000 people.
After Evers was assassinated, an estimated 5,000 people marched
from the Masonic Temple on Lynch Street to the Collins Funeral Home on
North Farish Street in Jackson. Allen Johnson, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., and other civil rights leaders led the procession.
The Mississippi police came to the non-violent protest armed with riot
gear and rifles. While tensions were initially high in the stand-off
between police and marchers, both in Jackson and in many similar marches
around the state, leaders of the movement maintained non-violence among
their followers.
Trials
On June 21, 1963, Byron De La Beckwith, a fertilizer salesman and member of the Citizens' Council (and later of the Ku Klux Klan), was arrested for Evers' murder. District Attorney and future governor Bill Waller prosecuted De La Beckwith. All-white juries in February and April 1964 deadlocked on De La Beckwith's guilt and failed to reach a verdict. At the time, most black people were still disenfranchised
by Mississippi's constitution and voter registration practices; this
meant they were also excluded from juries, which were drawn from the
pool of registered voters.
Myrlie Evers did not give up the fight for the conviction of her
husband's killer. She waited until a new judge had been assigned in the
county to take her case against De La Beckwith back into the courtroom. In 1994, De La Beckwith was prosecuted by the state based on new evidence. Bobby DeLaughter was the prosecutor. During the trial, the body of Evers was exhumed for an autopsy.
His body was embalmed, and was in such good condition that his son was
allowed to view his father's remains for the first time in 30 years.
De La Beckwith was convicted of murder on February 5, 1994 and
sentenced to life in prison, after having lived as a free man for much
of the three decades following the killing. He had been imprisoned from
1977 to 1980 on separate charges, conspiring to murder A. I. Botnick.
In 1997, De La Beckwith appealed his conviction in the Evers case but
the Mississippi Supreme Court upheld it and the U.S. Supreme Court
declined to hear it. He died at the age of 80 in prison on January 21, 2001.
Evers' widow, Myrlie Evers, co-wrote the 1967 book For Us, the Living with William Peters. In 1983, a television movie was made based on the book. Celebrating Evers's life and career, it starred Howard Rollins Jr. and Irene Cara as Medgar and Myrlie Evers, airing on PBS. The film won the Writers Guild of America award for Best Adapted Drama.
In 1969, a community pool in the Central District neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, was named after Evers, honoring his life.
On June 28, 1992, the city of Jackson, Mississippi, erected a
statue in honor of Evers. All of Delta Drive (part of U.S. Highway 49)
in Jackson was renamed in his honor. In December 2004, the Jackson City
Council changed the name of the city's airport to Jackson–Medgar Wiley Evers International Airport in Evers' honor.
Evers' widow, Myrlie Evers, became a noted activist in her own right, eventually serving as national chairperson of the NAACP.
Myrlie also founded the Medgar Evers Institute in 1998, with the
initial goal of preserving and advancing the legacy of her husband's
life's work. Anticipating the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of
the assassination of Medgar Evers and recognizing the international
leadership role of Myrlie Evers, the Institute's board of directors
changed the organization's name to the Medgar and Myrlie Evers
Institute.
Evers' brother, Charles Evers,
returned to Jackson in July 1963, and served briefly with the NAACP in
his slain brother's place. Charles remained involved in Mississippi
civil rights activities for many years, and in 1969, was the first
African-American mayor elected in the state. He died on July 22, 2020, at the age of 97.
On the 40th anniversary of Evers' assassination, hundreds of
civil rights veterans, government officials, and students from across
the country gathered around his grave site at Arlington National
Cemetery to celebrate his life and legacy. Barry Bradford and three
students—Sharmistha Dev, Jajah Wu, and Debra Siegel, formerly of Adlai
E. Stevenson High School in Lincolnshire, Illinois—planned and hosted the commemoration in his honor. Evers was the subject of the students' research project.
In June 2013, a statue of Evers was erected at his alma mater,
Alcorn State University, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Evers'
death. Alumni and guests from around the world gathered to recognize his contributions to American society.
Evers was also honored in a tribute at Arlington National Cemetery on the 50th anniversary of his death. Former President Bill Clinton, Attorney General Eric Holder, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus, Senator Roger Wicker, and NAACP President Benjamin Jealous all spoke commemorating Evers. Evers's widow, Myrlie Evers-Williams, spoke of his contributions to the advancement of civil rights:
Medgar was a man who never wanted adoration, who never
wanted to be in the limelight. He was a man who saw a job that needed to
be done and he answered the call and the fight for freedom, dignity and
justice not just for his people but all people.
