After dropping out during his freshman year at Caltech, Turtledove attended UCLA, completing his undergraduate degree and receiving a Ph.D. in Byzantine history in 1977. His dissertation was titled The Immediate Successors of Justinian: A Study of the Persian Problem and of Continuity and Change in Internal Secular Affairs in the Later Roman Empire During the Reigns of Justin II and Tiberius II Constantine (AD 565–582).
Career
In 1979, Turtledove published his first two novels, Wereblood and Werenight, under the pseudonym "Eric G. Iverson." Turtledove later explained that his editor at Belmont Tower did not think people would believe the author's real name was "Turtledove" and came up with something more Nordic. He continued to use the "Iverson" name until 1985. Another early pseudonym was "Mark Gordian."
That year he published Herbig-Haro and And So to Bed under his real name. Turtledove has recently begun publishing historical novels under the pseudonym "H.N. Turteltaub" (Turteltaube means turtle dove in German). He published three books as Dan Chernenko (the Scepter of Mercy series).
Turtledove won the Homer Award for Short Story in 1990 for
"Designated Hitter," the John Esten Cooke Award for Southern Fiction in
1993 for The Guns of the South, and the Hugo Award for Novella in 1994 for "Down in the Bottomlands." Must and Shall was nominated for the 1996 Hugo Award and Nebula Award for Best Novelette; it received an honorable mention for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History. The Two Georges also received an honorable mention for the 1995 Sidewise Award for Alternate History.
His Worldwar series received a Sidewise Award for Alternate History Honorable Mention in 1996. In 1998, his novel, How Few Remain, won the Sidewise Award for Alternate History. He won his second Sidewise Award in 2003 for his novel Ruled Britannia. He won his third Sidewise Award for his short story "Zigeuner."
Turtledove served as the toastmaster for Chicon 2000, the 58th World Science Fiction Convention.
He is married to mystery and science fiction writer Laura Frankos. His brother-in-law is fantasy author Steven Frankos.
Publisher's Weekly dubbed Turtledove "The Master of Alternate History". Within that genre, he is known for creating original alternate history scenarios, such as survival of the Byzantine Empire or an alien invasion in the middle of the Second World War.
In addition, he has been credited with giving original treatment to
alternate themes previously dealt with by many others, such as the victory of the South in the American Civil War or the victory of Nazi Germany in the Second World War. His novels have been credited with bringing alternate history into the mainstream.
Bibliography
Writing as Eric Iverson
Elabon
Wereblood (1979)
Werenight (1979, revised in 1994 to include Wereblood)
Prince of the North (1994) (as by Harry Turtledove)
King of the North (1996) (as by Harry Turtledove)
Fox and Empire (1998) (as by Harry Turtledove)
Wisdom of the Fox (1999, collects the revised Werenight and Prince of the North) (as by Harry Turtledove)
Tale of the Fox (2000, collects King of the North and Fox and Empire) (as by Harry Turtledove)
Incorporates elements of both science fiction and alternate history. In Worldwar, aliens invade during World War II
in 1941. The Colonization trilogy deals with the course of history a
generation after the initial series, as the humans and aliens work to
share Earth. Homeward Bound follows a human spaceship which brings a delegation to the alien homeworld.
A fantasy series about global war in a world related to medievalEurope, where magic exists. Many plot elements are analogous to elements of World War II, with kingdoms and sorceries that are comparable to the historical nations and technologies.
This
fantasy series is based heavily on the American Civil War, except magic
exists, the geography of the North and South have been reversed, and
blond-haired serfs are featured rather than black slaves.
Travel
between parallel timelines, for the purpose of harvesting resources,
has become possible in the late 21st century. This is a young adult fiction series, so the racial slurs, profanity and sex are considerably muted compared to Turtledove's other work.
In High Places (2006) - the effects of the 14th century's bubonic plagues were doubled, so that the world never left the Middle Ages.
The Disunited States of America
(2006) - the United States did not form a federal government in 1787,
and North America balkanized into several dozen nation-states who have
periodic border wars.
The Gladiator (2007) - the Soviet Union won the Cold War, and Italy became an inefficient, impoverished Communist nation.
The Valley-Westside War (2008) - civilization remains at a quasi-medieval level since the nuclear world war of 1967.
A trilogy which describes a world where the American eastern coast from the tip of Florida to Nova Scotia breaks away from the mainland around 85 million years ago and has an island biota similar to New Zealand's. It was discovered in 1452 by a Breton fisherman named François Kersauzon and named Atlantis.
This seventh continent becomes a focal point in a gradually diverging
timeline. Two short stories, "Audubon in Atlantis" and "The Scarlet
Band", have been set in this milieu.
A trilogy describing a fantasy world in which inhabitants of an Iron Age empire (but with Pleistocene wildlife) explore a land uncovered by a receding glacier and discover a threat to their national security.
A hexalogy describing an alternate World War II which begins in 1938 over Czechoslovakia. The first volume, Hitler's War, was released in hardcover in 2009 without a series title.
Hitler's War (2009); published in paperback as The War That Came Early: Hitler's War (2010).
Published in short order between May and June 2016, these stories are light alternate history tales set in a world where sasquatches and some related cryptids
are real. However, unlike common popular depictions of such creatures
as less evolved primates, here, they are essentially human beings, and
have been integrated into society.
Moreover, in 1919, several counties in Northern California and Southern Oregon seceded, forming the new U.S State of Jefferson.
This is the relevant Point of Divergence, as the discovery of cryptids
did not affect the broader strokes of world history. Even after 1919,
history does not differ appreciably from real history; the lives of a
few historical individuals seem to be the only things altered in this
timeline.
Agent of Byzantium (1987): Imperial Byzantine special agent Basil Argyros is sent on various missions in a world where Muhammad became a Christian saint and consequently Islam never existed and the Byzantine Empire never declined.
A Different Flesh (1988): A related set of short stories spanning the 17th to 20th centuries set in a universe where the ancestors of the Native Americans never crossed into the New World, only Homo erectus, who become known as "sims" to the colonists of English descent. Suggested by Turtledove's reading of Steven Jay Gould,
the novel's main theme is what effect the proximity of a closely
related but significantly different species would have on how humans
view themselves, each other, and the great chain of life.
Noninterference (1988): A human interstellar survey team
violates a directive to avoid interference with alien civilizations,
with disastrous long-term consequences. Re-published in the collection
3xT.
A World of Difference (1990): In this alternative history story, the 4th planet of our solar system is larger and named Minerva instead of Mars. The Viking space probe
of the 1970s sends back one picture—that of an alien creature swinging a
stick—before losing contact. A U.S. mission and a Soviet mission are
sent to explore the planet; these two missions back rival primitive
groups in a tribal war.
Earthgrip
(1991): A woman whose desire is to teach a university course in Middle
English Science Fiction joins a trader ship's crew, just to get
something different on her curriculum vitae. Re-published in the
collection 3xT.
The Case of the Toxic Spell Dump (1993): EPA agent David Fisher battles displaced magical powers in a very creative sorcerous equivalent to late-20th century Los Angeles. He follows the evidence to a toxic spell dump, where dangerous remnants of industrial sorcery are stored.
Down in the Bottomlands (1993, reprinted in 2015 in We Install and Other Stories): At the end of the Miocene period, the Mediterranean Seastays dry to the present day. The dry sea basin is a large canyon containing a national park, and a strongbrow who works as a park ranger must race to stop terrorists from letting in the Atlantic and flooding the area.
The Two Georges (1995) alternate history/mystery, co-authored with Richard Dreyfuss: Set in the year 1995 in a world where the American Revolution was peacefully avoided. The painting that symbolizes the union between North America and the United Kingdom is stolen by the terrorist group known as the Sons of Liberty, who want independence from the British Empire. Officers of the Royal American Mounted Police must find it before it is destroyed.
Thessalonica (1997): Early Christians in the Greek city of Thessalonica deal with barbarian invaders on both physical and metaphysical levels (the book was inspired by the Medieval Miracles of Saint Demetrius).
Between the Rivers (1998): Taking place in a fantasy realm equivalent to ancient Mesopotamia, city-states ruled by different gods fight for dominance.
Justinian (1998): Fictionalized account (with some speculation involved) of the life of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian II—using H. N. Turteltaub pseudonym.
Ruled Britannia (2002) alternate history: The Spanish Armada conquers England and forces Shakespeare to write a play about Philip II. At the same time, he is secretly writing a play for the English underground resistance about Boudica's rebellion, with Boudica meant to be analogous to the imprisoned Elizabeth I.
