2017 Chinese calendar
.jpg)
Page of a Chinese calendar
The traditional China calendar (officially known as the Agricultural Calendar [農曆; 农历; Nónglì; 'farming calendar']), or Former Calendar (舊曆; 旧历; Jiùlì), Traditional Calendar (老曆; 老历; Lǎolì) or Lunar Calendar (陰曆; 阴历; Yīnlì; 'yin calendar'), is a lunisolar calendar which reckons years, months and days according to astronomical phenomena. It is defined by GB/T
33661-2017, "Calculation and promulgation of the Chinese calendar",
issued by the Standardisation Administration of China on 12 May 2017.
Although modern-day China uses the Gregorian calendar, the traditional Chinese calendar governs holidays—such as the Lantern Festival—in both China and in overseas Chinese
communities. It also gives the traditional Chinese nomenclature of
dates within a year, which people use for selecting auspicious days for weddings, funerals, moving, or starting a business.
Like Chinese characters, variants of this calendar are used in different parts of the Chinese cultural sphere. Korea, Vietnam, and the Ryukyu Islands adopted the calendar, and it evolved into Korean, Vietnamese, and Ryukyuan calendars. The main difference from the traditional Chinese calendar is the use of different meridians, which leads to some astronomical events—and calendar events based on them—falling on different dates. The traditional Japanese calendar
also derived from the Chinese calendar (based on a Japanese meridian),
but its official use in Japan was abolished in 1873 as part of reforms
after the Meiji Restoration. Calendars in Mongolia and Tibet have absorbed elements of the traditional Chinese calendar, but are not direct descendants of it.
Days begin and end at midnight, and months begin on the day of the new moon. Years begin on the second (or third) new moon after the winter solstice. Solar terms govern the beginning and end of each month. Written versions in ancient China included stems and branches of the year and the names of each month, including leap months as needed. Characters indicated whether a month was long (大, 30 days) or short (小, 29 days); stem branches for the first, eleventh, and 21st days, and the date, stem branch and time of the solar terms.
History
Solar calendars
Five-phase and four-quarter calendars
The traditional Chinese calendar was developed between 771 and 476 BC, during the Spring and Autumn period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty. Before the Zhou dynasty, solar calendars were used.
One version of the solar calendar is the five-elements calendar (五行曆; 五行历), which derives from the Wu Xing.
A 365-day year was divided into five phases of 73 days, with each phase
corresponding to a Day 1 Wu Xing element. A phase began with a
governing-element day (行御), followed by six
12-day weeks. Each phase consisted of two three-week months, making each
year ten months long. Years began on a jiǎzǐ (甲子) day (and a 72-day wood phase), followed by a bǐngzǐ day (丙子) and a 72-day fire phase; a wùzǐ (戊子) day and a 72-day earth phase; a gēngzǐ (庚子) day and a 72-day metal phase, and a rénzǐ day (壬子) followed by a water phase. Other days were tracked using the Yellow River Map (He Tu).
Another version is a four-quarters calendar (四時八節曆; 四时八节历; 'four sections, eight seasons calendar', or 四分曆; 四分历). Weeks were ten days long, with one month consisting of three weeks. A year had 12 months, with a ten-day week intercalated in summer as needed to keep up with the tropical year. The 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches were used to mark days.
A third version is the balanced calendar (調曆; 调历). A year was 365.25 days, and a month was 29.5 days. After every 16th month, a half-month was intercalated. According to oracle bone records, the Shang dynasty calendar (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC) was a balanced calendar with 12 to 14 months in a year; the month after the winter solstice was Zhēngyuè.
Lunisolar calendars
The first lunisolar calendar was the Zhou calendar (周曆; 周历), introduced under the Zhou dynasty. This calendar set the beginning of the year at the day of the new moon before the winter solstice. It also set the shàngyuán as the winter solstice of a dīngsì year, making the year it was introduced around 2,758,130.
