Cultured meat is meat produced by in vitro cultivation of animal cells, instead of from slaughtered animals. It is a form of cellular agriculture.
Cultured meat is produced using many of the same tissue engineering techniques traditionally used in regenerative medicine. The concept of cultured meat was popularized by Jason Matheny in the early 2000s after co-authoring a seminal paper on cultured meat production and creating New Harvest, the world's first non-profit organization dedicated to supporting in vitro meat research.
In 2013, Mark Post, professor at Maastricht University,
was the first to showcase a proof-of-concept for in-vitro lab grown
meat by creating the first lab-grown burger patty. Since then, several
cultured meat prototypes have gained media attention: however, because
of limited dedicated research activities, cultured meat has not yet been
commercialized, although Mosa meat plans to bring cultured meat to the
market by 2021. In addition, it has yet to be seen whether consumers will accept cultured meat as meat.
The production process still has much room for improvement, but
it has advanced in most recent years, leading up to 2018, under various
companies.
Its applications lead it to have several prospective health,
environmental, cultural, and economic considerations in comparison to
conventional meat.
Nomenclature
Besides cultured meat, the terms in vitro meat, vat-grown, lab-grown meat, cell-based meat, clean meat, and synthetic meat have all been used by various outlets to describe the product.
Clean meat is an alternative term that is preferred by
some journalists, advocates, and organizations that support the
technology. According to the Good Food Institute, the name better reflects the production and benefits of the meat and surpassed "cultured" and "in vitro" in media mentions as well as Google searches.
History
20th century
The theoretical possibility of growing meat in an industrial setting has long captured the public imagination. Winston Churchill
suggested in 1931: "We shall escape the absurdity of growing a whole
chicken in order to eat the breast or wing, by growing these parts
separately under a suitable medium."
In vitro cultivation of muscular fibers was performed as early as 1971 by Russell Ross. Indeed, the abstract was
Smooth muscle derived from the inner media and intima of immature guinea pig aorta were grown for up to 8 weeks in cell culture. The cells maintained the morphology of smooth muscle at all phases of their growth in culture. After growing to confluency, they grew in multiple overlapping layers. By week 4 in culture, microfibrils (110 A) appeared within the spaces between the layers of cells. Basement membrane-like material also appeared adjacent to the cells. Analysis of the microfibrils showed that they have an amino acid composition similar to that of the microfibrillar protein of the intact elastic fiber. These investigations coupled with the radioautographic observations of the ability of aortic smooth muscle to synthesize and secrete extracellular proteins demonstrate that this cell is a connective tissue synthetic cell.
The culturing of stem cells from animals has been possible since the
1990s, including the production of small quantities of tissue which
could, in principle be cooked and eaten. NASA has been conducting
experiments since 2001, producing cultured meat from turkey cells. The first edible sample was produced by the NSR/Touro Applied BioScience Research Consortium in 2002: goldfish cells grown to resemble fish fillets.
In 1998 Jon F. Vein of the United States filed for, and
ultimately secured, a patent (US 6,835,390 B1) for the production of
tissue engineered meat for human consumption, wherein muscle and fat
cells would be grown in an integrated fashion to create food products
such as beef, poultry and fish.
Early 21st century
In 2001, dermatologist Wiete Westerhof from the University of Amsterdam, medical doctor Willem van Eelen, and businessman Willem van Kooten announced that they had filed for a worldwide patent on a process to produce cultured meat. In the process, a matrix of collagen is seeded with muscle cells, which are then bathed in a nutritious solution and induced to divide. Scientists in Amsterdam study the culture medium, while the University of Utrecht studies the proliferation of muscle cells, and the Eindhoven University of Technology is researching bioreactors.
In 2003, Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr of the Tissue Culture and Art Project and Harvard Medical School exhibited in Nantes a "steak" a few centimetres wide, grown from frog stem cells, which was cooked and eaten.
The first peer-reviewed journal article published on the subject of laboratory-grown meat appeared in a 2005 issue of Tissue Engineering.
In 2008, PETA offered a $1 million prize to the first company to bring lab-grown chicken meat to consumers by 2012. The Dutch government has put US$4 million into experiments regarding cultured meat.