In the Presence of Mine Enemies (2003) alternate history: Follows the struggles of a family of secret Jews in Berlin, nearly 70 years after a Nazi
victory in World War II. The events in the story follow a common theme
of Turtledove's work, transplanting one set of historical events into
another setting (the most prominent example being Southern Victory Series moving European history onto the American continent). In this case, the decline of the Soviet Union in the 1990s is translated to the Third Reich in the 21st century (and the secret Jews' way of life is reminiscent of Marranos in Spain).
Conan of Venarium (2003): An authorized prequel to Robert E. Howard's tales of Conan the Barbarian, depicting a 14-year-old Conan's resistance to the imperialist legions who occupy his village.
Every Inch a King (ISFiC Press)
(2005): An acrobat becomes king of a small country. Although set in a
fantasy world, it is analogous to the real world, this time in the
Balkans, between the first and second Balkan War. Shqiperi is modeled on Albania, and the story itself is modeled on the story of Otto Witte.
"Under Saint Peter's" (2007): Short story found in The Secret History of Vampires (Edited by Darrell Schweitzer) and We Install and Other Stories. This is Turtledove's rare concession to the secret history genre, which he professes to have little interest in writing. In 2005, viewpoint character Pope Benedict XVI (unnamed but recognizable) is led by an eccentric priest to a secret bunker under the Vatican for a little-known initiation undertaken by each new pontiff since the days of Saint Peter.
After the Downfall (2008): A Wehrmacht officer is transported into a fantasy world during the Fall of Berlin at the end of World War II. The story resembles the formula of Edgar Rice Burroughs and L. Sprague de Camp,
mixed with Turtledove's usual allegorism as the central character sees
parallels between the politics and notions of his new world and those of
the world he just left.
Reincarnations (2009): A limited edition hardcover containing eight stories, including six never before reprinted and one original story.
Joe Steele (2015): Expanded from the short story of the same name, this alternative history deals with Joseph Stalin (whose Americanized name is the title character) having been born and raised in America. When the life of New YorkGovernorFranklin D. Roosevelt is ended by a fire at the New York State Executive Mansion, the Democratic Party has little choice but to nominate the upcoming Steele as their candidate for the 1932 Presidential election. The novel mirrors Stalin's real world acts with actions taken by Steele through the depression, the lead up to World War II, and the ensuing Cold War through the eyes of President with the soul of a tyrant.
The House of Daniel (2016). Historical fantasy: during the
Great Depression, a young "Okie" joins the roving church-sponsored
baseball team of the title. As the team travels to play against the home
teams of various western American towns, the young man learns about the
culture of the towns they visit, and has passing encounters with
vampires, werewolves, zombies, and other magical beings.
Through Darkest Europe
(2018): Set in modern times where Islam developed science, technology
and enlightenment while Western Europe remained a hotbed of Christian
fundamentalism. The working title for the book was God Wills It.
Non-Fiction
The Chronicle of Theophanes,
Harry Turtledove editor and translator, University of Pennsylvania
Press, 1982. A translation of an important Byzantine historical text,
completed soon after Harry Turtledove's PhD studies.
Web publishing
Winter of Our Discontent: The Impeachment and Trial of John F. Kennedy (2007), fragment of a novel, co-written with T.V. series creator Bryce Zabel. After John Kennedy survives the attack at Dealey Plaza
unharmed, the resulting investigation sets events in motion that tear
apart his administration. Zabel eventually published the final work as a
solo project entitled Surrounded by Enemies: What If Kennedy Had Survived Dallas? in 2013.
Turtledove, Harry (2009). "The House That George Built". Babe Ruth remains a minor league player for most of his career, until he retires and opens a Baltimore pub. In 1941, Ruth reminisces about what could have been with a skeptical H. L. Mencken.
Turtledove, Harry (February 3, 2010). "Vilcabamba". Tor Books. Macmillan. Retrieved January 28, 2014. After an alien race known as the Krolp subjugates most of the world in the 22nd Century, a rump United States and Canada that runs along the Rocky Mountains and the Wasatch Range
must decide how to respond to the aliens' plans to violate the treaty
that guarantees the country's sovereignty. The story is told from the
perspective of U.S. President and Canadian Prime Minister Harris Moffatt III, and parallels the treatment of Indigenous peoples of the Americas. The title is a reference to the city of Vilcabamba in Peru, the site of the last Inca resistance to Spanish colonization.
Turtledove, Harry (April 14, 2011). "Shtetl Days". Tor Books. Macmillan. After a Nazi victory in the Second World War, Aryan historical reenactors portray the prewar lifestyle of the exterminated Jews at a tourist attraction. However, many of the actors come to identify more with the Jews than with their German heritage.
Turtledove, Harry (2013). "Lee at the Alamo". When Texas secedes from the Union in 1861, Lt. Colonel Robert E. Lee, acting commander of the Department of Texas, decides to defend U.S. munitions at the Alamo, launching the first battle of a slightly different American Civil War.
Hail! Hail! (2018), Shortly after the release of their film Duck Soup in mid-1934, the Marx Brothers visit Nacogdoches, Texas,
where all four of them are struck by lightning and are transported back
in time to December 15, 1826 and arrive in the same town and interfere
with the Fredonian Rebellion.
A parallel universe, also known as a parallel dimension, alternate universe or alternate reality,
is a hypothetical self-contained plane of existence, co-existing with
one's own. The sum of all potential parallel universes that constitute
reality is often called a “multiverse". While the three terms are generally synonymous
and can be used interchangeably in most cases, there is sometimes an
additional connotation implied with the term "alternate
universe/reality" that implies that the reality is a variant of our own,
with some overlap with the similarly-named alternate history.
The term "parallel universe" is more general, without implying a
relationship, or lack of relationship, with our own universe. A universe
where the very laws of nature
are different – for example, one in which there are no Laws of Motion –
would in general count as a parallel universe but not an alternative
reality and a concept between both fantasy world and earth.
Overview
Fiction has long borrowed an idea of "another world" from myth, legend and religion. Heaven, Hell, Olympus, and Valhalla are all "alternative universes" different from the familiar material realm. Plato reflected deeply on the parallel realities, resulting in Platonism,
in which the upper reality is perfect while the lower earthly reality
is an imperfect shadow of the heavenly. The lower reality is similar but
with flaws.
The concept is also found in ancient Hindu mythology, in texts such as the Puranas, which expressed an infinite number of universes, each with its own gods. Similarly in Persian literature, "The Adventures of Bulukiya", a tale in the One Thousand and One Nights,
describes the protagonist Bulukiya learning of alternative
worlds/universes that are similar to but still distinct from his own.
One of the first science fiction examples is Murray Leinster's Sidewise in Time, in which portions of alternative universes replace corresponding geographical regions in this universe. Sidewise in Time describes it in the manner that similar to requiring both longitude and latitude coordinates in order to mark your location on Earth, so too does time: travelling along latitude is akin to time travel
moving through past, present and future, while travelling along
longitude is to travel perpendicular to time and to other realities,
hence the name of the short story. Thus, another common term for a
parallel universe is "another dimension", stemming from the idea that if
the 4th dimension is time, the 5th dimension - a direction at a right angle to the fourth - are alternate realities.
A parallel universe (or more specifically, continued interaction
between the parallel universe and our own) may serve as a central plot
point, or it may simply be mentioned and quickly dismissed, having
served its purpose of establishing a realm unconstrained by realism. The
aforementioned Discworld,
for example, only very rarely mentions our world or any other worlds,
as setting the books on a parallel universe instead of "our" reality is
to allow for magic on the Disc. The Chronicles of Narnia
also utilises this to a lesser extent - the idea of parallel universes
are brought up but only briefly mentioned in the introduction and
ending, its main purpose to bring the protagonist from "our" reality to the setting of the books.
Science fiction
While technically incorrect, and looked down upon by hard science-fiction fans and authors, the idea of another "dimension" has become synonymous with the term "parallel universe". The usage is particularly common in movies, television and comic books
and much less so in modern prose science fiction. The idea of a
parallel world was first introduced in comic books with the publication
of The Flash #123, "Flash of Two Worlds".
In written science fiction, "new dimension" more commonly – and more accurately – refer to additional coordinate axes, beyond the three spatial axes with which we are familiar. By proposing travel along these extra axes, which are not normally perceptible, the traveler can reach worlds that are otherwise unreachable and invisible.
