This concept has become a staple of many science-fiction
works, so much so that authors frequently do not even bother to explain
or justify them to their readers, treating them almost as established
fact and attributing whatever capabilities the plot requires. The
ability to create force fields has become a frequent superpower in superhero media.
An early precursor of what is now called "force field" may be found in William Hope Hodgson's The Night Land
(1912), where the Last Redoubt, the fortress of the remnants of a
far-future humanity, is kept safe by "The Air Clog" generated by the
burning "Earth-Current". An even earlier precursor is Florence Carpenter Dieudonné's 1887 novel Rondah, or Thirty-Three Years in a Star,
where the far-off Sun Island is enclosed by a "wall in the air" that
blocks access by land, sea and air, which is occasionally disabled.
In Isaac Asimov's Foundation
universe, personal shields have been developed by scientists
specializing in the miniaturization of planet-based shields. As they are
primarily used by Foundation Traders, most other inhabitants of the Galactic Empire do not know about this technology. In an unrelated short story Breeds There a Man...?
by Asimov, scientists are working on a force field ("energy so
channelled as to create a wall of matter-less inertia"), capable of
protecting the population in case of a nuclear war. The force field
demonstrated in the end is a solid hemisphere, apparently completely
opaque and reflective from both sides. Asimov explores the force field
concept again in the short story Not Final!.
The concept of force fields as a defensive measure from enemy
attack or as a form of attack can be regularly found in films such as The War of the Worlds (1953, George Pál) and Independence Day, as well as modern video games.
Science fiction and fantasy avenues suggest a number of potential uses of force fields:
A barrier allowing workers to function in areas exposed to the vacuum
of space. The atmosphere inside would be habitable by humans, while at
the same time allowing permissible objects to pass through the barrier
A walkable surface between two points without the necessity of building a bridge.
An emergency quarantine area to service those afflicted by harmful biological or chemical agents
A fire extinguisher where oxygen is exhausted by the use of a space confined by a force field thereby starving the fire
As a shield to protect against damage from natural forces or an enemy attack
As a deflector to allow fast spaceships to traverse space without colliding with small particles or objects.
A temporary habitable space in an area otherwise unsuitable for sustaining life
As a security apparatus used to confine or contain a captive
The capabilities and functionality of force fields vary; in some works of fiction (such as in the Star Trek universe), energy shields can nullify or mitigate the effects of both energy and particle (e.g., phasers) and conventional weapons, as well as supernatural forces. In many fictional scenarios, the shields
function primarily as a defensive measure against weapons fired from
other spacecraft. Force fields in these stories also generally prevent transporting.
There are generally two kinds of force fields postulated: one in which
energy is projected as a flat plane from emitters around the edges of a
spacecraft and another where energy surrounds a ship like a bubble.
The ability to create force fields has become a frequent superpower in superhero media. While sometimes an explicit power on their own, force fields have also been attributed to other fictional abilities. Marvel Comics'Jean Grey
is able to use her telekinesis to create a barrier of telekinetic
energy that acts as a force field by repelling objects. Similarly,
Magneto is able to use his magnetism to manipulate magnetic fields into
acting as shields.
The most common superpower link seen with force fields is the power of invisibility. This is seen with Marvel Comics' Invisible Woman and Disney Pixar's Violet Parr.
Force fields often vary in what they are made of, though are commonly made of energy. The 2017 series The Gifted featured character Lauren Strucker
who had the ability to create shields by pushing molecules together.
This resulted in her being able to construct force fields out of air and
water particles rather than energy.
Research
In 2005, the NASAInstitute for Advanced Concepts
devised a way to protect from radiation by applying an electric field
to spheres made of a thin, non-conductive material coated with a layer
of gold with either positive or negative charges, which could be
arranged to bend a stream of charged particles to protect from
radiation.
In 2006, a University of Washington group in Seattle, Washington, had been experimenting with using a bubble of charged plasma, contained by a fine mesh of superconducting wire, to surround a spacecraft. This would protect the spacecraft from interstellar radiation and some particles without needing physical shielding.
The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory was in 2007 attempting to design an actual test satellite, which would orbit Earth with a charged plasma field around it.
In 2008, Cosmos Magazine reported on research into creating an artificial replica of Earth's magnetic field around a spacecraft to protect astronauts from dangerous cosmic rays. British and Portuguese scientists used a mathematical simulation to prove that it would be possible to create a "mini-magnetosphere"
bubble several hundred meters across, possibly generated by a small
uncrewed vessel that could accompany a future crewed mission to Mars.
In 2014, a group of students from the University of Leicester released a study describing functioning of spaceship plasma deflector shields.