The In Vitro Meat Consortium, a group formed by international
researchers interested in the technology, held the first international
conference on the production of cultured meat, hosted by the Food Research Institute of Norway in April 2008, to discuss commercial possibilities.
Time magazine declared cultured meat production to be one of the 50 breakthrough ideas of 2009.
In November 2009, scientists from the Netherlands announced they had
managed to grow meat in the laboratory using the cells from a live pig.
As of 2012, 30 laboratories from around the world have announced that they are working on cultured meat research.
The first cultured beef burger patty, created by Dr. Mark Post at Maastricht University, was eaten at a demonstration for the press in London in August 2013. It was made from over 20,000 thin strands of muscle tissue. This burger cost Dr. Post over $300,000 to make and over 2 years to produce. Two other companies have also begun to culture meat; Memphis Meats in the US and SuperMeat in Israel.
As of February 2017, a recent report has shown that the price of
these cultured burgers has dropped dramatically. Going from roughly over
$300,000 to $11.36 in just 3 and a half years. This cost is now only 9-10 times more expensive per pound than standard ground beef.
First public trial
Hanni Rützler tastes the world's first cultured hamburger, 5 August 2013.
On August 5, 2013, the world's first lab-grown burger was cooked and eaten at a news conference in London. Scientists from Maastricht University in the Netherlands, led by professor Mark Post, had taken stem cells
from a cow and grown them into strips of muscle which they then
combined to make a burger. The burger was cooked by chef Richard McGeown
of Couch's Great House Restaurant, Polperro, Cornwall, and tasted by critics Hanni Rützler, a food researcher from the Future Food Studio and Josh Schonwald. Rützler stated,
There is really a bite to it, there is quite some flavour with the browning. I know there is no fat in it so I didn't really know how juicy it would be, but there is quite some intense taste; it's close to meat, it's not that juicy, but the consistency is perfect. This is meat to me... It's really something to bite on and I think the look is quite similar.
Rützler added that even in a blind trial she would have taken the product for meat rather than a soya copy.
Tissue for the London demonstration was cultivated in May 2013,
using about 20,000 thin strips of cultured muscle tissue. Funding of
around €250,000 came from an anonymous donor later revealed to be Sergey Brin.
Post remarked that "there's no reason why it can't be cheaper...If we
can reduce the global herd a millionfold, then I'm happy".
Further progress from startups
It's just a matter of time before this is gonna happen, I'm absolutely convinced of that. In our case, I estimate the time to be about 3 years before we are ready to enter the market on a small scale, about 5 years to enter the market on a larger scale, and if you'd ask me: "When will [cultured meat] be in the supermarket around the corner?" That'll be closer to 10 than to 5 years, I think. – Peter Verstrate, Mosa Meat (2018)
Since the first public trial, several startups have made advances in the field.
Mosa Meat co-founded by Mark Post continuous research with a focus on cultured beef. The company was able to significantly lower the costs of production.
Memphis Meats, a Silicon Valley startup founded by a cardiologist, launched a video in February 2016 showcasing its cultured beef meatball. In March 2017, it showcased chicken tenders and duck a l'orange, the first cultured poultry-based foods shown to the public.
An Israeli company, SuperMeat, ran a viral crowdfunding campaign in 2016 for its work on cultured chicken.
Finless Foods, a San Francisco-based company aimed at cultured
fish, was founded in June 2016. In March 2017 it commenced laboratory
operations and progressed quickly. Director Mike Selden said in July
2017 to expect bringing cultured fish products on the market within two
years (by the end of 2019).
In March 2018, JUST, Inc.
(in 2011 founded as Hampton Creek in San Francisco) claimed to be able
to present a consumer product from cultured meat by the end of 2018.
According to CEO Josh Tetrick
the technology is already there, and now it is merely a matter of
applying it. JUST has about 130 employees and a research department of
55 scientists, where lab meat from poultry, pork and beef is being
developed. They would have already solved the problem of feeding the
stem cells with only plant resources. JUST receives sponsoring from
Chinese billionaire Li Ka-shing, Yahoo! co-founder Jerry Yang and according to Tetrick also from Heineken International amongst others.