Several competing lunisolar calendars were also introduced, especially by states fighting Zhou control during the Warring States period. The state of Lu issued its own Lu calendar(魯曆; 鲁历). Jin issued the Xia calendar (夏曆; 夏历) in AD 102, with a year beginning on the day of the new moon nearest the March equinox. Qin issued the Zhuanxu calendar (顓頊曆; 颛顼历), with a year beginning on the day of the new moon nearest the winter solstice. Song's Yin calendar (殷曆; 殷历) began its year on the day of the new moon after the winter solstice.
These calendars are known as the six ancient calendars (古六曆; 古六历), or quarter-remainder calendars, (四分曆; 四分历; sìfēnlì), since all calculate a year as 365 1⁄4
days long. Months begin on the day of the new moon, and a year has 12
or 13 months. Intercalary months (a 13th month) are added to the end of
the year. The Qiang and Dai calendars are modern versions of the Zhuanxu
calendar, used by mountain peoples.
Qin and early Han dynasties
After Qin Shi Huang unified China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BC, the Qin calendar (秦曆; 秦历)
was introduced. It followed most of the rules governing the Zhuanxu
calendar, but the month order was that of the Xia calendar; the year
began with month 10 and ended with month 9, analogous to a Gregorian
calendar beginning in October and ending in September. The intercalary
month, known as the second Jiǔyuè (後九月; 后九月; 'later Jiǔyuè'), was placed at the end of the year. The Qin calendar was used into the Han dynasty.
Han-Ming dynasties and Taichu calendar
Emperor Wu of Han r. 141 – 87 BC introduced reforms halfway through his reign. His Taichu Calendar (太初曆; 太初历; 'grand beginning calendar') defined a solar year as 365 385⁄1539 days, and the lunar month was 29 43⁄81 days. This calendar introduced the 24 solar terms, dividing the year into 24 equal parts. Solar terms were paired, with the 12 combined periods known as climate terms. The
first solar term of the period was known as a pre-climate, and the
second was a mid-climate. Months were named for the mid-climate to which
they were closest, and a month without a mid-climate was an intercalary
month.
The Taichu calendar established a framework for traditional
calendars, with later calendars adding to the basic formula. The Dàmíng
Calendar (大明曆; 大明历; 'brightest calendar'), created in the Liang dynasty by Zu Chongzhi, introduced the equinoxes. The use of a syzygy to determine the lunar month was first described in the Tang dynasty Wùyín Yuán Calendar (戊寅元曆; 戊寅元历; 'earth tiger epoch calendar'). The Yuan dynasty Shòushí calendar (授時曆; 授时历; 'teaching time calendar') used spherical trigonometry to find the length of the tropical year. The calendar had a 365.2425-day year, identical to the Gregorian calendar.
Modern calendars
Although the Chinese calendar lost its place as the country's official calendar at the beginning of the 20th century,[10] its use has continued. The Republic of China adopted UTC+08:00 in 1928, but changed to a single time zone;
some calendars followed the last calendar of the Qing dynasty,
published in 1908. This caused confusion about the date of the 1978 Mid-Autumn Festival, and those areas then switched to the UTC+8-based calendar.
Shíxiàn calendar
During the late Ming dynasty, Xu Guangqi
and his colleagues worked out a new calendar based on Western
astronomical arithmetic; however, the new calendar was not released
before the end of the dynasty. In the early Qing dynasty, Johann Adam Schall von Bell submitted the calendar to the Shunzhi Emperor. The Qing government issued it as the Shíxiàn (seasonal) calendar.
In this calendar, the solar terms are 15° each along the ecliptic and it can be used as a solar calendar. However, the length of the climate term near perihelion
is less than 30 days and there may be two mid-climate terms. The
Shíxiàn calendar changed the mid-climate-term rule to "decides the month
in sequence, except the intercalary month."[This quote needs a citation] The present traditional calendar follows the Shíxiàn calendar, except:
- The baseline is Chinese Standard Time, rather than Beijing local time.