In 2015, Boeing was granted a patent on a force field system designed to protect against shock waves
generated by explosions. It is not intended to protect against
projectiles, radiation, or energy weapons such as lasers. The field
purportedly works by using a combination of lasers, electricity and
microwaves to rapidly heat the air creating a field of (ionised)
superheated air-plasma which disrupts, or at least attenuates, the shock
wave. As of March 2016, no working models were known to have been
demonstrated.
This discourse, promoted by the governments of Hungary and Poland, alleges that LGBTQ rights movements are controlled by foreign forces (such as the European Union) and are a threat to national independence and western civilization. Anti-government protests in Russia and the Euromaidan have also been portrayed by the Russian government as the work of an LGBTQ conspiracy.
Furthermore, although Russia considers itself to be a European country,
its government also considers its values as entirely different from
those of the European Union. More specifically, Russia has distanced
itself from the values of the EU by propagating its own anti-LGBTQ
values.
In 2013, the conservative blog American Thinker published several articles using the phrase "LGBT ideology". The Italian Catholic philosopher Roberto Marchesini [it] used the phrase in a 2015 article, equating it with the earlier concept of "gender ideology". In his article he does not define either "LGBT ideology" or "gender ideology". In 2017, several conservative Islamic politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia denounced "LGBT ideology".
During a sermon on 1 August 2019, Polish Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski called "LGBT ideology" a "rainbow plague" and compared it to the "Red Plague" of Communism. Following this, the Czech cardinal Dominik Duka also commented on "LGBT ideology". However, because Czech society is secular and the Catholic Church has little influence on Czech politics, his comments had little impact. In September 2019, Stanley Bill, a lecturer at Cambridge University
who studies Poland, stated "Scaremongering about 'LGBT ideology' has
almost become official policy in Poland with often nasty insinuations
from members of the government and public media now the norm".
In June 2020, Polish President Andrzej Duda drew international attention when he called LGBTQ an "ideology" and a form of "Neo-Bolshevism". Agreement Party MP Jacek Żalek stated in an interview that the LGBT community "are not people" and "it's an ideology", which led to the journalist Katarzyna Kolenda-Zaleska [pl] asking him to leave the studio; the row caused controversy.
The next day, Duda said at a rally in Silesia: "They are trying to
convince us that [LGBT] is people, but it is just an ideology." He promised to "ban the propagation of LGBT ideology in public institutions", including schools, similar to the Russian gay propaganda law. On the same day, PiS MP Przemysław Czarnek said on a TVP Info
talk show, regarding a photo of a naked person in a gay bar, "Let's
defend ourselves against LGBT ideology and stop listening to those
idiocies about human rights or equality. These people are not equal to
normal people."
In July 2020, the European Union announced that it will not provide funding to six Polish towns that have declared themselves "LGBT-free zones", after nearly 100 local governments, a third of Poland's territory, declared themselves "free from LGBT ideology." On 1 August 2020, the anniversary of the Warsaw Uprising, ultranationalist Robert Winnicki
compared LGBT to communist and Nazi ideology. He stated, "Every plague
passes at some point. The German plague passed, which was consuming
Poland for six years, the red plague passed, the rainbow plague is also
going to pass."
In August 2020, Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro
announced a new program for "counteracting crimes related to the
violation of freedom of conscience committed under the influence of LGBT
ideology". From a government fund intended to help victims of crime,
PLN 613,698 was awarded to a foundation to combat the alleged crimes of
"LGBT ideology". The project, among other things, explores a supposed connection between LGBT ideology and the Frankfurt School. At the 16 August "Stop LGBT aggression" rally that year, Krzysztof Bosak
said that even irreligious people are among opponents of "LGBT
ideology" because it is "contrary to common sense and rational
thinking". He also said that the LGBT community is "a lower form of
social life".
Criticism
According to Krakow Post,
a Polish newspaper, "LGBT is not an ideology ... The phrase 'LGBT
ideology' makes about as much sense as 'redhead ideology' or
'left-handed ideology.'" While the support of many LGBT people and their allies improved LGBT rights, they have differing political views.
According to Notes from Poland, "attacks on 'LGBT ideology' – which
often rely on exaggerated, distorted or invented claims – result in the
marginalisation and demonisation of such people." Center-right presidential candidate Szymon Hołownia,
who is a practicing Catholic, stated, "there is no such thing as LGBT
ideology, there are [LGBT] people". He said that anti-LGBT rhetoric from
politicians could lead vulnerable people to suicide.
In protest at the comments made by the president and Żalek, LGBT people
have held pickets in various towns and cities in Poland, opposing the
idea that LGBT is an ideology. Activists also created a film, "Ludzie, nie ideologia" (People, not ideology) showcasing the families of LGBT people.