Eudora Welty's
short story, "Where Is the Voice Coming From?", in which the speaker is
the imagined assassin of Medgar Evers, was published in The New Yorker in July 1963.
Attorney Bobby DeLaughter wrote a first-person narrative article entitled "Mississippi Justice" published in Reader's Digest about his experiences as state prosecutor in the murder trial. He added to this account in a book, Never Too Late: A Prosecutor's Story of Justice in the Medgar Evers Case (2001).
The 1996 film Ghosts of Mississippi, directed by Rob Reiner, explores the 1994 trial of De La Beckwith in which prosecutor DeLaughter of the Hinds County District Attorney's office secured a conviction in state court. Beckwith and DeLaughter were played by James Woods and Alec Baldwin, respectively, with Whoopi Goldberg as Myrlie Evers. Medgar was portrayed by James Pickens Jr. The film was based on a book of the same name.
In the documentary film I Am Not Your Negro (2016), Evers is one of three Black activists (the other two are Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X) who are the focus of reminiscences by author James Baldwin, who recounts the circumstances of and his reaction to Evers' assassination.
In the 2011 film The Help,
a clip of Evers speaking for civil rights is shown on TV, quickly
followed by news of his assassination, and a glimpse of an article by
his widow published in Life magazine.
The 2020 documentary film "The Evers" features interviews with his surviving family members.
Founded by Meir Kahane in New York City in 1968, the JDL's self-described purpose was to protect Jews from local manifestations of antisemitism. Its criticism of the Soviet Union
increased local support for the group, transforming it from a
"vigilante club" into an organization with a stated membership numbering
over 15,000 at one point. The group took to bombing Arab and Soviet properties in the United States while assassinating a variety of alleged "enemies of the Jewish people" ranging from Arab-American political activists to neo-Nazis.
A number of JDL members have been linked to violent, and sometimes
deadly, attacks in the United States and in other countries, including
the murder of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee regional director Alex Odeh in 1985, the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre in 1994, and a plot to assassinate Darrell Issa in 2001. In 1990, Kahane was assassinated by an Egyptian-American gunman at a hotel in New York City.
According to the Anti-Defamation League, the JDL consists only of "thugs and hooligans" and Kahane "preached a radical form of Jewish nationalism which reflected racism, violence, and political extremism," attitudes that were replicated by his successor Irv Rubin.
Origins
In 1968, while Kahane served as the associate editor for The Jewish Press,
the paper's office began receiving numerous calls and letters about
crimes being committed against Jews and Jewish institutions. Violence in the New York City area was on the rise, with Jews comprising a disproportionately large percentage of the victims.
Elderly Jews were being harassed and mugged, storeowners were held up
and Jewish teachers were assaulted while Jewish synagogues were defaced
and Jewish cemeteries desecrated.
After discussing the matter with a few congregants, Kahane put out an ad in The Jewish Press
on May 24, 1968, which read: "We are talking of JEWISH SURVIVAL! Are
you willing to stand up for democracy and Jewish survival? Join and
support the Jewish Defense Corps." Shortly after, Kahane renamed the group the "Jewish Defense League," fearing that "Corps" would be construed as too militant.
The group's declared purpose was: "to combat anti-Semitism in the
public and private sectors of life in the United States of America." Kahane stated that the League was formed to "do the job that the Anti-Defamation League should do but doesn't."
Shortly afterwards, the Jewish Defense League put out a four-page
manifesto which stated: "America has been good to the Jew and the Jew
has been good to America. A land founded on the principles of democracy
and freedom has given unprecedented opportunities to a people devoted to
those ideals" yet now finds itself threatened by "political extremism"
and "racist militancy." Furthermore, the manifesto stated that the
organization rejects all hate and illegality, believes firmly in law and
order, backs police forces and will work actively in the courts to
strike down all discrimination.
When asked about Jewish Defense League members breaking the law, Kahane
responded: "We respect the right and the obligation of the American
government to prosecute us and send us to jail. No one gripes about
that."
The group adopted the slogan "Never Again!" which was originally used by the Jewish resistance fighters in the Warsaw ghetto. While the phrase is usually interpreted to mean that the Nazi Holocaust
of six million Jews will never be permitted to recur, Kahane claimed
that his intention was to declare that Jews should never again be caught
by surprise or lulled into a foolish trust in others.