In 1884, Edwin A. Abbott wrote the seminal novel exploring this concept called Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions.
It describes a world of two dimensions inhabited by living squares,
triangles, and circles, called Flatland, as well as Pointland (0
dimensions), Lineland (1 dimension), and Spaceland (three dimensions)
and finally posits the possibilities of even greater dimensions. Isaac
Asimov, in his foreword to the Signet Classics 1984 edition, described Flatland as "The best introduction one can find into the manner of perceiving dimensions".
In 1895, The Time Machine by H. G. Wells used time as an additional "dimension" in this sense, taking the four-dimensional model of classical physics
and interpreting time as a space-like dimension in which humans could
travel with the right equipment. Wells also used the concept of parallel
universes as a consequence of time as the fourth dimension in stories
like The Wonderful Visit and Men Like Gods, an idea proposed by the astronomer Simon Newcomb,
who talked about both time and parallel universes; "Add a fourth
dimension to space, and there is room for an indefinite number of
universes, all alongside of each other, as there is for an indefinite
number of sheets of paper when we pile them upon each other"
There are many examples where authors have explicitly created
additional spatial dimensions for their characters to travel in, to
reach parallel universes. In Doctor Who, the Doctor accidentally enters a parallel universe while attempting to repair the TARDIS console in "Inferno". Douglas Adams, in the last book of the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series, Mostly Harmless, uses the idea of probability as an extra axis in addition to the classical four dimensions of space and time similar to the many-worlds interpretation of quantum physics, although according to the novel they were more a model to capture the continuity of space, time and probability. Robert A. Heinlein, in The Number of the Beast, postulated a six-dimensional universe. In addition to the three spatial dimensions, he invoked symmetry to add two new temporal dimensions, so there would be two sets of three. Like the fourth dimension of H. G. Wells' "Time Traveller", these extra dimensions can be traveled by persons using the right equipment.
Hyperspace
Perhaps the most common use of the concept of a parallel universe in
science fiction is the concept of hyperspace. Used in science fiction,
the concept of "hyperspace" often refers to a parallel universe that can
be used as a faster-than-light shortcut for interstellar travel. Rationales for this form of hyperspace vary from work to work, but the two common elements are:
It is possible to enter and exit from this hyperspace with reasonable ease;
There is reason to enter the hyperspace and exit rather than
conventional travel (usually, the reason being it's quicker than the
conventional method).
Sometimes "hyperspace" is used to refer to the concept of additional
coordinate axes. In this model, the universe is thought to be "crumpled"
in some higher spatial dimension and that traveling in this higher
spatial dimension, a ship can move vast distances in the common spatial
dimensions. An analogy is to crumple a newspaper into a ball and stick a
needle straight through, the needle will make widely spaced holes in
the two-dimensional surface of the paper. While this idea invokes a "new
dimension", it is not an example of a parallel universe. It is a more scientifically plausible use of hyperspace.
While use of hyperspace is common, it is mostly used as a plot device
and thus of secondary importance. While a parallel universe may be
invoked by the concept, the nature of the universe is not often
explored. So, while stories involving hyperspace might be the most
common use of the parallel universe concept in fiction, it is not the
most common source of fiction about parallel universes.
Technically, alternative histories
as a result of time travel are not parallel universes: while multiple
parallel universes can co-exist simultaneously, only one history or
alternative history can exist at any one moment, as alternative history
usually involves, in essence, overriding the original timeline with a
new one. As a result, travel between alternative histories is not
possible without reverting the timeline back to the original.
Parallel universes as a result of time travel can serve simply as the backdrop, or it may be a central plot point. The Guns of the South by Harry Turtledove, where the Confederate Army is given thousands of AK-47 rifles and ends up winning the American Civil War, is a good example of the former, while Fritz Leiber's novel The Big Time where a war between two alternative futures manipulating history to create a timeline that results in or realizes their own world is a good example of the latter.
Subscribing to the many-worlds interpretation
of quantum physics, alternative histories in fiction can arise as a
natural phenomena of the universe. In these works, the idea is that each
choice every person makes, each leading to a different result, both
occur, so when a person decides between jam or butter on his toast,
two universes are created: one where that person chose jam, and another
where that person chose butter. The concept of "sidewise" time travel, a
term taken from Murray Leinster's "Sidewise in Time",
is used to allow characters to pass through many different alternative
histories, all descendant from some common branch point.
Often, worlds that are more similar to each other are considered
closer to each other in terms of this sidewise travel. For example, a
universe where World War II ended differently would be "closer" to us
than one where Imperial China colonized the New World in the 15th
century. H. Beam Piper
used this concept, naming it "paratime" and writing a series of stories
involving the Paratime Police who regulated travel between these
alternative realities as well as the technology to do so. Keith Laumer used the same concept of "sideways" time travel in his 1962 novel Worlds of the Imperium. More recently, novels such as Frederik Pohl's The Coming of the Quantum Cats and Neal Stephenson's Anathem explore human-scale readings of the "many worlds" interpretation, postulating that historical events or human consciousness spawns or allows "travel" among alternative universes.
The concept of Counter-Earth might seem similar to a parallel universe, but is actually a distinct idea. A counter-earth is a planet that shares Earth's orbit but is on opposition, therefore, cannot be seen from Earth. There would be no necessity that such a planet would be like Earth in any way, although typically in fiction it is practically identical to Earth. Since Counter-Earth is not only within our universe but within our own Solar System, reaching it can be accomplished with ordinary space travel.
Gerry and Sylvia Anderson used this concept in their 1969 movie Doppelgänger (released outside Europe as Journey to the Far Side of the Sun),
in which a Counter-Earth is detected by astronomers and a manned
mission launched by a US-European space consortium to explore it.
Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution
is a biological concept whereby unrelated species acquire similar
traits because they adapted to a similar environment and/or played
similar roles in their ecosystems. In fiction, the concept is extended
whereby similar planets will result in races with similar cultures
and/or histories.
Again, this is not a true parallel universe since such planets
exist within the same universe as our own, but the stories are similar
in some respects. Star Trek frequently explored such worlds:
In "Bread and Circuses" the Enterprise
encounters a planet called Magna Roma, which has many physical
resemblances to Earth such as its atmosphere, land to ocean ratio, and
size. The landing party discovers that the planet is at roughly a late
20th-century level of technology but its society is similar to the Roman
Empire, as if the Empire had not fallen but had continued to that time:
there is also a reference to the Roman god Jupiter as the namesake of a new line of automobile, and gladiator fights are televised in primetime. Slavery
on this world has also developed into an institution, with slaves
guaranteed medical benefits and old-age pensions, so the workers grew
more content and never rebelled. At the end of the episode, it is
discovered that the society has just found their own version of Jesus, referred simply as "the son" (whose followers they had previously mistaken for sun worshipers).
In "The Omega Glory",
the crew visit a planet on which there is a conflict between two
peoples called the Yangs and the Kohms. They discover that the Yangs are
like Earth's "Yankees" (in other words, Americans) and the Kohms are
like Earth's Communists; the Yangs, who had at some point in the past
been conquered by the Kohms, had a ritual speech that was word for word
identical to the American Pledge of Allegiance, and treated the U.S. Constitution
as a sacred text. (A deleted scene from the episode, however, implied
that both the Yangs and Kohms were actually descendants of human
colonists.)
In "Miri", the Enterprise
crew encounter a planet that is physically identical to Earth.
Histories on the two planets were apparently identical until the 20th
century when scientists had accidentally created a deadly virus that
killed all the adults but extended the lives of the children (who call
themselves the "Onlies"). The spin-off novel "Forgotten History" later
established that the planet depicted here was actually an alternative
version of Earth that was displaced into our universe, with the Enterprise
later being sent into that universe and witnessing what happened to the
history of the parallel universe without humanity's influence to help
reform the Vulcans and form the Federation.
Convergent evolution due to contamination
A similar concept in biology is gene flow.
In this case, a planet may start out differently from Earth, but due to
the influence of Earth's culture, the planet comes to resemble Earth in
some way. Star Trek also frequently used this theory as well: in "Patterns of Force", a planet is discovered to be very similar to Nazi Germany
due to the influence of a historian that came to reside there, who
believed that the Nazi fascism itself was not evil and under benevolent
leadership could be "good government"; while in "A Piece of the Action", the Enterprise crew visits a planet that, 100 years after a book Chicago Mobs of the Twenties that had been left behind by previous Earth craft, their society resembles mob ruled cities of the Prohibition era United States.