An article in OKO.press compared the anti-LGBT campaign to the 1968 "anti-Zionist" campaign: the anti-Zionist campaign ostensibly targeted Zionism
as an ideology, but actually targeted Jews as people. Many Jews were
forced out of the country in 1968, and many LGBT people have been
pressured to emigrate from Poland in 2020. According to Polish historian Adam Leszczyński, "LGBT ideology" is
a bag into which the right wing
throws societal changes that do not suit it (eg. calls for equal rights
for same-sex couples, which have been implemented in many countries,
from the United States to South Africa).
In the language of right-wing propaganda... 'LGBT ideology' serves to
dehumanize minorities and create an enemy – and thus build political
support for the right, which presents itself as the only defender of the
traditional family, religion and social order. 'Ideology' also fits the
right-wing perception of the world in terms of a conspiracy – ideology
is 'promoted', someone disseminates it, someone is 'behind it' (eg. George Soros, a Jewish-American financier who supports, among others, LGBT organizations).
Dehumanization
is a frequent feature of anti-LGBT rhetoric, which may take the form of
comparing LGBT people to animals or equating homosexual relationships
with bestiality.
In 2025, the social media conglomerate Meta updated its hate speech policies to allow "allegations of mental illness or abnormality" based on sexual orientation or gender identity, which the LGBTQ magazine The Advocate said would allow "hateful and dehumanizing rhetoric" on Meta's platforms such as Facebook and Instagram.
According to one study, "homophobic epithets foster dehumanization
and avoidance of gay people, in ways that other insults or labels do
not." Another study found that homophobia "results in substantial health and welfare effects".
Anti-LGBT rhetoric also includes calls for violence against LGBT people and suggestions that they should be killed or die, such as in Cyprus, Iran, Russia, the United States, Malawi, and Uganda.
In Serbia, members of Obraz chanted "Death to faggots" (Serbian: Смрт педерима) and posted posters stating "we are waiting for you" (Serbian: чекамо вас) next to an image of a baseball bat. In 2012, the organization was banned by the Constitutional Court of Serbia due to extremism.
Anti-gay themes
Anti-gay activists claim that homosexuality goes against traditional family values, that homosexuality is a Trojan Horse, or that it destroys families and humankind through homosexual recruitment which will lead to the extinction of humanity.
Homosexuality as a cause of disasters
The argument that homosexuals cause natural disasters has been around for more than a thousand years, even before Justinian blamed earthquakes on "unchecked homosexual behavior" in the sixth century. This trope was common in early modern Christian literature; homosexuals were blamed for earthquakes, floods, famines, plagues, invasions of Saracens, and field mice. This discourse was revived by Anita Bryant in 1976 when she blamed homosexuals for droughts in California. In the U.S., right-wing religious groups including the Westboro Baptist Church continue to claim that homosexuals are responsible for disasters. Homosexuals have been blamed for hurricanes, including Isaac, Katrina, and Sandy. In 2020, various religious figures including Israeli rabbi Meir Mazuz have argued that the COVID-19 pandemic is divine retribution for same-sex activity or pride parades.
Following the September 2001 attacks, televangelist Jerry Falwell
blamed "the pagans, and the abortionists, and the feminists, and the
gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the ACLU, People for the American Way" for provoking the aggression of Islamic fundamentalists and causing God to withdraw his protection for America. On the broadcast of the Christian television program The 700 Club,
Falwell said, "You helped this happen". He later apologized and said,
"I would never blame any human being except the terrorists".
In 2012, Chilean politician Ignacio Urrutia claimed that allowing homosexuals to serve in the Chilean military would cause Perú and Bolivia to invade and destroy his country.
An outgrowth of the discourse on homosexuality causing disasters argues that HIV/AIDS is divine punishment for homosexuality. During the early years of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s, mainstream newspapers labeled it a "gay plague". For a few years, the misleading technical name for the disease was gay-related immune deficiency.
The slogan "AIDS Kills Fags Dead" (a pun on the commercial slogan for Raid insecticide
"Raid Kills Bugs Dead") appeared during the early years of AIDS in the
United States, when the disease was mainly diagnosed among male
homosexuals and was almost invariably fatal. The slogan caught on
quickly as a catchy truism, a chant, or simply something written as graffiti. It is reported that the slogan first appeared in public in the early 1990s, when Sebastian Bach, the former lead singer of the heavy metal band Skid Row, wore it on a t-shirt thrown to him by an audience member. The slogan "AIDS cures fags" is used by the Westboro Baptist Church.
Homosexuality as unnatural
Graffiti in Poznań, Poland: "Boy–girl is the normal family". This has, in turn, been graffitied to add the word "not" in Polish, and two female symbols.