The first Jewish Defense League demonstration took place on August 5, 1968, at New York University with some 15 members chanting: "No Nazis at NYU, Jewish rights are precious too."
History
1969
On August 7, the JDL sent members to Passaic, New Jersey, to protect Jewish merchants from anti-Jewish rioting which had swept the area for days.
On November 25, the JDL was invited to the Boston area by Jewish residents in response to a mounting wave of crime directed primarily against Jews.
On December 3, JDL members attacked the Syrian Mission in New York.
On December 31, 13 JDL members were arrested after a series of coordinated actions against Soviet property in Manhattan and at Kennedy Airport intended to protest the treatment of Jews in the Soviet Union.
Several youths painted slogans on a Soviet airliner, two of them
handcuffed themselves to the airliner, while others daubed the words "Am
Yisroel Chai" (the Nation of Israel Lives) on the plane's doors. A
similar slogan was painted on the walls of the office of Tass, the
Soviet news agency, in Rockefeller Plaza,
which was invaded by Rabbi Kahane and four other JDL members. The rest
of the demonstrators were taken into custody after invading the midtown
offices of the Soviet tourist bureau.
1970
Initially, the League was connected to a series of violent attacks
against the Soviet Union's interests in the United States, protesting
the former country's repression of Soviet Jews, who were often jailed and refused exit visas. The JDL decided that violence was necessary to draw attention to their plight, reasoning that Moscow would respond to the strain on Soviet–US relations by allowing more emigration to Israel.
In 1970, according to Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, agents of the Soviet KGB
forged and sent threatening letters to Arab missions claiming to be
from the JDL to discredit it. They also were ordered to bomb a target in
the "Negro section of New York" and blame it on the JDL.
On January 25, JDL members staged anti-Soviet demonstrations at a concert of the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra in Brooklyn College's auditorium. JDL members "danced, sang and yelled" while trying to prevent people from entering the auditorium.
On March 23, JDL members staged a sit-in in the office of the president of the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York
to demand that the Federation allocate more funds for Jewish education
and Jewish defense, assist institutions threatened by violence, and
arrange for "popular" election of Federation officials.
As a result, the Federation agreed to form a special committee to
consider the request for additional funds for Jewish education, while other groups continued to demonstrate.
On April 7, the JDL held memorial services on behalf of civilian
victims of "Arab terrorism during the past half century" in front of the
United Arab Republic Mission to the United Nations.
On April 9, nine JDL members occupied the principal's office of Leeds Junior High School in Philadelphia
after school authorities had allegedly failed to crack down on school
violence. The JDL hoped to present six "suggestions" for protecting
students from assault and theft by "troublemakers," including committing
them to disciplinary schools, stationing policemen in the public
schools and replacing "weak administrators."
On April 20, fifteen JDL members were arrested after chaining
themselves to the fence in front of the Soviet Mission to the UN to
protest against the treatment of Jews in the Soviet Union.
On May 8, about fifty JDL members demonstrated outside the Black Panther Party headquarters in Harlem due to an alleged "outrageous explosion of anti-Semitic hatred" by the Panthers.
On May 19, the JDL issued a statement attacking American Jewish organizations which opposed the Vietnam War, accusing them of doing more to destroy the State of Israel "than all the Arab armies."
On May 20, thirty-five JDL members took over the Park East Synagogue, opposite the Soviet Mission, and barricaded the entrances in order to hold a "liberation seder" for Soviet Jewry.
On June 23, about forty JDL members seized two floors of an office building in New York housing Amtorg,
the official Soviet Union trade office, and evicted the personnel in
what the JDL deemed retaliation for the arrests of Jews and raids on
Jewish homes in the Soviet Union.
On June 28, 150 JDL members demonstrated over attacks against the Jews of Williamsburg
in reprisal for the accidental killing of a black girl by a Jewish
driver. Clashes broke out with other minority groups and arrests were
made.
On September 27, two JDL members were arrested at Kennedy Airport
while attempting to board a London-bound plane armed with four loaded
guns and a live hand grenade. The two intended to hijack a United Arab Airlines plane and divert it to Israel.
On October 6, the JDL is suspected of bombing the New York office of the Palestine Liberation Organization after the PLO hijacked four airliners the previous month. United Press International
reported that an anonymous caller phoned in about a half hour before
the explosion and proclaimed the JDL slogan, "Never again."