- Astronomical data is used, rather than mathematical calculations.
Proposals
To optimize the Chinese calendar, astronomers have proposed a number of changes. Gao Pingzi (高平子; 1888–1970), a Chinese astronomer who co-founded the Purple Mountain Observatory,
proposed that month numbers be calculated before the new moon and solar
terms be rounded to the day. Since the intercalary month is determined
by the first month without a mid-climate and the mid-climate time varies
by time zone, countries which adopted the calendar but calculate with
their own time could vary from the time in China.
Outlying areas
Calendars
of ethnic groups in the mountains and plateaus of southwestern China
and the grasslands of northern China are based on their phenology and algorithms of traditional calendars of different periods, particularly the Tang and pre-Qin dynasties.
Structure
Elements
Elements of the traditional Chinese calendar are:
- Day, from one midnight to the next
- Month, the time from one new moon to the next. These synodic months are about 29 17⁄32 days long.
- Date, when a day occurs in the month. Days are numbered in sequence from 1 to 29 (or 30).
- Year, the time of one revolution of the earth around the sun. It is measured from the first day of spring (lunisolar year) or the winter solstice (solar year). A year is about 365 31⁄128 days.
- Zodiac, 1⁄12 year, or 30° on the ecliptic. A zodiac is about 30 7⁄16 days.
- Solar term, 1⁄24 year, or 15° on the ecliptic. A solar term is about 15 7⁄32 days.
- Calendar month, when a month occurs within a year. Some months may be repeated.
- Calendar year, when it is agreed that one year ends and another begins. The year begins on the first day of spring, defined as the second (sometimes third) new moon after the winter solstice. A calendar year is 353–355 or 383–385 days long.
Features
The movements of the sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn (known as the seven luminaries) are the references for calendar calculations.
- The distance between Mercury and the sun is less than 30° (the sun's height at chénshí:辰時, 8:00 to 10:00 am), so Mercury was sometimes called the "chen star" (辰星); it is more commonly known as the "water star" (水星).
- Venus appears at dawn and dusk, and is known as the "bright star" (啟明星; 启明星) or "long star" (長庚星; 长庚星).
- Mars looks like fire and occurs irregularly, and is known as the "fire star" (熒惑星; 荧惑星 or 火星). Mars is the punisher in Chinese mythology. When Mars is near Antares (心宿二), it is a bad omen and can forecast the death of an emperor or removal of a chancellor (荧惑守心).
- The period of Jupiter's revolution is 11.86 years, so Jupiter is called the "age star" (歲星; 岁星); 30° of Jupiter's revolution is about a year on earth.
- The period of Saturn's revolution is about 28 years. Saturn, known as the "guard star" (鎮星), guards one of the 28 mansions every year.
The Big Dipper is the celestial compass, and its handle's direction determines the season and month.
The stars are divided into Three Enclosures and 28 Mansions according to their location in the sky relative to Ursa Minor, at the centre. Each mansion is named with a character describing the shape of its principal asterism. The Three Enclosures are Purple Forbidden, (紫微), Supreme Palace (太微), and Heavenly Market. (天市) The eastern mansions are 角, 亢, 氐, 房, 心, 尾, 箕. Southern mansions are 井, 鬼, 柳, 星, 张, 翼, 轸. Western mansions are 奎, 娄, 胃, 昴, 毕, 参, 觜. Northern mansions are 斗, 牛, 女, 虚, 危, 室, 壁.
The moon moves through about one lunar mansion per day, so the 28 mansions were also used to count days. In the Tang dynasty, Yuan Tiangang (袁天罡) matched the 28 mansions, seven luminaries and yearly animal signs to yield combinations such as "horn-wood-flood dragon" (角木蛟).