Describing homosexuality as unnatural dates back to Plato, Aristotle, and Thomas Aquinas.
However, there is no single definition of "unnatural". Some of those
who argue that homosexuality is unnatural in the sense of being absent
from nature, an argument refuted by the presence of homosexuality in animals.
Others mean that the genitals were created for reproduction (either by
God or natural selection) and are not intended to be used for purposes
they deem "unnatural".
Proponents of this idea often argue that homosexuality is immoral
because it is unnatural, but opponents argue that this argument makes an
is–ought conflation. Some proponents of the "unnaturalness" thesis argue that homosexual behavior is the result of "recruitment" or willful sinfulness.
Homosexuality as a disease
Nazi propaganda described homosexuality as a contagious disease but not in the medical sense. Rather, homosexuality was a disease of the Volkskörper (national body), a metaphor for the desired national or racial community (Volksgemeinschaft). According to Nazi ideology, individuals' lives were to be subordinated to the Volkskörper like cells in the human body. Homosexuality was seen as a virus or cancer in the Volkskörper because it was seen as a threat to the German nation. The SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps argued that 40,000 homosexuals were capable of "poisoning" two million men if left to roam free.
Some of those who called homosexuality unnatural, such as Traditional Values Coalition head and Christian right activist Louis Sheldon, said that if it were proven to be a biologically based phenomenon, it would still be diseased. The psychiatric establishment in the west once medicalized same-sex desire. In the United States, homosexuality was removed in 1973 as a mental disorder from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as it did not meet the criteria for a mental disorder. The Catholic Church still officially teaches that "homosexual tendencies" are "objectively disordered".
In 2016, anti-LGBT rhetoric was increasing in Indonesia under the
Twitter hashtag #TolakLGBT (#RejectLGBT), stating that LGBT is a
disease. In 2019, Archbishop Marek Jędraszewski said that a "rainbow plague" was threatening Poland.
In 2020, the education minister defended an official who warned that
"LGBT virus" was threatening Polish schools, and was more dangerous than
COVID-19.
Homosexuality as a choice or lifestyle
"Gay lifestyle" redirects here. For the culture of gay people, see LGBT culture.
Along with the idea of "homosexual recruitment", the idea of a "gay lifestyle" or "homosexual lifestyle" is used by social and religious conservatives in the United States to argue that non-heterosexual sexual orientations are consciously chosen.However, scientists favor biological explanations for sexual orientation, arguing that people typically feel no sense of control over their sexual orientation or attractions.
The term "gay lifestyle" may also be used disparagingly for a series of stereotyped behaviours.
Christian right activists may worry that increasing LGBT rights will make the "gay lifestyle" more attractive to young people.
US media in the 1970s frequently used the term "alternative lifestyle" as a euphemism for homosexuality, and the term was employed in an anti-gay context by opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment, as well as supporters of California's Proposition 6, which would have barred openly gay teachers in public schools.
In 1977, while campaigning against a local ordinance protecting gay teachers against employment discrimination, anti-gay activist Anita Bryant stated, "A homosexual is not born, they are made".
US president Ronald Reagan described the gay rights movement
in opposition to American culture, saying the movement was "asking for a
recognition and acceptance of an alternative lifestyle which I do not
believe society can condone".
Homosexuality as sinful or ungodly
"Adam and Steve" redirects here. For the 2005 film, see Adam & Steve.
Many conservative Christians consider homosexual acts to be
inherently sinful based on common interpretations of scriptural passages
such as Leviticus 18:22 ("You shall not lie with a male as with a woman; it is an abomination"), Leviticus 20:13
("If a man lies with a male as with a woman, both of them have
committed an abomination; they shall be put to death, their blood is
upon them"), and 1 Corinthians 6:9–10
("Do you not know that wrongdoers will not inherit the kingdom of God?
Do not be deceived! Fornicators, idolaters, adulterers, male
prostitutes, sodomites, thieves, the greedy, drunkards, revilers,
robbers—none of these will inherit the kingdom of God.") The story of Sodom and Gomorrah,
two biblical cities which were burned down due to the sins of its
inhabitants, is mostly portrayed as divine retribution for homosexual
behavior.
Various inflammatory and controversial slogans have been used by opponent congregations and individuals, particularly by Fred Phelps, founder of the Westboro Baptist Church. These slogans have included "God Hates Fags", "Fear God Not Fags", and "Matthew Shepard Burns In Hell".
Posters in Tel Aviv prior to the city's Pride Parade: "God hates lechery"
Homosexuality is also frequently considered sinful in Islam.
In some Middle Eastern countries, acts of homosexuality are punishable
by death. Anti-LGBT rhetoric and political homophobia are growing in
some Muslim countries.