On December 20, during a march to protest the treatment of Soviet
Jewry, JDL members attempted to take over the Soviet Mission
headquarters. The members were arrested after inciting demonstrators to
break through police lines.
On December 27, the JDL launched a 100-hour vigil for Soviet
Jewry. Demonstrators tried to break through police barricades to reach
the Soviet Mission to the UN to protest the sentencing of Jews in Leningrad. Several arrests were made.
On December 29, an estimated 100 JDL members demonstrated in front of the offices of the New York Board of Rabbis,
challenging them to get arrested "for Jews, as well as for blacks."
Later that day, several JDL members scuffled with police outside the
office of Aeroflot-In tourist, the official Soviet tourist agency, while
JDL leader Meir Kahane
demanded the right to purchase two tickets to Israel for two Russian
Jews who were sentenced to death. About 75 JDL members marched near the
office, chanting slogans such as "Freedom Now" and "Let My People Go."
On December 30, several hundred JDL members participated in a rally for Soviet Jewry in Foley square, chanting "Let My People Go," "Open Up the Iron Door" and "Never Again!"
1971
On January 8, 1971, a bombing outside of the Soviet cultural center in Washington, D.C.
was followed by a phone call including the JDL slogan "Never again." A
JDL spokesperson denied the group's involvement in the bombing, but
refused to condemn it.
On January 17, in response to JDL tactics against Soviet
personnel being condemned by the Israeli Cabinet and American Jewish
leaders, eight former Soviet Jews living in Israel sent cables to
American Jewish leaders denouncing their condemnation of the JDL and
denying that the JDL's acts endangered Soviet Jews. The cables said they
were convinced that the JDL's "policy and activities are most
effective." The group also attacked Israeli authorities for alleged
softness in fighting the Soviet Union on the issue of Jewish rights. One
of the signatories, Dov Sperling,
claimed that the recent cancellation of the Bolshoi Ballet's scheduled
American tour was forced by the JDL and hailed it as the first public
surrender by Soviet authorities to Jewish pressure. Herut leader Menachem Begin also declared support of acts of harassment against Soviet diplomatic establishments abroad.
On January 19, twenty JDL members had conducted a half-hour
sit-in at the offices of Columbia Artists Inc. in Manhattan, leaving
only after they were assured a meeting would be set up with the
company's president in the near future.
On January 20, JDL national chairman Rabbi Meir Kahane announced
that JDL will conduct "non-violent actions" against organizations
engaged in cultural exchange programs with the Soviet Union
and that there had been "unofficial contacts" between his group and
"some Jewish establishment organizations" which were welcomed.
In 1972, a smoke bomb was planted in the Manhattan office of music impresario Sol Hurok,
who organized Soviet performers' U.S. tours. Iris Kones, a Jewish
secretary from Long Island, died of smoke inhalation, and Hurok and 12
others were injured and hospitalized. Jerome Zeller of the JDL was indicted for the bombing and Kahane later admitted his part in the attack. JDL activities were condemned by Moscow refuseniks
who felt that the group's actions were making it less likely that the
Soviet Union would relax restrictions on Jewish emigration.
In 1973, threatening phone calls made to the home of Ralph Riskin, one of the producers of Bridget Loves Bernie, resulted in the arrest of Robert S. Manning, described as a member of the JDL.
Manning was later indicted on separate murder charges, and fought
extradition to the United States from Israel, where he had moved.
In 1975, JDL leader Meir Kahane was accused of conspiracy to kidnap a Soviet diplomat, bomb the Iraqi embassy in Washington, and ship arms abroad from Israel. A hearing was held to revoke Kahane's probation for a 1971 incendiary device-making incident. He was found guilty of violating probation and served a one-year prison sentence. On December 31, 1975, 15 members of the League seized the office of the Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in protest for Pope Paul VI's
policy of support of Palestinian rights. The incident was over after
one hour, as the activists left the location after being ordered to do
so by the local police, and no arrests were made.
On March 16, 1978, Irv Rubin, chairman of the JDL, said about the planned American Nazi Party march in Skokie, Illinois:
"We are offering $500, that I have in my hand, to any member of the
community ... who kills, maims or seriously injures a member of the
American Nazi party." Rubin was charged with solicitation of murder but was acquitted in 1981.