Codes
Several coding systems are used to avoid ambiguity. The Heavenly Stems is a decimal system. The Earthly Branches, a duodecimal system, mark dual hours (shí, 時; 时 or shíchen (時辰; 时辰)) and climatic terms. The 12 characters progress from the first day with the same branch as the month (first Yín day (寅日) of Zhēngyuè; first Mǎo day (卯日) of Èryuè), and count the days of the month.
The stem-branches is a sexagesimal system. The Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches make up 60 stem-branches. The stem-branches mark days and years. The five elements of the Wu Xing are assigned to each of the stems, branches and stem-branches.
Day
Explanatory chart for traditional Chinese time
China has used the Western hour-minute-second system to divide the day since the Qing dynasty.
Several era-dependent systems had been in use; systems using multiples
of twelve and ten were popular, since they could be easily counted and
aligned with the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches.
Week
As early as the Bronze-Age Xia dynasty, days were grouped into nine- or ten-day weeks known as xún (旬). Months consisted of three xún. The first 10 days were the early xún (上旬), the middle 10 the mid xún (中旬), and the last nine (or 10) days were the late xún (下旬). Japan adopted this pattern, with 10-day-weeks known as jun (旬). In Korea, they were known as sun (순,旬).
The structure of xún led to public holidays every five or ten days. During the Han dynasty, officials were legally required to rest every five days (twice a xún, or 5–6 times a month). The name of these breaks became huan (澣; 浣, "wash").
Grouping days into sets of ten is still used today in referring to specific natural events. "Three Fu" (三伏), a 29–30-day period which is the hottest of the year, reflects its three-xún length. After the winter solstice, nine sets of nine days were counted to calculate the end of winter.
The seven-day week was adopted from the Hellenistic system by the
4th century CE, although its source is unclear. It was again
transmitted to China in the 8th century by Manichaeans via Kangju (a Central Asian kingdom near Samarkand), and is the most-used system in modern China.
Month
Months are defined by the time between new moons, which averages approximately 29 17⁄32 days. There is no specified length of any particular Chinese month, so the first month could have 29 days (short month, 小月) in some years and 30 days (long month, 大月) in other years.
A 12-month-year using this system has 354 days, which would drift significantly from the tropical year.
To fix this, traditional Chinese years have a 13-month year
approximately once every three years. The 13-month version has the same
alternation of long and short months, but adds a 30-day leap month (閏月; rùnyuè) at the end of the year. Years with 12 months are called common years, and 13-month years are known as long years.
Although most of the above rules were used until the Tang dynasty, different eras used different systems to keep lunar and solar years aligned. The synodic month of the Taichu calendar was 29 43⁄81
days long. The 7th-century, Tang-dynasty Wùyín Yuán Calendar was the
first to determine month length by synodic month instead of the cycling
method. Since then, month lengths have primarily been determined by
observation and prediction.
The days of the month are always written with two characters and
numbered beginning with 1. Days one to 10 are written with the day's numeral, preceded by the character Chū (初); Chūyī (初一) is the first day of the month, and Chūshí (初十) the 10th. Days 11 to 20 are written as regular Chinese numerals; Shíwǔ (十五) is the 15th day of the month, and Èrshí (二十) the 20th. Days 21 to 29 are written with the character Niàn (廿) before the characters one through nine; Niànsān (廿三), for example, is the 23rd day of the month. Day 30 (as applicable) is written as the numeral Sānshí (三十).
History books use days of the month numbered with the 60 stem-branches:
天聖元年....二月....丁巳, 奉安太祖、太宗御容于南京鴻慶宮.
Tiānshèng 1st year....Èryuè....Dīngsì, the emperor's funeral was at his temple, and the imperial portrait was installed in Nanjing's Hongqing Palace.
— History of Song Dynasty, Part 9, Volume 9: Renzong part 1 (in Chinese)
Because astronomical observation determines month length, dates on
the calendar correspond to moon phases. The first day of each month is
the new moon. On the seventh or eighth day of each month, the
first-quarter moon is visible in the afternoon and early evening. In the
15th or 16th day of each month, the full moon is visible all night. On
the 22nd or 23rd day of each month, the last-quarter moon is visible
late at night and in the morning.