Other religious leaders including Christians, Muslims, and Jews have denounced anti-LGBT rhetoric.
Counter-protester at an anti-LGBTQ demonstration in Seoul, 2017
The slogan "God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve" alludes to a Bible-based argument that homosexuality is sinful and unnatural.
A 1970 editorial in Christianity Today quoted a graffito in San Francisco that read, "If God had wanted homosexuals, he would have created Adam and Freddy." In 1977, anti-gay activist Anita Bryant made a similar comment using the phrase "Adam and Bruce". The version with "Adam and Steve" first appeared on a protest sign at a 1977 anti-gay rally in Houston, Texas, featuring Christian right figures such as Phyllis Schlafly and National Right to Life Committee founder Mildred Jefferson. The slogan was also used in "The Gay Bar," a 1977 episode of the sitcom Maude. In 1979, Jerry Falwell used the "Adam and Steve" slogan in a press conference cited in Christianity Today. During the initial outbreak of HIV/AIDS in the United States in 1985, conservative congressman William E. Dannemeyer used the slogan to argue that gay men were a threat to public health.
The phrase later acquired a certain notoriety, and, when used to
name a pair of characters in a work of fiction, helps to identify them
as members of a homosexual pair (as in Paul Rudnick's play The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told and the 2005 film Adam & Steve). The phrase was used by Democratic Unionist MP David Simpson during a debate on the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013
in the British House of Commons, although his slip of the tongue saying
"in the Garden of Eden, it was Adam and Steve" initially caused
laughter in the chamber. Zimbabwean presidential candidate Nelson Chamisa
said in a 2019 interview that "[w]e must be able to respect what God
ordained and how we are created as a people, there are a male and a
female, there are Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve". The phrase has been reclaimed by LGBT people and used in blogs, comics, and other media mocking the anti-gay message.
Homosexuality as a Western ill
Homosexuality is sometimes claimed to be non-existent in some
non-Western countries, or to be an evil influence imported from the
West.
Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
of Malaysia employed anti-gay rhetoric as part of his "Asian values"
program, describing homosexuality as one of several Western ills.
Mohamad used it for political advantage in the 1998 scandal involving the sacking and jailing of MP and former Deputy Prime MinisterAnwar Ibrahim by Mohamad amidst accusations of sodomy that the Sydney Morning Herald termed a "blatantly political fix-up". Anwar was subsequently subjected to two trials and sentenced to nine years imprisonment for corruption and sodomy.
While in New York for a meeting of the United Nations, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
was invited to speak at Columbia University in New York to give a
lecture. When responding to a student question afterward, he said,
speaking through an interpreter: "In Iran, we don't have homosexuals
like in your country." In his native Farsi, he used the slang equivalent of faggot, not the neutral term for a "homosexual".
Claims that homosexuality is a Western disease have been observed in Vietnam, China, India, Ethiopia and other African nations, as well as among many Muslims worldwide.
"Stop Pedofilii" van belonging to Fundacja Pro [pl], who claim that pedophilia is advocated by the "LGBT lobby"
The claim that homosexuals sexually abuse children predates the current era, as it was leveled against pederasts even during antiquity.
Lawmakers and social commentators have sometimes expressed a concern
that normalizing homosexuality would also lead to normalizing
pedophilia, if it were determined that pedophilia too were a sexual
orientation. A related claim is that LGBT adoption is done for the purpose of grooming children for sexual exploitation. The empirical research shows that sexual orientation does not affect the likelihood that people will abuse children.
Others have made hoaxes intending to falsely associate pedophilia
with the LGBT community by rebranding it as a sexual orientation,
including claims that the "+" in "LGBT+" refers to "pedophiles, zoophiles, [and] necrophiles", as well as the invented terms "agefluid", "clovergender" (a hoax executed by users of the imageboard4chan, whose logo is a stylized four-leaf clover), and "pedosexual".
Starting in 2022, some conservatives, including Chaya Raichik of Libs of TikTok,
started using the terms "grooming", "groomer" and "pro-pedophile"
against their opponents and LGBT people over anti-LGBT legislation, such
as laws restricting and banning discussion of sexual orientation and
gender identity in schools. Critics say that these usages of the terms
diminish the experiences of sexual assault survivors, smear the LGBT
community, and are dangerous in general.
The charge of "homosexual recruitment" is an allegation by social conservatives that LGBT people engage in concerted efforts to indoctrinate children into homosexuality. In the United States, this dates back to the early post-war era. Proponents were found especially among the New Right, as epitomized by Anita Bryant. In her Save Our Children campaign, she promoted a view of homosexuals recruiting youth. A common slogan is "Homosexuals cannot reproduce — so they must recruit" or its variants. Supporters of recruitment allegations point at "deviant" and "prurient" sex education
as evidence. They express concern that anti-bullying efforts teach that
"homosexuality is normal, and that students shouldn't harass their
classmates because they're gay", suggesting recruitment as the primary
motivation. Supporters of this myth cite the inability for same-sex couples to reproduce as a motivation for recruitment.