The Dutch startup Meatable, consisting of Krijn de Nood, Daan
Luining, Ruud Out, Roger Pederson, Mark Kotter and Gordana Apic among
others, reported in September 2018 it had succeeded in growing meat
using pluripotent stem cells from animals' umbilical cords.
Although such cells are reportedly difficult to work with, Meatable
claimed to be able to direct them to behave using their proprietary
technique in order to become muscle cells or fat cells as needed. The
major advantage is that this technique bypasses fetal bovine serum, meaning that no animal has to be killed in order to produce meat. That month, it was estimated there were about 30 cultured meat startups across the world. A Dutch House of Representatives
Commission meeting discussed the importance and necessity of
governmental support for researching, developing and introducing
cultured meat in society, speaking to representatives of three
universities, three startups and four civil interest groups on 26
September 2018.
Production
There are three stages in the production of cultured meat: selection of starter cells, treatment of growth medium, and scaffolding.
Starter cells
Myoblasts are one precursor to muscle cells, and their fibers are shown in yellow and nuclei shown in blue.
The initial stage of growing cultured meat is to collect cells that have a rapid rate of proliferation (high cell reproduction rate). Such cells include embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, myosatellite cells, or myoblasts.
Stem cells proliferate the quickest, but have not yet begun development
towards a specific kind of cell, which creates the challenge of
splitting the cells and directing them to grow a certain way. Fully
developed muscle cells are ideal in the aspect that they have already
finished development as a muscle, but proliferate hardly at all.
Therefore, cells such as myosattelite and myoblast cells are often used
as they still proliferate at an acceptable rate, but also sufficiently
differentiate from other types of cells.
Growth medium
The cells are then treated by applying a protein
that promotes tissue growth, which is known as a growth medium. These
mediums should contain the necessary nutrients and appropriate quantity
of growth factors. They are then placed in a culture medium, in a bio-reactor, which is able to supply the cells with the energetic requirements they need.
Scaffold
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Muscle
tissue is developed from the growth medium and organized in a
three-dimensional structure by the scaffold for end product.
To culture three-dimensional meat, the cells are grown on a scaffold,
which is a component that directs its structure and order. The ideal
scaffold is edible so the meat does not have to be removed, and
periodically moves to stretch the developing muscle, thereby simulating
the animal body during normal development. Additionally the scaffold
must maintain flexibility in order to not detach from the developing myotubes (early muscle fibers). Scaffold must also allow vascularization (creation of blood vessels) in order for normal development of muscle tissue.
Other considerations
Scaffold-based
production techniques can only be appropriately used in boneless or
ground meats (processed). The end result of this process would be meats
such as hamburgers or sausages. In order to create more structured
meats, for example steak, muscle tissue must be structured in directed
and self-organized means or by proliferation of muscle tissue already
existing. Additionally, the presence of gravitational, magnetic, fluid flow,
and mechanical fields have an effect on the proliferation rates of the
muscle cells. Processes of tension such as stretching and relaxing
increased differentiation into muscle cells.
The first cultured hamburger, ready to be fried on 5 August 2013.
Once this process has been started, it would be theoretically
possible to continue producing meat indefinitely without introducing new
cells from a living organism.
It has been claimed that, conditions being ideal, two months of
cultured meat production could deliver up to 50,000 tons of meat from
ten pork muscle cells.
Cultured meat production requires a preservative, such as sodium benzoate, to protect the growing meat from yeast and fungus. Collagen powder, xanthan gum, mannitol and cochineal could be used in different ways during the process.
The price of cultured meat at retail outlets like grocery stores
and supermarkets may decrease to levels that middle-class consumers
consider to be "inexpensive" due to technological advancements.
Research challenges
The science for cultured meat is an outgrowth of the field of biotechnology known as tissue engineering. The technology is simultaneously being developed along with other uses for tissue engineering such as helping those with muscular dystrophy and, similarly, growing transplant organs.
There are several obstacles to overcome if it has any chance of
succeeding; at the moment, the most notable ones are scale and cost.
- Proliferation of muscle cells: Although it is not very difficult to make stem cells divide, for meat production it is necessary that they divide at a quick pace, producing the solid meat. This requirement has some overlap with the medical branch of tissue engineering.