Simulated reality
Simulated realities are digital constructs featured in science fiction such as The Matrix.
It is common in fantasy for authors to find ways to bring a
protagonist from "our" world to the fantasy world. Before the mid-20th
century, this was most often done by hiding fantastic worlds within
unknown, distant locations on Earth; peasants who seldom, if ever,
traveled far from their villages could not conclusively say that it was
impossible that an ogre
or other fantastical beings could live an hour away. Characters in the
author's world could board a ship and find themselves on a fantastic
island, as Jonathan Swift does in Gulliver's Travels or in the 1949 novel Silverlock by John Myers Myers, or be sucked up into a tornado and land in Oz. These "lost world"
stories can be seen as geographic equivalents of a "parallel universe",
as the worlds portrayed are separate from our own, and hidden to
everyone except those who take the difficult journey there. The
geographic "lost world" can blur into a more explicit "parallel
universe" when the fantasy realm overlaps a section of the "real" world,
but is much larger inside than out, as in Robert Holdstock's novel Mythago Wood.
However, increasing geographical knowledge meant that such locations had to be farther and farther off. Perhaps influenced by ideas from science fiction, many works chose a setting that takes place in another, separate reality. As it is now not possible to reach these worlds via conventional travel, a common trope is a portal or artifact that connects our world and the fantasy world together, examples being the wardrobe in C. S. Lewis' The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe or the sigil in James Branch Cabell's The Cream of the Jest.
In some cases, physical travel is not even possible, and the character in our reality travels in a dream or some other altered state of consciousness. Examples include the Dream Cycle stories by H. P. Lovecraft or the Thomas Covenant stories of Stephen R. Donaldson.
Often, stories of this type have as a major theme the nature of reality
itself, questioning whether the dream-world is as real as the waking
world. Science fiction often employs this theme in the ideas of cyberspace and virtual reality.
As mentioned above, in many stories the parallel universe mold is simply transport a character from the real world into the fantasy world
where the bulk of the action takes place. Whatever method is used
ceases to be important for the most of the story until the ending until
the protagonists return to our world (assuming they do so).
However, in a few cases the interaction between the worlds is an
important element, so that the focus is not on simply the fantasy world,
but on ours as well. Sometimes the intent is to let them mingle and see
what would happen, such as introducing a computer programmer into a high fantasy world as seen in Rick Cook's Wizardry series, while other times an attempt to keep them from mingling becomes a major plot point, such as in Aaron Allston's Doc Sidhe
our "grim world" is paralleled by a "fair world" where the elves live
and history echoes ours, where a major portion of the plot deals with
preventing a change in interactions between the worlds.
Fantasy multiverses
The idea of a multiverse
is as fertile a subject for fantasy as it is for science fiction,
allowing for epic settings and godlike protagonists. The most epic and
far-ranging fantasy "multiverse" is that of Michael Moorcock, who actually named the concept in a 1963 science fiction novel The Sundered Worlds. Like many authors after him, Moorcock was inspired by the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, saying:
“
It was an idea in the air, as most of these are, and I would have come across a reference to it in New Scientist
(one of my best friends was then editor) ... [or] physicist friends
would have been talking about it. ... Sometimes what happens is that you
are imagining these things in the context of fiction while the
physicists and mathematicians are imagining them in terms of science. I
suspect it is the romantic imagination working, as it often does,
perfectly efficiently in both the arts and the sciences.
”
Unlike many science-fiction interpretations, Moorcock's Eternal Champion stories go far beyond alternative history to include mythic and sword and sorcery settings as well as worlds more similar to, or the same as, our own.
The term 'polycosmos' was coined as an alternative to 'multiverse' by the author and editor Paul le Page Barnett (also known by the pseudonym John Grant), and is built from Greek rather than Latinmorphemes.
It is used by Barnett to describe a concept binding together a number
of his works, its nature meaning that "all characters, real or fictional
[...] have to co-exist in all possible real, created or dreamt worlds;
[...] they're playing hugely different roles in their various
manifestations, and the relationships between them can vary quite
dramatically, but the essence of them remains the same."
Fictional universe as alternative universe
There are many examples of the meta-fictional
idea of having the author's created universe (or any author's universe)
rise to the same level of "reality" as the universe we're familiar
with. The theme is present in works as diverse as H.G. Wells' Men Like Gods, Myers' Silverlock, and Heinlein's Number of the Beast. Fletcher Pratt and L. Sprague de Camp took the protagonist of the Harold Shea series through the worlds of Norse myth, Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, and the Kalevala
– without ever quite settling whether writers created these parallel
worlds by writing these works, or received impressions from the worlds
and wrote them down. In an interlude set in "Xanadu",
a character claims that the universe is dangerous because the poem went
unfinished, but whether this was his misapprehension or not is not
established.
Some fictional approaches definitively establish the independence
of the parallel world, sometimes by having the world differ from the
book's account; other approaches have works of fiction create and affect
the parallel world: L. Sprague de Camp's Solomon's Stone, taking place on an astral plane, is populated by the daydreams of mundane people, and in Rebecca Lickiss's Eccentric Circles, an elf is grateful to Tolkien
for transforming elves from dainty little creatures. These stories
often place the author, or authors in general, in the same position as
Zelazny's characters in Amber. Questioning, in a literal fashion, if
writing is an act of creating a new world, or an act of discovery of a
pre-existing world.
Occasionally, this approach becomes self-referential, treating
the literary universe of the work itself as explicitly parallel to the
universe where the work was created. Stephen King's seven-volume Dark Tower
series hinges upon the existence of multiple parallel worlds, many of
which are King's own literary creations. Ultimately the characters
become aware that they are only "real" in King's literary universe (this
can be debated as an example of breaking the fourth wall),
and even travel to a world – twice – in which (again, within the novel)
they meet Stephen King and alter events in the real Stephen King's
world outside of the books. An early instance of this was in works by Gardner Fox
for DC Comics in the 1960s, in which characters from the Golden Age
(which was supposed to be a series of comic books within the DC Comics
universe) would cross over into the main DC Comics universe. One comic
book did provide an explanation for a fictional universe existing as a
parallel universe. The parallel world does "exist" and it resonates into
the "real world". Some people in the "real world" pick up on this
resonance, gaining information about the parallel world which they then
use to write stories.
Robert Heinlein, in The Number of the Beast, quantizes the many parallel fictional universes - in terms of fictons.
A number of fictional universes are accessible along one of the three
axes of time which Dr. Jacob Burroughs' "time twister" can access. Each
quantum level change - a ficton - along this time axis
corresponds to a different universe from one of several bodies of
fiction known to all four travellers in the inter-universal, time
travelling vehicle Gay Deceiver. Heinlein also "breaks the fourth wall" by having "both Heinleins" (Robert and his wife Virginia)
visit an inter-universal science-fiction and fantasy convention in the
book's last chapter. The convention was convened on Heinlein character Lazarus Long's estate on the planet "Tertius" to attract the evil "Black Hats" who pursued the main characters of The Number of the Beast through space and time in order to destroy Dr. Burroughs and his invention. Heinlein continues this literary conceit in The Cat Who Walks Through Walls and To Sail Beyond the Sunset,
using characters from throughout his science-fictional career, hauled
forth from their own "fictons" to unite in the war against the "Black
Hats".
Heinlein also wrote a stand-alone novel, Job: A Comedy of Justice,
whose two protagonists fall from alternative universe into alternative
universe (often naked), and after a number of such adventures die and
enter a stereotypically Fundamentalist Christian
Heaven (with many of its internal contradictions explored in the
novel). Their harrowing adventures through the universes are then
revealed to have been "destruction testing" of their souls by Loki, sanctioned by the Creator person of the Christian God (Yahweh).
The Devil appears as the most sympathetic of the gods in the story, who
expresses contempt for the other gods' cavalier treatment of the
story's main characters.
Thus, Job: A Comedy of Justice
rings in the theological dimension (if only for the purpose of
satirizing evangelical Christianity) of parallel universes, that their
existence can be used by God (or a number of gods, Loki seems to have
made himself available to do Yahweh's dirty work in this novel). It
manages also to have a fictional multiverse angle in that references are
made to Heinlein's early SF/fantasy short story "They",
a solipistic tale in which reality is constantly being transmogrified
behind the scenes to throw the central character off his guard and keep
him from seeing reality as it is, which was set in the same Heinlein
fictional universe as The Moon is a Harsh Mistress.