Sociologists and psychologists describe such claims as an anti-gay myth, and a fear-inducing bogeyman. Many critics believe the term promotes the myth of homosexuals as pedophiles:
In 1977, Anita Bryant successfully campaigned to repeal an ordinance in Miami-Dade County that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Her campaign was based upon allegations of homosexual recruitment. Writing about Bryant's efforts to repeal a Florida anti-discrimination law in the Journal of Social History, Michel Boucai wrote that "Bryant's organization, Save Our Children, framed the law as an endorsement of immorality and a license for 'recruitment'."
Oregon's proposed 1992 Ballot Measure 9 contained language that would have added anti-LGBT rhetoric to the state Constitution. U.S. writer Judith Reisman justified her support for the measure, citing "a clear avenue for the recruitment of children" by gays and lesbians.
In a 1998 debate in the British House of Lords on lowering the
same-sex age of consent to 16 (equalising it with the opposite-sex age
of consent), former Labour cabinet minister Lord Longford opposed the
change by stating that "If some elderly, or not so elderly, schoolmaster
seduced one of my sons and taught him to be a homosexual, he would ruin
him for life." The age of consent was equalised in the UK in 2001.
A small newspaper in Uganda's capital
attracted international attention in 2010 when it outed 100 gay people
alongside a banner that said, "Hang them", and claimed that homosexuals
aimed to "recruit" Ugandan children, and that schools had "been
penetrated by gay activists to recruit kids."
According to gay rights activists, many Ugandans were attacked
afterward as a result of their real or perceived sexual orientation. Minorities activist David Kato,
who was outed in the article and a co-plaintiff in the lawsuit against
the paper, was subsequently murdered at home by an intruder and an international outcry resulted.
In 1998, The Onion
parodied the idea of "homosexual recruitment" in an article titled "'98
Homosexual-Recruitment Drive Nearing Goal", saying "Spokespersons for
the National Gay & Lesbian Recruitment Task Force announced Monday
that more than 288,000 straights have been converted to homosexuality
since January 1, 1998, putting the group well on pace to reach its goal
of 350,000 conversions by the end of the year."
According to Mimi Marinucci, most US adults who support gay rights
would recognize the story as satire due to unrealistic details. The Westboro Baptist Church passed along the story as fact, citing it as evidence of a gay conspiracy.
During the Cold War, anti-queer commentators in the United States sought to link homosexuality and Communism, using the terms "homintern" and "homosexual mafia" as shorthand for a purported homosexual conspiracy in the arts. "Homintern" is a reference to the "Comintern", the Soviet-sponsored international organization of communist political parties. According to historian Michael S. Sherry, the term was probably used jokingly among artists and writers in England in the 1930s to mock the idea of a powerful cabal of queer artists. Coining of the term has been attributed to various writers including W. H. Auden, Cyril Connolly, Jocelyn Brooke, Harold Norse, and Maurice Bowra.
Sherry coined the phrase "homintern discourse" to refer to
mid–20th century American conspiracy theories targeting gay artists,
many of whose works were prominently used as propaganda in the Cultural Cold War against the Soviet Union. During the second Red Scare in the 1950s, the "homintern" was invoked by American Senator Joseph McCarthy, who used it to claim that the administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman were set on destroying America from within. According to Sherry, the "homintern discourse" began to decline with the growth of 1960s counterculture and skepticism about the United States' role in the Cold War and Vietnam War.
The English critic Kenneth Tynan wrote to A.C. Spectorsky (editor of Playboy) in 1967 proposing an article on the "Homosexual Mafia" in the arts. Spectorsky declined, although he stated that "culture hounds were paying homage to faggotismo as they have never done before". Playboy would subsequently run a panel on gay issues in April 1971.
The similar term, "velvet mafia," used to describe the
influential gay crowd who supposedly ran Hollywood and the fashion
industry in the late 1970s, was coined by New York Sunday News writer Steven Gaines in reference to the Robert Stigwood Organization, a British record company and management group.
"Gay mafia" became more widely used in the US media in the 1980s and 1990s, such as the American daily New York Post. The term was also used by the British tabloidThe Sun in 1998 in response to what it claimed was sinister dominance by gay men in the Labour Party Cabinet.
"Lavender mafia"
While the term "Lavender Mafia" has occasionally been used to refer to informal networks of gay executives in the US entertainment industry, more generally it refers to Church politics. For example, a faction within the leadership and clergy of the Roman Catholic Church that allegedly advocates the acceptance of homosexuality within the Church and its teachings.