Since the beginning of the month is determined by the new moon
occurs, other countries using this calendar use their own time standards
to calculate it; this results in deviations. The first new moon in 1968
was at 16:29 UTC on January 29. Since North Vietnam used UTC+07:00 to calculate their Vietnamese calendar and South Vietnam used UTC+08:00 (Beijing time) to calculate theirs, North Vietnam began the Tết
holiday at 29 January at 23:29 and South Vietnam began it on 30 January
at 00:15. The time difference allowed asynchronous attacks in the Tet Offensive.
Names of months
Lunar
months were originally named according to natural phenomena. Current
naming conventions use numbers as the month names. Every month is also
associated with one of the twelve Earthly Branches.
| Month number | Starts on Gregorian date | Phenological name | Earthly Branch name | Modern name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | between 21 January – 20 February | 陬月; zōuyuè; 'corner month'. square of Pegasus month | 寅月; yínyuè; 'tiger month' | 正月; zhēngyuè; 'first month' |
| 2 | between 20 February – 21 March | 杏月; xìngyuè; 'apricot month' | 卯月; mǎoyuè; 'rabbit month' | 二月; èryuè; 'second month' |
| 3 | between 21 March – 20 April | 桃月; táoyuè; 'peach month' | 辰月; chényuè; 'dragon month' | 三月; sānyuè; 'third month' |
| 4 | between 20 April – 21 May | 梅月; méiyuè; 'plum flower month' | 巳月; sìyuè; 'snake month' | 四月; sìyuè; 'fourth month' |
| 5 | between 21 May – 21 June | 榴月; liúyuè; 'pomegranate month' | 午月; wǔyuè; 'horse month' | 五月; wǔyuè; 'fifth month' |
| 6 | between 21 June – 23 July | 荷月; héyuè; 'lotus month' | 未月; wèiyuè; 'goat month' | 六月; liùyuè; 'sixth month' |
| 7 | between 23 July – 23 August | 蘭月; 兰月; lányuè; 'orchid month' | 申月; shēnyuè; 'monkey month' | 七月; qīyuè; 'seventh month' |
| 8 | between 23 August – 23 September | 桂月; guìyuè; 'osmanthus month' | 酉月; yǒuyuè; 'rooster month' | 八月; bāyuè; 'eighth month' |
| 9 | between 23 September – 23 October | 菊月; júyuè; 'chrysanthemum month' | 戌月; xūyuè; 'dog month' | 九月; jiǔyuè; 'ninth month' |
| 10 | between 23 October – 22 November | 露月; lùyuè; 'dew month' | 亥月; hàiyuè; 'pig month' | 十月; shíyuè; 'tenth month' |
| 11 | between 22 November – 22 December | 冬月; dōngyuè; 'winter month'; 葭月; jiāyuè; 'reed month' | 子月; zǐyuè; 'rat month' | 十一月; shíyīyuè; 'eleventh month' |
| 12 | between 22 December – 21 January | 冰月; bīngyuè; 'ice month' | 丑月; chǒuyuè; 'ox month' | 臘月; 腊月; làyuè; 'end-of-year month' |
Chinese lunar date conventions
Though
the numbered month names are often used for the corresponding month
number in the Gregorian calendar, it is important to realize that the
numbered month names are not interchangeable with the Gregorian months
when talking about lunar dates.
- Incorrect: The Dragon Boat Festival falls on May 5th in the Lunar Calendar, whereas the Double Ninth Festival, Lantern Festival, and Qixi Festival fall on September 9th, January 15th, and July 7th in the Lunar Calendar, respectively.
- Correct: The Dragon Boat Festival falls on Wǔyuè 5th (or, Fifth Month 5th) in the Lunar Calendar, whereas the Double Ninth Festival, Lantern Festival, and Qixi Festival fall on Jiǔyuè 9th (or, Nineth Month 9th), Zhēngyuè 15th (or, First Month 15th), and Qīyuè 7th (or, Seventh Month 7th) in the Lunar Calendar, respectively.