- Culture medium: Proliferating cells need a food source to grow and
develop. The growth medium should be a well-balanced mixture of
ingredients and growth factors. Scientists have already identified
possible growth media for turkey, fish, sheep and pig muscle cells. Depending on the motives of the researchers, the growth medium has additional requirements.
- Commercial: The growth medium should be inexpensive to produce. A plant-based medium may be less expensive than fetal bovine serum.
- Animal welfare: The growth medium should be devoid of animal sources (except for the initial "mining" of the original stem cells).
- Non-Allergenic: While plant-based growth media are "more realistic," will be cheaper, and will reduce the possibility of infectious agents, there is also the possibility that plant-based growth media may cause allergic reactions in some consumers.
- Bioreactors: Nutrients and oxygen need to be delivered close to each growing cell, on the scale of millimeters. In animals this job is handled by blood vessels. A bioreactor should emulate this function in an efficient manner. The usual approach is to create a sponge-like matrix in which the cells can grow and perfuse it with the growth medium.
Additionally, there is no dedicated scientific research discipline
for cellular agriculture and its development. The past research
undertaken into cellular agriculture were isolated from each other, and
they did not receive significant academic interest. Although it
currently exists, long-term strategies are not sufficiently funded for
development and severely lack a sufficient amount of researchers.
Differences from conventional meat
The first cultured hamburger being fried on 5 August 2013.
Health
Large-scale production of cultured meat may or may not require artificial growth hormones to be added to the culture for meat production.
Researchers have suggested that omega-3 fatty acids could be added to cultured meat as a health bonus. In a similar way, the omega-3 fatty acid content of conventional meat can also be increased by altering what the animals are fed. An issue of Time magazine has suggested that the cell-cultured process may also decrease exposure of the meat to bacteria and disease.
Due to the strictly controlled and predictable environment, cultured meat production has been compared to vertical farming,
and some of its proponents have predicted that it will have similar
benefits in terms of reducing exposure to dangerous chemicals like
pesticides and fungicides, severe injuries, and wildlife.
Concern in regards to developing antibiotic resistance due to the
use of antibiotics in livestock, livestock and livestock-derived meat
serving as a major source of disease outbreaks (including bird flu,
anthrax, swine flu, and listeriosis), and long-term processed meat
consumption being associated with increased heart disease, digestive
tract cancer, and type 2 diabetes currently plague livestock-based meat.
In regards to cultured meat, strict environmental controls and tissue
monitoring can prevent infection of meat cultures from the outset, and
any potential infection can be detected before shipment to consumers.
In addition to the prevention and lack of diseases, and lack of
the use of antibiotics or any other chemical substances, cultured meat
can also leverage numerous biotechnology advancements, including
increased nutrient fortification, individually-customized cellular and
molecular compositions, and optimal nutritional profiles, all making it
much healthier than livestock-sourced meat.
Artificiality
Although
cultured meat consists of genuine animal muscle cells that are the same
as in traditional meat, consumers may find such a high-tech approach to
food production distasteful (see appeal to nature). Cultured meat has been disparagingly described as 'Frankenmeat'.
If cultured meat turns out to be different in appearance, taste, smell, texture,
or other factors, it may not be commercially competitive with
conventionally produced meat. The lack of fat and bone may also be a
disadvantage, for these parts make appreciable culinary contributions.
However, the lack of bones and/or fat may make many traditional meat
preparations, such as buffalo wings, more palatable to small children.
Environmental
Research has suggested that environmental impacts of cultured meat would be significantly lower than normally slaughtered beef.
For every hectare that is used for vertical farming and/or cultured
meat manufacturing, anywhere between 10 and 20 hectares of land may be
converted from conventional agriculture usage back into its natural
state. Vertical farms (in addition to cultured meat facilities) could exploit methane digesters
to generate a small portion of its own electrical needs. Methane
digesters could be built on site to transform the organic waste
generated at the facility into biogas
which is generally composed of 65% methane along with other gasses.
This biogas could then be burned to generate electricity for the
greenhouse or a series of bioreactors.