Elfland
Elfland, or Faerie, the otherworldly home not only of elves and fairies but goblins, trolls, and other folkloric creatures, has an ambiguous appearance in folklore.
On one hand, the land often appears to be contiguous with 'ordinary' land. Thomas the Rhymer might, on being taken by the Queen of Faerie, be taken on a road like one leading to Heaven or Hell.
This is not exclusive to English or French folklore. In Norse mythology, Elfland (Alfheim) was also the name of what today is the Swedish province of Bohuslän.
In the sagas, it said that the people of this petty kingdom were more
beautiful than other people, as they were related to the elves, showing that not only the territory was associated with elves, but also the race of its people.
While sometimes folklore seems to show fairy intrusion into human lands – "Tam Lin"
does not show any otherworldly aspects about the land in which the
confrontation takes place – at other times the otherworldly aspects are
clear. Most frequently, time can flow differently for those trapped by
the fairy dance than in the lands they come from; although, in an
additional complication, it may only be an appearance, as many returning
from Faerie, such as Oisín, have found that time "catches up" with them as soon as they have contact with ordinary lands.
Fantasy writers have taken up the ambiguity. Some writers depict
the land of the elves as a full-blown parallel universe, with portals
the only entry – as in Josepha Sherman's Prince of the Sidhe series or Esther Friesner's Elf Defense – and others have depicted it as the next land over, possibly difficult to reach for magical reasons – Hope Mirrlees's Lud-in-the-Mist, or Lord Dunsany's The King of Elfland's Daughter.
In some cases, the boundary between Elfland and more ordinary lands is
not fixed. Not only the inhabitants but Faerie itself can pour into more
mundane regions. Terry Pratchett's Discworld
series proposes that the world of the Elves is a "parasite" universe,
that drifts between and latches onto others such as Discworld and our
own world (referred to as "Roundworld" in the novels). In the young
teenage book Mist by Kathryn James,
the Elven world lies through a patch of mist in the woods. It was
constructed when the Elven were thrown out of our world. Travel to and
fro is possible by those in the know, but can have lethal consequences.
Isekai
Isekai,
is a subgenre of Japanese fantasy light novels, manga, anime, and video
games revolving around a normal person being transported to or trapped
in a parallel universe. Often, this universe already exists in the
protagonist's world as a fictional universe, but it may also be
unbeknownst to them.
Films
The most famous treatment of the alternative universe concept in film could be considered The Wizard of Oz, which portrays a parallel world, famously separating the magical realm of the Land of Oz from the mundane world by filming it in Technicolor while filming the scenes set in Kansas in sepia.
At times, alternative universes have been featured in small scale
independent productions such as Kevin Brownlow and Andrew Mollo's It Happened Here (1964), featuring an alternative United Kingdom which had undergone Operation Sea Lion in 1940 and had been defeated and occupied by Nazi Germany. It focused on moral questions related to the professional ethics of Pauline, a nurse forced into Nazi collaboration.
Another common use of the theme is as a prison for villains or demons. The idea is used in the first two Superman movies starring Christopher Reeve where Kryptonian villains were sentenced to the Phantom Zone from where they eventually escaped. An almost exactly parallel use of the idea is presented in the campy cult film The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension, where the "8th dimension" is essentially a "phantom zone" used to imprison the villainous Red Lectroids. Uses in horror films include the 1986 film From Beyond (based on the H. P. Lovecraftstory of the same name) where a scientific experiment induces the experimenters to perceive aliens from a parallel universe, with bad results. The 1987 John Carpenter film Prince of Darkness is based on the premise that the essence of a being described as Satan, trapped in a glass canister and found in an abandoned church in Los Angeles,
is actually an alien being that is the 'son' of something even more
evil and powerful, trapped in another universe. The protagonists
accidentally free the creature, who then attempts to release his
"father" by reaching in through a mirror.
Some films present parallel realities that are actually different
contrasting versions of the narrative itself. Commonly this motif is
presented as different points of view revolving around a central (but
sometimes unknowable) "truth", the seminal example being Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon. Conversely, often in film noir and crime dramas, the alternative narrative is a fiction created by a central character, intentionally – as in The Usual Suspects – or unintentionally – as in Angel Heart.
Less often, the alternative narratives are given equal weight in the
story, making them truly alternative universes, such as in the German film Run Lola Run, the short-lived British West End musical Our House and the British film Sliding Doors.
More recent films that have explicitly explored parallel universes are: the 2000 film The Family Man, the 2001 cult movieDonnie Darko, which deals with what it terms a "tangent universe" that erupts from our own universe; Super Mario Bros. (1993) has the eponymous heroes cross over into a parallel universe ruled by humanoids who evolved from dinosaurs; The One (2001) starring Jet Li, in which there is a complex system of realities in which Jet Li's character is a police officer in one universe and a serial killer in another, who travels to other universes to destroy versions of himself, so that he can take their energy; and FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions
(2004), the main character runs away from a totalitarian nightmare, and
he enters into a cyber-afterlife alternative reality. The current Star Trek
films are set in an alternative universe created by the first film's
villain traveling back in time, thus allowing the franchise to be rebooted without affecting the continuity of any other Star Trek film or show. The 2011 science-fiction thriller Source Code employs the concepts of quantum reality and parallel universes. The characters in The Cloverfield Paradox, the third installment of the franchise, accidentally create a ripple in the time-space continuum and travel into an alternative universe, where the monster and the events in the first film transpired.
Television
The idea of parallel universes have received treatment in a number of
television series, usually as a single story or episode in a more
general science fiction or fantasy storyline.
The 1990s TV series Sliders
depicts a group of adventurers visiting assorted parallel universes, as
they attempt to find their "home" universe. Included in the 1st season
is a universe where the world is stuck in the ice age, with no life
anywhere. Another episode includes 'Honest Abe' never to be president,
in which the United States loses World War I and World War II, and they
are controlled by a senator, and technology is at an all-time low.
One of the earliest television plots to feature parallel time was a 1970 storyline on the soap opera Dark Shadows.
Vampire Barnabas Collins found a room in Collinwood which served as a
portal to parallel time, and he entered the room in an attempt to escape
from his current problems. A year later, the show again traveled to
parallel time, the setting this time being 1841.
A well known and often imitated example is the original Star Trek episode entitled "Mirror, Mirror". The episode introduced an alternative version of the Star Trek universe where the main characters were barbaric and cruel to the point of being evil. When the parallel universe concept is parodied, the allusion is often to this Star Trek episode. A previous episode for the Trek series first hinted at the potential of differing reality planes (and their occupants), titled "The Alternative Factor". A mad scientist from "our" universe, named Lazarus B., hunts down the sane Lazarus A.; resident of an antimatter-comprised
continuum. His counterpart, in a state of paranoia, claims the double
threatens his and the very cosmos' existence. With help from Captain Kirk, A traps B along with him in a "anti"-universe, for eternity, thus bringing balance to both matter oriented realms. A similar plot was used in the Codename: Kids Next Door episode Operation: P.O.O.L.
The mirror universe of Star Trek was further developed by later series in the franchise. In several episodes of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the later evolution of the mirror universe is explored. A two-part episode of Star Trek: Enterprise, entitled "In a Mirror, Darkly", serves as a prequel, introducing the early developments of the Mirror Universe.
In the 1970s young adult British SF series The Tomorrow People, its second-season episode, A Rift in Time
(March–April 1974) pitted the three telepath core characters and allies
against time travelling interlopers from an alternative history where
the Roman Empire developed the steam engine
in the first century CE, had a technological headstart, did not
fragment during the fifth century and underwent accelerated
technological development. The Roman eagle standard was planted on the
Moon in the fifth century and by its alternative twentieth century, it
had mastered interstellar travel, had a galactic empire and time travel.
Consequently, the Tomorrow People had to rectify this aberrant timeline
by dismantling and disabling the anomalous steam engine.
Multiple episodes of Red Dwarf
use the concept. In "Parallel Universe" the crew meet alternative
versions of themselves: the analogues of Lister, Rimmer and Holly are
female, while the Cat's alternative is a dog. "Dimension Jump"
introduces a heroic alternative Rimmer,
a version of whom reappears in "Stoke Me a Clipper". The next episode,
"Ouroboros", makes contact with a timeline in which Kochanski, rather
than Lister, was the sole survivor of the original disaster; this
alternative Kochanski then joins the crew for the remaining episodes.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer experienced a Parallel universe where she was a mental patient in Normal Again
and not really "The Slayer" at all. In the end, she has to choose
between a universe where her mother and father are together and alive
(mother) or one with her friends and sister in it where she has to fight
for her life daily. In The Wish (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), Cordelia Chase
inadvertently created a dystopian alternative reality in which Buffy
had never moved from LA to Sunnydale. Her core-universe allies Xander Harris and Willow Rosenberg had become vampires in that timeline.