"Gay lobby"
Marchers
at Prague Pride 2017 carry a satirical "Homo Lobby" sign, a phrase used
as a slur by right-wing populist movements in the Czech Republic.
The term "homo lobby" or "gay lobby" is often used by opponents of LGBT rights in Europe.
For example, the Swedish neo-Nazi party Nordic Resistance Movement runs a "crush the homo lobby" campaign.
According to the German newspaper Der Tagesspiegel, advocating for LGBT rights could accurately be called lobbying, but the term Schwulen-Lobby ('gay lobby') is insulting because it is used to suggest a powerful conspiracy which does not actually exist.
In 2013, Pope Francis spoke about a "gay lobby" within the Vatican, and promised to see what could be done. In July 2013, Francis went on to draw a distinction between the problem of lobbying and the sexual orientation
of people: "If a person is gay and seeks God and has good will, who am I
to judge?" "The problem", he said, "is not having this orientation. We
must be brothers. The problem is lobbying by this orientation, or
lobbies of greedy people, political lobbies, Masonic lobbies, so many lobbies. This is the worse problem."
Anti-transgender rhetoric
Anti-transgender graffiti in Rome's Municipio VIII district
Misgendering is the act of labelling others with a gender that does not match their gender identity. Misgendering can be deliberate or accidental. It can involve using pronouns to describe someone that are not the ones they use, calling a person "ma'am" or "sir" in contradiction to the person's gender identity, and using a pre-transition name for someone instead of a post-transition one (deadnaming).
Deception and pretending
There is a fear that people pretend to be transgender or pretend to
be the opposite sex. Brunei and Oman have laws that criminalize
transgender people, using phrases such as "posing as [the opposite sex]"
and "imitating" members of the opposite sex. There is also rhetoric that male perverts will pretend to be transgender to enter women's restrooms.
Another common claim is that men will pretend to be transgender women
to gain an advantage playing on women's teams, despite the lack of
evidence for this occuring.
Transgender individuals are often perceived as more deceptive than sexual minorities. Passing, or being perceived as the gender one identifies as, is seen as a deceptive or predatory act. Not passing is also seen as a poor attempt at deception.
One study sought to compare the perceived deception of transgender
people to another marginalized and concealable identity, atheism, by
having non-LGBT, non-atheist participants read hypothetical date
situations.
The transgender dates were perceived as more deceptive than atheists,
regardless of whether they intentionally disclosed that they are
transgender or if it was accidentally revealed.
The idea of deception extends to cisgender men's attraction to
transgender women. The word 'trap' is used to imply that a transgender
woman tricked a man into having gay sex. The trans panic defense
also leans into this perceived deception. The trans panic defense is
used as a defense strategy in court, claiming the defendant killed the
victim due to the emotional provocation of realizing the victim was
transgender.
According to Professor of Law Cynthia Lee, "Instead of admitting that
what he did was wrong, a murder defendant claiming trans panic blames
the victim for his actions, arguing that the transgender victim’s deceit
caused him to lose self-control." After the murder of trans woman Gwen Araujo, the defense lawyer said, "This is the case... about... the tragic results when that deception and betrayal were discovered.” This idea of deception on the part of transgender victims implies they deserved to be killed.
A bathroom bill is the common name for legislation or a statute that denies access to public toilets by gender or transgender
identity. Bathroom bills affect access to sex-segregated public
facilities for an individual based on a determination of their sex as
defined in some specific way, such as their sex as assigned at birth, their sex as listed on their birth certificate, or the sex that corresponds to their gender identity.
A bathroom bill can either be inclusive or exclusive of transgender
individuals, depending on the aforementioned definition of their sex.
Proponents of the bills argue that such legislation is necessary to maintain privacy, protect modesty held by most cisgender people, prevent voyeurism, assault, molestation, and rape, and ensure psychological comfort.
Critics of the bills, including advocacy groups and researchers, argue
that such legislation does not enhance safety for cisgender people and
may increase risks for transgender and gender non-conforming cisgender people.
Additionally, studies have not identified documented cases of
transgender individuals attacking cisgender individuals in public
restrooms, though there has been one reported incident of voyeurism in a fitting room. Organizations such as the American Medical Association, the American Psychological Association, and the American Academy of Pediatrics have expressed opposition to trans-exclusive bathroom bills, citing concerns about their impact on public health and safety.
Some positions within feminist theory have used denialist rhetoric
viewed as transphobic. Those that hold these positions are known as trans-exclusionary radical feminists, or "TERF"
for short. This term was coined by feminist blogger Viv Smythe in 2008
as a value-neutral descriptor of feminists that engage in denialism.