1980–1989
During the 1980s, past-JDL member Victor Vancier
(who later founded the Jewish Task Force), and two other former JDL
members were arrested in connection with six incidents: 1984 firebombing of an automobile at a Soviet diplomatic residence, the 1985 and 1986 pipe bombings of rival JDL members' cars, the 1986 firebombing at a hall where the Soviet State Symphony Orchestra was performing, and two 1986 detonations of tear gas grenades to protest performances by Soviet dance troupes. In a 1984 interview, the JDL leader Meir Kahane
admitted that the JDL "bombed the Russian mission in New York, the
Russian cultural mission here [Washington] in 1971, the Soviet trade
offices." The attacks, which caused minor diplomatic crisis in relations between the U.S. and the USSR, prompted the New York City Police Department (NYPD) to infiltrate the group and one undercover officer discovered a chain of weapon caches across Brooklyn, containing "enough shotguns and rifles to arm a small militia."
On October 26, 1981, after two firebombs damaged the Egyptian tourist office at Rockefeller Center,
JDL Chairman Meir Kahane said at a press conference: "I'm not going to
say that the JDL bombed that office. There are laws against that in this
country. But I'm not going to say I mourn for it either." The next day,
after an anonymous caller claimed responsibility on behalf of the JDL,
the group's spokesman later denied his group's involvement, but said,
"we support the act." JDL members had often been suspected of involvement in attacks against neo-Nazis, Holocaust deniers and antisemites.
On October 11, 1985, Alex Odeh, regional director of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC), was killed in a mail bombing at his office in Santa Ana, California. Shortly before his killing, Odeh had appeared on the television show Nightline, where he engaged in a tense dialogue with a representative from the JDL.
Irv Rubin immediately made several controversial public statements in
reaction to the incident: "I have no tears for Mr. Odeh. He got exactly
what he deserved. ... My tears were used up crying for Leon Klinghoffer." The Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Committee
both condemned the murder. Four weeks after Odeh's death, FBI
spokesperson Lane Bonner stated the FBI attributed the bombing and two
others to the JDL. In February 1986, the FBI classified the bombing that
killed Alex Odeh as a terrorist act. Rubin denied JDL involvement:
"What the FBI is doing is simple. ... Some character calls up a news
agency or whatever and uses the phrase Never Again ... and on that assumption they can go and slander a whole group. That's tragic." In 1987, Floyd Clarke, then assistant director of the FBI, wrote in an internal memo that key suspects had fled to Israel and were living in the West Bank urban settlement of Kiryat Arba. In 1988, the FBI arrested Rochelle Manning
as a suspect in the bombing, and also charged her husband, Robert
Steven Manning, whom they considered a prime suspect in the attack; both
were members of the JDL. Rochelle's jury deadlocked, and after the mistrial, she left for Israel to join her husband. Robert Manning was extradited from Israel to the U.S. in 1993.
He was subsequently found guilty of involvement in the killing of the
secretary of computer firm ProWest, Patricia Wilkerson, in another,
unrelated mail bomb blast.
In addition, he and other JDL members were also suspected in a string
of other violent attacks through 1985, including the bombing of Boston ADC office that seriously injured two police officers, the bomb killing of suspected Nazi war criminal Tscherim Soobzokov in Paterson, New Jersey, and a bombing in Long Island, which was targeted at suspected Nazi war criminal Elmars Sprogis, that maimed a bystander. William Ross, another JDL member, was also found guilty for his participation in the bombing that killed Wilkerson.
Rochelle Manning was re-indicted for her alleged involvement, and was
detained in Israel, pending extradition, when she died of a heart attack
in 1994.
1990–1999
When Ruthless Records recording artist and former N.W.A member Dr. Dre sought to work instead with Death Row Records, Ruthless Records executives, Mike Klein and Jerry Heller were fearful of possible physical intimidation from Death Row Entertainment executives including chief executive officer Suge Knight and requested security assistance from the violent JDL. The FBI launched a money laundering investigation, on the presumption that the JDL was extorting money from Ruthless Records and several rap artists, including Tupac Shakur and Eazy-E. Heller has speculated that the FBI did not investigate these threats because of the song "Fuck Tha Police".
Heller said, "It was no secret that in the aftermath of the Suge Knight
shake down incident where Eazy was forced to sign over Dr. Dre, Michel'le and The D.O.C., that Ruthless was protected by Israeli trained/connected security forces."