The plot of the season four episode of Charmed, entitled "Brain Drain", features The Source of All Evil
kidnapping Piper Halliwell and forcing her into a deep coma, where she
experiences an alternative reality in which the Halliwell manor is
actually a mental institution. She and her sisters serve as patients in
this universe, their powers only a manifestation of their minds, a ruse
put up to trick Piper into willingly relinquishing the sisters' magic.
The animated series, Futurama, had an episode
where the characters travel between "Universe 1" and "Universe A" via
boxes containing each universe; and one of the major jokes is an
extended argument between the two sets of characters over which set were
the "evil" ones.
The idea of a parallel universe and the concept of déjà vu was a major plot line of the first-season finale of Fringe, guest-starring Leonard Nimoy of Star Trek. The show has gone on to feature the parallel universe prominently.
In the 2010 season of Lost,
the result of characters traveling back in time to prevent the crash of
Oceanic Flight 815 apparently creates a parallel reality in which the
Flight never crashed, rather than resetting time itself in the
characters' original timeline. The show continued to show two "sets" of
the characters following different destinies, until it was revealed in
the series finale that there was really only one reality created by the
characters themselves to assist themselves in leaving behind the
physical world and passing on to an afterlife after their respective
deaths.
In the anime and manga series of Dragon Ball Z,
in the Androids Saga, Future Trunks returns to the past to give Goku
medicine to prevent him from dying of a heart disease and warns him of
the Androids, in the process creating a timeline split of parallel
realities, leading to the appearance of Cell, who killed the same Future
Trunks from a different splitting timeline to come back to the main
timeline when the Androids are still alive for him to absorb. The Majin
Buu Saga later depicts Kaio-Shin Realms and the Afterlife. Its sequel, Dragon Ball Super,
later features separate universes that are in pairs whose numbers add
up to the total number of the universe: 12 in this case. Previously
there were 18 universes, but Zeno (the supreme ruler of the Dragon Ball
Multiverse) destroyed 6 of them in a fit of rage. Previously, Daizenshuu
7 stated that the typical Dragon Ball Universe had only 4 galaxies, but
Dragon Ball Super effectively retcons this, where Whis says that the universe contains endless galaxies.
The animeTurn A Gundam attempted to combine all the parallel Gundam
universes (other incarnations of the series, with similar themes but
differing stories and characters, that had played out at different times
since the debut of the concept in the 1970s) of the metaseries into one single reality.
The anime and manga series Eureka Seven: AO takes place in a parallel universe that is different from the one in the series' predecessor Eureka Seven. The E7 series started off in the year 12005, and the AO world, which takes place in the year 2025, would be the home of the two main characters' son.
The anime Neon Genesis Evangelion
features a parallel world in one of the final episodes. This parallel
world is a sharp contrast to the harsh, dark "reality" of the show and
presents a world where all the characters enjoy a much happier life.
This parallel world would become the basis for the new Evangelion manga
series Angelic Days.
The anime series Bakugan
features a parallel universe called Vestroia and is the homeworld of
fantastic creatures called Bakugan. The series' hero Dan Kuso alongside
his friends and teammates must save Earth and Vestroia from total
destruction. Season 2 & 3 feature another universe where Dan and his
team save the day. They go to another dimension or universe through a
pathway. The other universe has also other life forms and other types of
technology.
In another anime series, Digimon,
there is a parallel universe called "digital world". The show's child
protagonists meet digital monsters, or digimon, from this world and
become partners and friends. In the third story arc of Digimon Fusion,
the Clockmaker (who is later revealed to be Bagramon) and his partner
Clockmon travel through space-time to recruit heroes from previous
series so they can help the Fusion Fighters to defeat Quartzmon before
DigiQuartz can absorb each human and digital world in the multiverse.
In the anime series Umineko no Naku Koro ni
the rounds of the battle between Battler and Beatrice take place in
different dimensions, in order to show all kinds of possibilities (much
to Battler's dismay) also the character Bernkastel is known for her
ability to travel into different worlds by the usage of "fragments".
The Community episode Remedial Chaos Theory,
six different timelines and one "prime" timeline are explored, each
having a different outcome based on which member of the study group goes
to get the pizza.
One timeline, dubbed the "Darkest Timeline", results in the greatest
amount of terrible incidents and ends with Abed donning a felt goatee
bearing resemblance to Spock's in "Mirror, Mirror".
In the 2003 anime series of Fullmetal Alchemist,
there exists a gateway that can be conjured by alchemists that acts as a
source of all knowledge and energy; towards the end of the series, it
is revealed that this gateway connects the world of the anime with the
real world, set during the first decades of the 20th century. It is
revealed that the two worlds shared a common history until their
histories diverged, apparently due to the success of alchemy in one world and that of modern physics in the other.
Following the precedent set by Star Trek, these story arcs show alternative universes that have turned out "worse" than the "original" universe: in Stargate SG-1 the first two encountered parallel realities featured Earth being overwhelmed by an unstoppable Goa'uld onslaught; in Buffy, two episodes concern a timeline in which Buffy came to Sunnydale too late to stop the vampires from taking control; Lois & Clark repeatedly visits an alternative universe where Clark Kent's adoptive parents, Jonathan and Martha Kent, died when he was ten years of age, and Lois Lane
is also apparently dead. Clark eventually becomes Superman, with help
from the "original" Lois Lane, but he is immediately revealed as Clark
Kent and so has no life of his own.
In addition to following Star Trek's lead, showing the
"evil" variants of the main storyline gives the writers an opportunity
to show what is at stake by portraying the worst that could happen and
the consequences if the protagonists fail or the importance of a
character's presence.
Once Upon a Time
often talks about alternative realms or universes in which all
different forms of magic, and non-magic may occur, depending on the
realm. According to the Mad Hatter (Sebastian Stan), they "touch each
other in a long line of lands, each just as real as the last". He
referred to our world's tendency to deny such things as arrogant.
In the season 1 finale of The Flash, the Reverse-Flash opens a singularity that connects his world to a parallel universe called Earth-2. In the second season, The Flash starts facing villains from that earth who also have doppelgangers on Prime Earth sent by Zoom. The array of Earth-2 villains consists of Atom Smasher, Sand Demon, King Shark, and Dr. Light;
all are sent by Zoom to kill The Flash with the assurance of being
taken back home. However, they are not the only ones who arrive from the
singularity; this also includes the Earth-2 Flash
after a close death and loss of speed from a confrontation with Zoom.
When the Earth-2 Flash (called Jay Garrick) introduces himself to Team
Flash, Barry (The Flash) distrusts him at first and places him in the
metahuman pipeline at S.T.A.R. Labs.
When The Flash starts having a hard time facing off against Sand Demon,
he frees Jay so that he could help him as well as train him in his
speed. With a new trick taught by Jay, Barry defeats Sand Demon. Later
on, the Earth-2 counterpart of the Reverse-Flash, Harrison Wells,
arrives in Prime Earth as well. He steals a weapon from Mercury Labs
and saves Barry from the Earth-2 King Shark. When Jay confronts and sees
Wells again, the argument gets heated between them before Barry
intercedes.
The "Alf Stewart Rape Dungeon" series, created by artist Mr Doodleburger, uses footage from the Australian TV drama show Home and Away, but through the use of clever overlaid audio tracks, casts one of the main characters of the show, long running character Alf Stewart as a vicious violent character in a parallel version of Home and Away. see main articleAlf Stewart Rape Dungeon Series
Television series involving parallel universes
There have been a few series where parallel universes were central to the series itself.
The Fantastic Journey, in which several travellers lost in the Bermuda Triangle find themselves in another world
Otherworld, in which a family gets trapped in an alternative world
Sliders,
where a young man invents a worm-hole generator that allows travel to
"alternative" Earths. Several characters travel across a series of
"alternative" Earths, trying to get back to their home universe
Parallax, in which a boy discovers portals to multiple parallel universes in his home town
Charlie Jade,
in which the titular character is accidentally thrown into our universe
and is looking for a way back to his own. The series features three
universes - alpha, beta and gamma
Awake,
where a man switches between realities whenever he goes to sleep: one
in which his wife survived a car accident that killed their son, and one
in which his son survived but his wife died
In the TV series Fringe,
a main element of the series is the loss of balance and the eventual
collision of two universes and the moral ramifications of it. Most main
characters have a doppelganger who is usually slightly different from
their prime selves.