- Alternate Chinese Zodiac correction: The Dragon Boat Festival falls on Horse Month 5th on Lunar Calendar, whereas the Double Ninth Festival, Lantern Festival, and Qixi Festival fall on Dog Month 9th, Tiger Month 15th, and Monkey Month 7th on Lunar Calendar, respectively.
One may even find out the heavenly stem and earthly branch
corresponding to a particular day in the month, and those corresponding
to its month, and those to its year, in order to determine the Four Pillars of Destiny associated with it, for which the Tung Shing, also referred to as the Chinese Almanac of the year, or the Huangli, and containing the essential information concerning Chinese astrology, is the most convenient publication to consult. Days rotate through a sexagenary cycle marked by a coordination between heavenly stems and earthly branchs, hence the referral to the Four Pillars of Destiny as, "Bazi", or "Birth Time Eight Characters", with each pillar consisting of a character for its corresponding heavenly stem, and another for its earthly branch. Since Huangli days are sexagenaric,
their order is quite independent from their numeric order in each
month, and from their numeric order within a week (referred to as True Animals with relation to the Chinese zodiac). Therefore, it does require painstaking calculation for one to arrive at the Four Pillars of Destiny of a particular given date, which rarely outpace the convenience of simply consulting the Huangli by looking up its Gregorian date.
Solar term
The solar year (歲; 岁; Suì), the time between winter solstices, is divided into 24 solar terms
known as jié qì. Each term is a 15° portion of the ecliptic. These
solar terms mark both Western and Chinese seasons as well as equinoxes,
solstices, and other Chinese events. The even solar terms (marked with
"Z") are considered the major terms, while the odd solar terms (marked
with "J") are deemed minor. The solar terms qīng míng (清明) on April 5 and dōng zhì (冬至) on December 22 are both celebrated events in China.
| Number | Name | Chinese Marker | Event | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| J1 | Lì chūn | 立春 | Beginning of spring | February 4 |
| Z1 | Yǔ shuĭ | 雨水 | Rain water | February 19 |
| J2 | Jīng zhé | 惊蛰 | Waking of insects | March 6 |
| Z2 | Chūn fēn | 春分 | March equinox | March 21 |
| J3 | Qīng míng | 清明 | Pure brightness | April 5 |
| Z3 | Gŭ yŭ | 谷雨 | Grain rain | April 20 |
| J4 | Lì xià | 立夏 | Beginning of summer | May 6 |
| Z4 | Xiǎo mǎn | 小满 | Grain full | May 21 |
| J5 | Máng zhòng | 芒种 | Grain in ear | June 6 |
| Z5 | Xià zhì | 夏至 | June solstice | June 22 |
| J6 | Xiǎo shǔ | 小暑 | Slight heat | July 7 |
| Z6 | Dà shǔ | 大暑 | Great heat | July 23 |
| J7 | Lì qiū | 立秋 | Beginning of autumn | August 8 |
| Z7 | Chǔ shǔ | 处署 | Limit of heat | August 23 |
| J8 | Bái lù | 白露 | White dew | September 8 |
| Z8 | Qiū fēn | 秋分 | September equinox | September 23 |
| J9 | Hán lù | 寒露 | Cold dew | October 8 |
| Z9 | Shuāng jiàng | 霜降 | Descent of frost | October 24 |
| J10 | Lì dōng | 立冬 | Beginning of winter | November 8 |
| Z10 | Xiăo xuě | 小雪 | Slight snow | November 22 |
| J11 | Dà xuě | 大雪 | Great snow | December 7 |
| Z11 | Dōng zhì | 冬至 | December solstice | December 22 |
| J12 | Xiăo hán | 小寒 | Slight cold | January 6 |
| Z12 | Dà hán | 大寒 | Great cold | January 20 |
Solar year
The calendar solar year, known as the suì, (岁) begins at the December solstice and proceeds through the 24 solar terms.