The FBI documents refer to the JDL death threats and extortion scheme
but do not make a direct connection between the group and the 1996 murder of Tupac Shakur.
In 1995, when the Toronto residence of the Holocaust denierErnst Zündel
was the target of an arson attack, a group calling itself the "Jewish
Armed Resistance Movement" claimed responsibility; according to the Toronto Sun, the group had ties to the JDL and to Kahane Chai. The leader of the Toronto wing of the Jewish Defense League, Meir Halevi,
denied involvement in the attack, although, just five days later,
Halevi was caught trying to break into Zündel's property, where he was
apprehended by police. Later the same month Zündel was the recipient of a parcel bomb that was detonated by the Toronto police bomb squad. In 2011, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
had launched an investigation against at least nine members of the JDL
in regards to an anonymous tip that the JDL was plotting to bomb the
Palestine House in Mississauga.
2000–present
On December 12, 2001, JDL leader Irv Rubin and JDL member Earl Krugel were charged with planning a series of bomb attacks against the Muslim Public Affairs Council in Los Angeles, the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California, and the San Clemente office of Arab-American Congressman Darrell Issa, in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Rubin, who also was charged with unlawful possession of an automatic firearm, claimed that he was innocent. On November 4, 2002, at the federal Metropolitan Detention Center in Los Angeles, Rubin slit his throat with a safety razor and jumped out of a third story window.
Rubin's suicide would be contested by his widow and the JDL,
particularly after his co-defendant pleaded guilty to the charges and
implicated Rubin in the plot.
On February 4, 2003, Krugel pleaded guilty to conspiracy and weapons
charges stemming from the plot, and was expected to serve up to 20 years
in prison.
The core of the evidence against Krugel and Rubin was in a number of
conversations taped by an informant, Danny Gillis, who was hired by the
men to plant the bombs but who turned to the FBI instead. According to one tape, Krugel thought the attacks would serve as "a wakeup call" to Arabs. Krugel was subsequently murdered in prison by a fellow inmate in 2005.
In 2002, in France, attackers from Betar and Ligue de Défense Juive (LDJ) violently assaulted Jewish demonstrators from Peace Now, journalists, police officers (one of whom was stabbed), and Arab bystanders.
At least two of the suspects in the 2010 murder of a French Muslim Saïd
Bourarach appeared to have ties to the French chapter of the JDL. In 2011, Israeli daily Haaretz reported members of the "French branch of Jewish terror group coming to Israel 'to defend settlements'."
In 2013, a French Arab man was critically injured in a "revenge attack"
by LDJ, sparking calls for further attacks against the Jews and a
condemnation of the militant group by the French Jewish umbrella group CRIF;
as of 2013, there have been least 115 violent incidents were attributed
to LDJ "soldiers" since the group's registration in France in 2001,
including many vigilante reprisals to antisemitic attacks. Earlier that
year, two LDJ members were sentenced for an attack at a pro-Palestinian
bookstore that injured two people and a LDJ propaganda video called for
"five cops for every Jew, 10 Arabs for each rabbi."
In June 2014, two LDJ supporters were sentenced to prison in
France for targeting the car of Jonathan Moadab, the Jewish co-founder
of the blog "Cercle des Volontaires (Circle of Volunteers)", with a
home-made bomb in September 2012.
In October 2015, around 100 people brandishing JDL flags, and
Israeli flags and letting off flares attacked the Agence France Presse
building in Paris.
Around 12 of them, armed with batons, assaulted David Perrotin, a
leading French journalist. All were linked to the Jewish Defense League
(JDL).
Israel
Kahane immigrated to Israel from the United States in September 1971, where he initiated protests advocating the expulsion of Arabs from Israel and the Palestinian territories. In 1972, JDL leaflets were distributed around Hebron, calling for the mayor to stand trial for the 1929 Hebron massacre.
Kahane nominally lead the JDL until April 1974. In 1971, he founded a new political party in Israel, which ran in the 1973 elections under the name "The League List". The party won 12,811 votes (0.82%), just 2,857 (0.18%) short of the electoral threshold at the time (1%) for winning a seat. Following the elections, the party's name was changed to Kach, taken from the Irgun motto "Rak Kach" ("Only thus").
Kach failed to gain any Knesset seats in the 1977 and 1980 elections as
well. In the 1984 elections, the party won 25,907 votes (1.2%), passing
the electoral threshold for the first time, and winning one seat, which
was duly taken by Kahane.