In the South Korean Drama Dr. Jin
(2012), the concept of parallel universes was used. A doctor travels
into the past, specifically, the Joseon era, and this results in major
changes in history.
Rick and Morty, in which there is an infinite number of realities and universes.
Stranger Things, in which a small town becomes home to a gateway between dimensions.
The Flash, in which Barry Allen travels to multiple parallel universes in the multiverse with the help of his super speed.
Supernatural, in which several episodes deal with parallel universes, particularly the thirteenth season which features storylines centering around parallel universes known as Apocalypse World and The Bad Place which appears in the backdoor pilot to the proposed spinoff Supernatural: Wayward Sisters. Apocalypse World is depicted as a dark post-apocalyptic universe where Supernatural's main protagonists Sam and Dean Winchester were never born and thus could not stop the end of the world.
Doctor Who,
in which a crack between two parallel universes opens up during the
Rose Tyler plot. In which her Father still lives, however, the Cybermen
control the parallel earth and pass through to ours.
Comic books
Parallel universes in modern comics have become particularly rich and complex, in large part due to the continual problem of continuity faced by the major two publishers, Marvel Comics and DC Comics. The two publishers have used the multiverse concept to fix problems arising from integrating characters from other publishers into their own canon, and from having major serial protagonists having continuous histories lasting, as in the case of Superman, over 70 years. Additionally, both publishers have used new alternative universes to re-imagine their own characters. (See Multiverse (DC Comics) and Multiverse (Marvel Comics)) DC's Michael Moorcock's Multiverse collected 12 issues in 1999 with an introduction by Moorcock which offered a sophisticated description of his rationale.
DC Comics inaugurated its multiverse in the early 1960s, with the reintroduction of Golden Age superheroes the Justice Society of America now located on Earth-Two, and devised a "mirror universe" scenario of inverted morality and supervillain domination of Earth-Three shortly afterwards, several years before Star Trek
devised its own darker alternative universe. There was a lull before DC
inaugurated additional alternative universes in the seventies, such as
Earth-X, where there was an Axis victory in World War II, Earth-S, home to the Fawcett Comics superheroes of the forties and fifties, such as Captain Marvel, and Earth-Prime, where superheroes only existed in fictional forms.
Therefore, comic books, in general, are one of the few
entertainment mediums where the concept of parallel universes are a
major and ongoing theme. DC in particular periodically revisits the idea
in major crossover storylines, such as Crisis on Infinite Earths and Infinite Crisis, where Marvel has a series called What If...
that's devoted to exploring alternative realities, which sometimes
impact the "main" universe's continuity. DC's version of "What If..." is
the Elseworlds imprint.
DC Comics series 52 heralded the return of the Multiverse. 52 was a mega-crossover event tied to Infinite Crisis which was the sequel to the 1980s Crisis on Infinite Earths.
The aim was to yet again address many of the problems and confusions
brought on by the Multiverse in the DCU. Now 52 Earths exist and
including some Elseworld tales such as Kingdom Come, DC's imprintWildStorm and an Earth devoted to the Charlton Comics heroes of DC. Countdown and Countdown Presents: The Search for Ray Palmer and the Tales of the Multiverse stories expand upon this new Multiverse.
Marvel has also had many large crossover events which depicted an alternative universe, many springing from events in the X-Men books, such as 1981's Days of Future Past, 1995's Age of Apocalypse, and 2006's House Of M. In addition, the Squadron Supreme is a DC inspired Marvel Universe that has been used several times, often crossing over into the mainstream Universe in the Avengers comic. Exiles is an offshoot of the X-Men franchise that allows characters to hop from one alternative reality to another, leaving the original, main Marvel Universe intact. The Marvel UK line has long had multiverse stories including the Jaspers' Warp storyline of Captain Britain's first series (it was here that the designation Earth-616 was first applied to the mainstream Marvel Universe).
The graphic novel Watchmen is set in an alternative history, in 1985 where superheroes exist, the Vietnam War was won by the United States, and Richard Nixon
is in his fifth term as President of the United States. The Soviet
Union and the United States are still locked in an escalating "Cold War"
as in our own world, but as the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan in this world and threatens Pakistan, nuclear war may be imminent.
In 1973, Tammy published The Clock and Cluny Jones,
where a mysterious grandfather clock hurls bully Cluny Jones into a
harsh alternative reality where she becomes the bullied. This story was
reprinted in Misty annual 1985 as Grandfather's Clock.
In 1978, Misty published The Sentinels. The Sentinels were two crumbling apartment blocks that connected the mainstream world with an alternative reality where Hitler conquered Britain in 1940.
In 1981, Jinty published Worlds Apart.
Six girls experience alternative worlds ruled by greed, sports-mania,
vanity, crime, intellectualism, and fear. These are in fact their dream
worlds becoming real after they are knocked out by a mysterious gas from
a chemical tanker that crashed into their school. In 1977 Jinty also
published Land of No Tears where a lame girl travels to a future
world where people with things wrong with them are cruelly treated, and
emotions are banned.
The parallel universe concept has also appeared prominently in the Sonic the Hedgehogcomic series from Archie Comics.
The first and most oft-recurring case of this is another "mirror
universe" where Sonic and his various allies are evil or anti-heroic
while the counterpart of the evil Dr. Robotnik is good. Another
recurring universe featured in the series is a perpendicular
dimension that runs through all others, known as the No Zone. The
inhabitants of this universe monitor travel between the others, often
stepping in with their Zone Cop police force to punish those who travel
without authorization between worlds.
In more recent years, the comic has adapted the alternative dimension from the video games Sonic Rush and Sonic Rush Adventure,
home to Sonic's ally Blaze the Cat. The continuities seen in various
other Sonic franchises also exist in the comic, most notably those based
on the cartoon series Sonic Underground and Sonic X. For some years, a number of other universes were also featured that parodied various popular franchises, such as Sailor Moon, Godzilla, and various titles from Marvel Comics. Archie has also used this concept as the basis for crossovers between Sonic and other titles that they publish, including Sabrina the Teenage Witch and Mega Man.
The various Transformers
comics also feature the parallel universe concept, and feature the
various continuities from different branches of the franchise as
parallel worlds that occasionally make contact with each other. Quite
notably, the annual Botcon fan convention introduced a comic storyline that featured Cliffjumper, an Autobot from the original Transformers series, entering an alternative universe where his fellow Autobots are evil and the Decepticons
are good. This universe is known as the "Shattered Glass" universe, and
continued on in comics and text based stories after its initial
release.
Video games
In the 1996 adventure PC game 9: The Last Resort,
after resolving several mind-blowing and unique puzzles, the player
gets past "The Tiki Guards"; and a door opens up to "The Void" -
actually a room to another universe, which houses the entirety of space.
Banjo-Kazooie
features a world called "Click Clock Wood", which has spring, summer,
autumn and winter variants. The environment develops between the seasons
making some areas accessible or inaccessible, and actions taken in one
season affect the outcome in others.
The 2013 first person shooter BioShock Infinite
features the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. The main
character is named Booker Dewitt, an homage to physicist Bryce DeWitt.
The Captain Tsubasa series has two continuities. The manga and the 5 video games. Both feature the same story about Tsubasa Oozora, a young boy who dreams of winning the World Cup. The first game almost faithfully follows the manga's storyline. But, starting with the Captain Tsubasa 2 the second game, Tecmo made their own characters and story. Only a few characters that were non-cannon to manga thatdrawn by Takahashi
himself was, Babinton, Stratto, Mancini and Signori. The character
Carlos Santana was the only Tecmo character that appeared in the manga
series, but only in 1995 (5 years after the second game's release.).
Fans of Captain Tsubasa franchise have noticed that the storyline between Captain Tsubasa 2 and Captain Tsubasa: World Youth are almost the same. At this point, the character named Coimbra (who also appeared in Captain Tsubasa 2,but only in the final match) was expected to be seen, but never happened. Fans today are still waiting for Captain Tsubasa 6 since 1994 but since then, it became neglected.
The story of Chrono Cross centers around travel between two alternative timelines, the original or "Another World" and "Home World" which is a branch created by the actions of the heroes of the game's predecessor, Chrono Trigger.