Due to the fact that the speed of the Sun's apparent motion in the
elliptical is variable, the time between major solar terms is not fixed.
This variation in time between major solar terms results in different
solar year lengths. There are generally 11 or 12 complete months, plus
two incomplete months around the winter solstice, in a solar year. The
complete months are numbered from 0 to 10, and the incomplete months are
considered the 11th month. If there are 12 complete months in the solar
year, it is known as a leap solar year, or leap suì.
Due to the inconsistencies in the length of the solar year,
different versions of the traditional calendar might have different
average solar year lengths. For example, one solar year of the 1st century BC Tàichū calendar is 365 385⁄1539 (365.25016) days. A solar year of the 13th-century Shòushí calendar is 365 97⁄400
(365.2425) days, identical to the Gregorian calendar. The additional
.00766 day from the Tàichū calendar leads to a one-day shift every 130.5
years.
Pairs of solar terms are climate terms, or solar months. The first solar term is "pre-climate" (節氣; 节气; Jiéqì), and the second is "mid-climate" (中氣; 中气; Zhōngqì).
The first month without a mid-climate is the leap, or intercalary, month. In other words, the first month that doesn't include a major solar term is the leap month. Leap months are numbered with rùn 閏,
the character for "intercalary", plus the name of the month they
follow. In 2017, the intercalary month after month six was called Rùn Liùyuè, or "intercalary sixth month" (閏六月) and written as 6i or 6+. The next intercalary month (in 2020, after month four) will be called Rùn Sìyuè (閏四月) and written 4i or 4+.
Lunisolar year
The lunisolar year begins with the first spring month, Zhēngyuè (正月; 'capital month'), and ends with the last winter month, Làyuè (臘月; 腊月;
'sacrificial month'). All other months are named for their number in
the month order. If a leap month falls after month 11—as it will in
2033—the 11th month will be Shíèryuè (十二月; 'twelfth month'), and the leap month will be Làyuè.
Years were traditionally numbered by the reign in ancient China,
but this was abolished after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. For example, the year from 8 February 2016 to 27 January 2017 was a Bǐngshēn year (丙申年) of 12 months or 354 days.
During the Tang Dynasty, the Earthly Branches were used to mark the months from December 761 to May 762. Over this period, the year began with the winter solstice.
Age reckoning
In China, a person's official age is based on the Gregorian calendar; for traditional use, age is based on the Chinese sui calendar. At birth, a child is considered the first year of lifetime using ordinal number (instead of "zero" using cardinal number);
after each Chinese New Year, one year is added to their traditional
age. Because of the potential for confusion, infant ages are often given
in months instead of years.
After the Gregorian calendar's introduction in China, the Chinese traditional age was referred to as the "nominal age" (虛歲; 虚岁; xūsuì; 'incomplete age') and the Gregorian age was known as the "real age" (實歲; 实岁; shísùi; 'whole age').
Year-numbering systems
Eras
In ancient China, years were numbered from a new emperor's assumption
of the throne or an existing emperor's announcement of a new era name.
The first recorded reign title was Jiànyuán (建元; 'founding era'), from 140 BC; the last reign title was Xuāntǒng (宣統; 宣统; 'announcing unification'), from 1908 AD. The era system was abolished in 1912, after which the current or Republican era was used.
Stem-branches
The 60 stem-branches have been used to mark the date since the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC). Astrologers knew that the orbital period of Jupiter is about 4,332 days. Since 4332 is 12 × 361, Jupiter's orbital period was divided into 12 years (歲; 岁; suì) of 361 days each. The stem-branches system solved the era system's problem of unequal reign lengths.