In 1979, American radical feminist Janice Raymond published The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male.
In it, she wrote that, "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by
reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body
for themselves."
A common position in radical feminism maintain that trans women are not
women in a literal sense and should not be in women-only spaces.
Some second-wave feminists perceive trans men and women respectively as "traitors" and "infiltrators" to womanhood. In a 1997 article, Australian lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys wrote that "[T]ranssexualism should be seen as a violation of human rights." Jeffreys also argued that by transitioning
medically and socially, trans women are "constructing a conservative
fantasy of what women should be. They are inventing an essence of
womanhood which is deeply insulting and restrictive."
Social contagion
Some anti-transgender rhetoric centers on the idea of transgender identity being due to indoctrination or social contagion. According to GLAAD,
"Another prominent anti-LGBTQ trope includes the use of anti-trans
buzzwords like 'gender ideology' and 'transgenderism' to claim that the
LGBTQ+ community and its allies aim to indoctrinate or brainwash kids
into identifying as transgender." Some conservative publications have argued that peer pressure and social media causes teens, especially those assigned female at birth, to be influenced into becoming transgender; they argue this results in harm to youth by leading them to undergo transition.
Social contagion rhetoric has seen use in the TERF and transmedicalism community with the term transtrender.
This is a pejorative term that implies some people, especially
transgender youth and non-binary people, choose to be transgender due to
a trend or social contagion.
A scientifically unsupported hypothesis called rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) also incorporates the idea of social contagion.
The hypothesis is that people who identify as transgender in
adolescence rather than before puberty do so as a result of social
contagion.
It is believed that that people assigned female at birth as well as
people with mental health issues, neurodevelopmental disorders, or
maladaptive coping mechanisms are particularly susceptible to ROGD.
Clinical data from transgender adolescents does not support an
association between recent/rapid knowledge of one's gender and mental
health issues, neurodevelopmental disorders, self-harm, depression
symptoms or social support.
The term rapid-onset gender dysphoria was created in 2016 on 4thWaveNow, a blog against gender-affirming care. Through 4thWaveNow, TransgenderTrend, and Youth Trans Critical Professionals, Lisa Littman found parents to participate in her study on ROGD. The study ended up being corrected after publication to make it clear it established a hypothesis, but did not prove it. Despite the correction, ROGD increased in use following the study.
ROGD has been used to argue against gender affirming care for minors and positive LGBT representation in schools.
According to a study in Pediatrics, "The deleterious effect of
unfounded hypotheses stigmatizing TGD youth, particularly the ROGD
hypothesis, cannot be overstated, especially in current and longstanding
public policy debates. Indeed, the notion of ROGD has been used by
legislators to prohibit TGD youth from accessing gender-affirming
medical care".
The Coalition for the Advancement and Application of Psychological
Science calls for the elimination of the term due to its potential to
limit and stigmatize gender-affirming care.
Conservative groups and governments have classified transgender
identities as a mental disorder or caused by mental illness. Peru passed
a short-lived insurance law in 2024 categorizing transgender identities
as a mental disorder. The American College of Pediatricians,
described as an anti-LGBT group by the Southern Poverty Law Center,
says that "adolescents can embrace their bodies through counseling alone
when it is directed toward underlying psychological issues." The belief that non-cisgender identity are mental disorders is an underlying assumption of conversion therapy.
Transgender desistance and regret
The transgender desistance myth is the idea that most transgender
youth are confused, and 80 percent will eventually return to being
cisgender.
This is based off a series of papers from 2008 to 2013 which have been
scrutinized for the following: using outdated diagnostic criteria for
gender identity disorder (now gender dysphoria) that conflate gender
identity and expression, including children who did not meet the
criteria for a gender identity disorder diagnosis, including children
who did not assert that they were transgender, disregarding non-binary
gender identities, counting children who did not follow-up years later
as desisting, and assuming that transgender people who persist must
desire medical transition.
As of 2022, most papers about transgender youth desistance are editorials rather than studies. The studies which do exist are considered poor quality.
Many do not explicitly define what counts as desistance, and those that
do tend to conflate the disappearance of gender dysphoria with
returning to a cisgender identity.
Transgender desistance and regret often is used to justify gender affirming care bans for transition.
Research shows detransition due to regret is rare. 1.3 of transgender
and gender diverse youth and 13.1 percent of transgender and gender
diverse adults detransition after receiving gender-affirming care.
Most adults detransition due to outside factors such as stigma from
their families or society rather than realizing they are not
transgender.
Legality and censorship
Hate speech against LGBT people, or incitement to hatred against them, is criminalized in some countries, for example, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden.
.jpg)