The MMORPG City of Heroes
features a Player vs Player (PvP) zone called Recluse's Victory. It is
an alternative future in a constant state of flux, as heroes and
villains battle for the future of Earth.
Crash Twinsanity
features Crash, Cortex, and Nina traveling to the "10th dimension",
which could also be a parallel universe (suggested by the theme and how
everything seems to be opposite).
In the 1992 psychological horror point-and-click adventure game Dark Seed, the main character Mike Dawson discovers a parallel universe by going through his living room mirror.
The Darkness pivots around a world of darkness you travel to when you die, which is occupied by World War 1 soldiers.
EarthBound
features many areas of the game that can be considered alternative
dimensions. The first is an illusion created by the Mani Mani Statue
that transforms the metropolis of Fourside into a bizarre neon
metropolis called Moonside, filled with unusual characters and enemies.
The second is Magicant, the world of Ness's subconscious that is
accessed after obtaining the Eight Melodies. Finally, toward the end of
the game, the protagonists arrive at the Cave to the Past, where they
travel back in time to the haunting past dimension of the cave to face
Giygas.
The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion
features an alternative hellish world called "Oblivion", as well as a
painting you can climb into and a quest where you enter a dream world.
The Fallout
series takes place in a subtly different universe. For example, the
ship that landed the first men on the moon in 1969 is called Valiant 11, rather than Apollo 11. This universe diverged from ours after World War II, which resulted in a lack of advanced computers, the Cold War, VHS, etc.
In the Freedom Force,
2002 video game, most of the story is set in Patriot City, but a number
of other locations and time periods are used, including magical realms,
prehistoric times, and realms entirely removed from time and space.
The Half-Life series revolves heavily around alternative universes. Xen is a location in the first Half-Life
game, accidentally discovered by scientists and described as a border
world between dimensions, where the player must travel to stop an alien
invasion. Half-Life 2 features a multidimensional empire called The Combine which has successfully conquered Earth and subdued humanity, among countless other universes and species.
The Heroes of the Storm takes place in the Nexus, a strange limbo of clashing universes, which collide from across space, time, and even dimensions.
The Nexus exists in the center of a trans-dimensional cosmic storm,
which can rip worlds and universes in and out of existence, and it can
also pull worlds into stability. Some of the central realms in the Nexus
are examples of these points of stability. Every Realm within the Nexus
has one stone called "Singularity", and only the one who achieves it
through conquest can become the Realm Lord. Many powerful warriors have
been sucked into the Nexus, including combatants from Warcraft, StarCraft, Diablo, and Overwatch universes. New combatants are constantly arriving, some of them are chosen after they died in their original reality.
The Kingdom Hearts series features a Disney/Square Enix's Final Fantasy multiverse, in which various worlds are based on Disney films or concepts from the Final Fantasy
line. The series also introduces the concepts of different "Realms"
corresponding to Light, Darkness, Twilight, and Nothingness.
The series Legacy of Kain is played through several realms and timelines.
In The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
after the main protagonist, Link, defeats the dark lord, Ganon, he
travels back in time to his childhood. This results in two alternative
histories for Hyrule. In one a younger version Link travels to the land
of Termina in The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask.
In the other Link is no longer present allowing Ganon to return to go
on a rampage that forced the gods of Hyrule to flood the world in The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker.
There is also a scenario in which Link is killed by Ganon in the final
battle, resulting in an alternative history in which Hyrule is put in an
era of decline, leading to the events of The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past.
The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask takes place in Termina, a parallel world to Hyrule. Almost all of the characters from The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time reappear in the game.
In the first half of The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess,
areas of Hyrule are veiled by the Twilight Realm. These areas are dusky
and brooding in appearance, Link cannot transform out of wolf form,
characters only appear as spirits that cannot be communicated with, and
enemies are twilight variations of their regular forms. Otherwise, the
Twilight Realm is identical to regular Hyrule.
The world of the classic cult adventure games of The Longest Journey
created by Ragnar Thornqast, along with its sequels, deals with the
existence of two parallel universes – technological (Stark) and magical
(Arcadia).
Metroid Prime 2: Echoes
involves a world, "Aether", having an alternative self in the, "Dark"
realm, universe, or dimension. The protagonist, Samus, finds out that
she just dropped into a hopeless war for the Luminoth, the dominant
species of Light Aether against the Ing, the dominant species of Dark
Aether. She also finds her counterpart, Dark Samus or Metroid Prime's
essence inside Samus's Phazon Suit.
Minecraft
features an alternative dimension called "The Nether", that includes a
'hell' like theme. It also contains a second alternative dimension
called "The End", home world of the Endermen, a type of monster that
spawns rarely in the main world.
In the 1993 adventure PC game Myst,
the unnamed protagonist travels to multiple alternative worlds through
the use of special books, which describe a world within and transport
the user to that world when a window on the front page is touched.
In the text-based science fiction MMORPG OtherSpace,
refugees from Earth's universe were forced to migrate to a parallel
universe called "Hiverspace", whose quantum divergence occurred billions
of years in the past, after damage to the time/space continuum began to
tear their own universe apart.
Eventually, they were able to find a means back to a past universe
whose quantum divergence from their original ones was relatively minor.
In the 1999 role-playing game Outcast,
a probe is sent to a parallel universe and is attacked by an "entity".
Cutter Slade must escort a team of scientists across to the other world
in order to retrieve and repair the damaged probe before the earth is
consumed by a black hole.
Persona 2: Eternal Punishment
takes place in an alternative universe called "This Side" where in the
events of Innocent Sin did not take place and the characters have never
met in the past.
2011 action-adventure video game Portal 2
features a game-mode entitled "Perpetual Testing Initiative" (PeTI),
where a plot item features protagonist "Bendy" through thousands of
different worlds of which character Cave Johnson exist in different
roles entitled "The Multiverse", and the PeTI's parallel universes are
different from the main Half-Life/Portal timeline.
Resistance: Fall of Man is set in alternative universe where Tsarist Russia never experienced the Russian Revolution but instead became the bridgehead for an aggressive alien invasion from a species known as the "Chimera", who then proceed to overrun Western Europe, Great Britain, Canada and much of the United States,
and where there has been no Second World War as a result. The events of
the game and its sequels begin in its alternative 1951.
In the survival horror video game series Silent Hill, the town of Silent Hill fluctuates between the real world, where Silent Hill
is seemingly just an ordinary tourist town, the Fog World, which is
like the real world, except the town is shrouded in thick fog and is
nearly uninhabited except for monsters and a few people, and a dark and
dilapidated version of the town called the "Other World".
Each Zone in Sonic CD
has four variations: Past, Present, Bad Future and Good Future, each
displaying some subtle and not-so subtle alterations. The series has
also seen alternative dimensions, and parallel universes in the case of
the Sonic Rush series, in which Sonic
encounters a hero from another world named Blaze the Cat whose nemesis
is an alternative counterpart of his own foe, Dr. Eggman. The Sonic
series of Sonic The Hedgehog 2006, Generations And Rivals also makes
use of the concept of Wormholes, and alternative timelines.
Sudeki is set in a realm of light and a parallel realm of darkness.
Super Mario 64
features a world called "Tiny Huge Island" which has two variants: one
scaled up, the other scaled down. The player can only access certain
parts of the level to obtain certain stars depending on which variant
they are into. The two variants can be switched between via portals in
the world.
Super Mario Bros. 2
features a "Magic Potion" item that when used, creates a doorway
allowing the player to temporarily access "Subspace"; a mirrored
silhouette version of the world where items can be found.
After the completion of the Special World in Super Mario World,
the overworld transforms from a green-colored springtime to an
orange-colored autumnal setting. Many enemies encountered in the game
are transformed into bizarre counterparts.
In Super Paper Mario,
the town "Flipside" (which acts as the game's central hub) has an
alternative mirrored version called "Flopside". While Flipside appears
pristine and the residents there are typically cheerful, Flopside
appears somewhat dilapidated and is populated by surly characters.
Both titles of the When They Cry visual novel series (Higurashi and Umineko
for short) contain the concept of parallel worlds. These series both
involve some kind of murder mystery. As soon as the main character has
'lost', another parallel world, called a Fragment, is chosen to be
observed. This continues until the entire mystery is solved.
The 2012 visual novel/puzzle video game Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward
heavily uses the concept of multiple realities as the basis for its
plot as well as its central gameplay mechanic of traversing through
realities and altering history.