Continuous numbering
Nomenclature similar to that of the Christian era has occasionally been used:
- Huángdì year (黄帝紀年), starting at the beginning of the reign of the Yellow Emperor with year 1 at 2697 (or 2698) BC
- Yáo year (唐堯紀年), starting at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Yao (year 1 at 2156 BC)
- Gònghé year (共和紀年), starting at the beginning of the Gonghe Regency (year 1 at 841 BC)
- Confucius year (孔子紀年), starting at the birth year of Confucius (year 1 at 551 BC)
- Unity year (統一紀年), starting at the beginning of the reign of Qin Shi Huang (year 1 at 221 BC)
No reference date is universally accepted. The most popular is the Gregorian calendar (公曆; 公历; gōnglì; 'common calendar').
On 2 January 1912, Sun Yat-sen
announced changes to the official calendar and era. 1 January was 14
Shíyīyuè 4609 Huángdì year, assuming a year 1 of 2698 BC. The change was
adopted by many overseas Chinese communities, such as San Francisco's Chinatown.
During the 17th century, the Jesuits tried to determine the epochal year of the Han calendar. In his Sinicae historiae decas prima (published in Munich in 1658), Martino Martini (1614–1661) dated the ascension of the Yellow Emperor to 2697 BC and began the Chinese calendar with the reign of Fuxi (which, according to Martini, began in 2952 BC. Philippe Couplet's 1686 Chronological table of Chinese monarchs (Tabula chronologica monarchiae sinicae)
gave the same date for the Yellow Emperor. The Jesuits' dates provoked
interest in Europe, where they were used for comparison with Biblical
chronology.[citation needed]
Modern Chinese chronology has generally accepted Martini's dates,
except that it usually places the reign of the Yellow Emperor at 2698 BC
and omits his predecessors Fuxi and Shennong as "too legendary to include".
Publications began using the estimated birth date of the Yellow Emperor as the first year of the Han calendar in 1903, with newspapers and magazines proposing different dates. The province of Jiangsu counted 1905 as the year 4396 (using a year 0 of 2491 BC), and the newspaper Ming Pao (明報; 明报) reckoned 1905 as 4603 (using a year 0 of 2698 BC). Liu Shipei (劉師培,
1884–1919) created the Yellow Emperor Calendar, with year 0 as the
birth of the emperor (which he determined as 2711 BC). There is no
evidence that this calendar was used before the 20th century.[20] Liu calculated that the 1900 international expedition sent by the Eight-Nation Alliance to suppress the Boxer Rebellion entered Beijing in the 4611th year of the Yellow Emperor.
Chinese New Year
The date of the Chinese New Year accords with the patterns of the
solar calendar and hence is variable from year to year. However, there
are two general rules that govern the date. Firstly, Chinese New Year
transpires on the second new moon following the December solstice. If
there is a leap month after the eleventh or twelfth month, then Chinese
New Year falls on the third new moon after the December solstice.
Alternatively, Chinese New Year will fall on the new moon that is
closest to lì chūn, or the solar term that begins spring
(typically falls on February 4). However, this rule is not as reliable
since it can be difficult to determine which new moon is the closest in
the case of an early or late Chinese New Year.
It has been found that Chinese New Year moves back by either 10,
11, or 12 days in some years. If it falls before January 21, then it
moves forward in the next year by either 18, 19, or 20 days.
Phenology
The plum-rains season (梅雨), the rainy season in late spring and early summer, begins on the first bǐng day after Mangzhong (芒种) and ends on the first wèi day after Xiaoshu (小暑). The Three Fu (三伏; sānfú) are three periods of hot weather, counted from the first gēng day after the summer solstice. The first fu (初伏; chūfú) is 10 days long. The mid-fu (中伏; zhōngfú) is 10 or 20 days long. The last fu (末伏; mòfú) is 10 days from the first gēng day after the beginning of autumn. The Shujiu cold days (數九; shǔjǐu;
'counting to nine') are the 81 days after the winter solstice (divided
into nine sets of nine days), and are considered the coldest days of the
year. Each nine-day unit is known by its order in the set, followed by
"nine" (九).