Kahane's popularity grew, with polls showing that Kach would have
likely received three to four seats in the coming November 1988
elections,and some forecasting as many as twelve seats, possibly making Kach the third largest party. However, after the Knesset passed an amendment to the Elections Law, Kach was disqualified from running in the 1988 elections
by the Central Elections Committee, on the grounds of incitement to
racism and negation of the democratic character of the State.
On 5 November 1990, Kahane was assassinated after making a speech in New York. The prime suspect, El Sayyid Nosair, an Egyptian-born American citizen, was subsequently acquitted of murder, but convicted on gun possession charges. The Kach party subsequently split in two, with Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane (Meir Kahane's son) leading a breakaway faction, Kahane Chai. Both parties were banned from participating in the 1992 elections
on the basis that they were followers of the original Kach. Binyamin
Ze'ev Kahane and his wife Talya were shot and killed by Palestinian
terrorists on December 31, 2000.
On February 25, 1994, Baruch Goldstein, an American-born Israeli member of Kach, who in his youth was a JDL activist, opened fire on Muslims kneeling in prayer at the revered Cave of the Patriarchs mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron,
killing 29 worshippers and injuring 125 before he ran out of ammunition
and was himself killed. The attack set off riots and protests
throughout the West Bank and 19 Palestinians were killed by the Israeli Defense Forces
within 48 hours of the massacre. On its website, the JDL described the
massacre as a "preventative measure against yet another Arab attack on
Jews" and noted that they "do not consider his assault to qualify under
the label of terrorism". Furthermore, they noted that "we teach that
violence is never a good solution but is unfortunately sometimes
necessary as a last resort when innocent lives are threatened; we
therefore view Dr. Goldstein as a martyr in Judaism's protracted
struggle against Arab terrorism. And we are not ashamed to say that
Goldstein was a charter member of the Jewish Defense League." In a similar attack nearly twelve years earlier, on April 11, 1982, an
American-born JDL member and immigrant to Israel, Alan Harry Goodman,
opened fire with his military-issue rifle at the Dome of the Rock on the sacred Temple Mount in Jerusalem,
killing one Palestinian Arab and injuring four others. The 1982
shooting sparked an Arab riot in which another Palestinian was shot dead
by the police. In 1983, Goodman was sentenced by an Israeli court to
life in prison (which usually means 25 years in Israel); he was released
after serving 15 1/2 years on the condition of returning to the United
States.
Terrorism and other illegal activities
In a 2004 congressional testimony, John S. Pistole, executive assistant director for counterterrorism and counterintelligence for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) described the JDL as "a known violent extremist Jewish organization."
FBI statistics show that, from 1980 through 1985, there were 18
officially classified terrorist attacks in the U.S. committed by Jews;
15 of those by members of the JDL.
In its report, Terrorism 2000/2001, the FBI referred to
the JDL as a "violent extremist Jewish organization" and stated that the
FBI was responsible for thwarting at least one of its terrorist acts. The National Consortium for the Study of Terror and Responses to Terrorism states that, during the JDL's first two decades of activity, it was an "active terrorist organization." The JDL was specifically referenced by the FBI's Executive Assistant Director Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence, John S. Pistole, in his formal report before the 9/11 Commission.
JDL is suspected of being behind the 1972 bombing of the Manhattan offices of theater impresario Sol Hurok in which 2 employees were killed.
Violent deaths
A number of senior JDL personnel and associates have died violently.
Meir Kahane, the JDL's founding chairman, was assassinated in 1990 as
was his son, Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane, in 2000. Long-time JDL chairman Irv Rubin
died in 2002 in a Los Angeles federal detention center "after allegedly
cutting his throat with a jail-issued razor and then jumping or falling
over a railing and plummeting to his death." Rubin's deputy, Earl Krugel, was murdered by a fellow prison inmate in 2005. Rubin's son and JDL vice-chairman Ari Rubin committed suicide in 2012.
According to the organization's official list of Chairmen or Highest Ranking Directors:
1968–1971 – Rabbi Meir Kahane, International Chairman. Assassinated in 1990 by Islamic militant El Sayyid Nosair, who was later convicted in Terrorism Conspiracy.
1971–1973 – David Fisch, a religious Columbia University student, who later wrote articles for Jewish magazines and the book Jews for Nothing.
1974–1976 – Russel Kelner, originally from Philadelphia. Formerly a U.S. Army lieutenant trained in counter-guerrilla warfare, he moved to New York City to direct the JDL's paramilitary summer camp JeDeL located in Wawarsing, New York, and later to run the national office as chairman.
1976–1978 – Bonnie Pechter.
1979–1981 – Brett Becker, originally from South Florida, came to New York City to become chairman.
1981–1983 – Meir Jolovitz, originally from Arizona, also came to New York City.
1983–1984 – Fern Sidman, Administrative Director.
1985–2002 – Irv Rubin, International Chairman. Arrested on terrorism charges; died in jail awaiting trial.
2002–present – Shelley Rubin, Administrative Director (2002–2006); Chairman/CEO (2006–present).
2017–present – Meir Weinstein, North American co-ordinator (2017–present); Canadian Chairman (1979–present)
Schism
After Rubin's death in prison in November 2002, Bill Maniaci was
appointed interim chairman by Shelley Rubin. Two years later, the Jewish
Defense League became mired in a state of upheaval over legal control
of the organization. In October 2004, Maniaci rejected Shelley Rubin's
call for him to resign; as a result, Maniaci was stripped of his title
and membership. At that point, the JDL split into two separate factions,
each vying for legal control of the associated "intellectual property."
The two operated as separate organizations with the same name while a
lengthy legal battle ensued. In April 2005, the original domain name of the organization, jdl.org, was suspended by Network Solutions due to allegations of infringement; the organization went back online soon thereafter at domain name jewishdefenseleague.org.
In April 2006, news of a settlement was announced in which signatories
agreed to not object to "Shelley Rubin's titles of permanent chairman
and CEO of JDL."
The agreement also confirmed that "the name 'Jewish Defense League,'
the acronym 'JDL,' and the 'Fist and Star' logo are the exclusive
intellectual property of JDL." (Opponents of both groups claim that
these are Kahanist
symbols and not the exclusive property of JDL. At this time, however,
the logo is no longer in general use by the Kahanist groups.) The
agreement also states: "Domain names registered on behalf of JDL,
including but not limited to jdl.org and jewishdefenseleague.org, are
owned and operated by JDL." Meanwhile, the opposing group formed B'nai Elim, which is the latest of many JDL splinter groups to have formed over the years (previous splinter groups included the Jewish Direct Action and the United Jewish Underground that have been active during the 1980s).
Principles
The JDL upholds five fundamental principles
"LOVE OF JEWRY, one Jewish people, indivisible and united, from which flows the love for and the feeling of pain of all Jews."
"DIGNITY AND PRIDE, pride in and knowledge of Jewish tradition, faith, culture, land, history, strength, pain and peoplehood."
"IRON, the need to both move to help Jews everywhere and to change
the Jewish image through sacrifice and all necessary means—even
strength, force and violence."
"DISCIPLINE AND UNITY, the knowledge that he (or she) can and will
do whatever must be done, and the unity and strength of willpower to
bring this into reality."
"FAITH IN THE INDESTRUCTIBILITY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE, faith in the
greatness and indestructibility of the Jewish people, our religion and
our Land of Israel."
The JDL encourages, per its principle of the "Love of Jewry," that
"... in the end ... the Jew can look to no one but another Jew for help
and that the true solution to the Jewish problem is the liquidation of the Exile and the return of all Jews to Eretz Yisroel – the land of Israel." The JDL elaborates on this fundamental principle by insisting upon an "immediate need to place Judaism over any other 'ism' and ideology and ... use of the yardstick: 'Is it good for Jews?'" The JDL argues that, outside of Jews, there are historically no people corresponding to the Palestinian
ethnicity. Writing on its official website, the JDL claims: "[T]he
first mention of a 'Palestinian people' dates from the aftermath of the
1967 war, when the local Arabic-speaking communities ... were
retrospectively endowed with a contrived 'nationhood' ... taken from
Jewish history ..." and that "[c]learly, since Roman times 'Palestinian'
had meant Jews until the Arab's recent adoption of this identity in
order to claim it as their land." On this basis, the JDL argues that "Zionism
[should be] under no obligation to accommodate a separate 'Palestinian'
claim, there being no historical evidence or witness for any such Arab
category," and it considers Palestinian claims to be "Arab usurpation"
of proper Jewish title.