A study by researchers at Oxford and the University of Amsterdam
found that cultured meat was "potentially ... much more efficient and
environmentally-friendly", generating only 4% greenhouse gas emissions,
reducing the energy needs of meat generation by up to 45%, and requiring
only 2% of the land that the global meat/livestock industry does. The patent holder Willem van Eelen, the journalist Brendan I. Koerner, and Hanna Tuomisto, a PhD student from Oxford University all believe it has less environmental impact. This is in contrast to cattle farming, "responsible for 18% of greenhouse gases"
and causing more damage to the environment than the combined effects of
the world's transportation system. Vertical farming may completely
eliminate the need to create extra farmland in rural areas along with
cultured meat. Their combined role may create a sustainable solution for a cleaner environment.
One skeptic is Margaret Mellon of the Union of Concerned Scientists,
who speculates that the energy and fossil fuel requirements of
large-scale cultured meat production may be more environmentally
destructive than producing food off the land.
However, S.L. Davis has speculated that both vertical farming in urban
areas and the activity of cultured meat facilities may cause relatively
little harm to the species of wildlife that live around the facilities. Dickson Despommier
speculated that natural resources may be spared from depletion due to
vertical farming and cultured meat, making them ideal technologies for
an overpopulated world. Conventional farming, on the other hand, kills ten wildlife animals per hectare each year.
Converting 4 hectares (10 acres) of farmland from its man-made
condition back into either pristine wilderness or grasslands would save
approximately 40 animals while converting 1 hectare (2 acres) of that
same farmland back into the state it was in prior to settlement by human
beings would save approximately 80 animals.
Additionally, the cattle industry uses a large amount of water
for producing animal feed, animal rearing, and for sanitation purposes.
It is estimated that the water recycled from livestock manure is
contributing "33% of global nitrogen and phosphorus pollution," "50% of
antibiotic pollution," "37% of toxic heavy metals," and "37% of
pesticides" which contaminate the planet's freshwater.
The role of genetic modification
Techniques of genetic engineering,
such as insertion, deletion, silencing, activation, or mutation of a
gene, are not required to produce cultured meat. Furthermore, cultured
meat is composed of a tissue or collection of tissues, not an organism.
Therefore, it is not a genetically modified organism
(GMO). Since cultured meats are simply cells grown in a controlled,
artificial environment, some have commented that cultured meat more
closely resembles hydroponic vegetables, rather than GMO vegetables.
More research is being done on cultured meat, and although the
production of cultured meat does not require techniques of genetic
engineering, there is discussion among researchers about utilizing such
techniques to improve the quality and sustainability of cultured meat.
Fortifying cultured meat with nutrients such as beneficial fatty acids
is one improvement that can be facilitated through genetic modification.
The same improvement can be made without genetic modification, by
manipulating the conditions of the culture medium.
Genetic modification may also play a role in the proliferation of
muscle cells. The introduction of myogenic regulatory factors, growth
factors, or other gene products into muscle cells may increase
production past the capacity of conventional meat.
To avoid the use of any animal products, the use of
photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria has been proposed to produce the
main ingredients for the culture media, as opposed to the very commonly
used fetal bovine or horse serum.
Some researchers suggest that the ability of algae and cyanobacteria to
produce ingredients for culture media can be improved with certain
technologies, most likely not excluding genetic engineering.
Ethical considerations
The Australian bioethicist Julian Savulescu
said
"Artificial meat stops cruelty to animals, is better for the
environment, could be safer and more efficient, and even healthier. We
have a moral obligation to support this kind of research. It gets the
ethical two thumbs up."
Animal welfare
groups are generally in favor of the production of cultured meat
because it does not have a nervous system and therefore cannot feel
pain. Reactions of vegetarians to cultured meat vary:
some feel the cultured meat presented to the public in August 2013 was
not vegetarian as fetal calf serum was used in the growth medium. However, since then lab grown meat has been grown under a medium that doesn't involve fetal serum.
American philosopher Carlo Alvaro argues that the question of the
morality of eating in vitro meat has been discussed only in terms of
convenience. Alvaro proposes a virtue-oriented approach that may reveal
aspects of the issue not yet explored, such as the suggestion that the
obstinacy of wanting to produce lab-grown meat stems from unvirtuous
motives, i.e., "lack of temperance and misunderstanding of the role of
food in human flourishing."
Independent inquiries may be set up by certain governments to create a degree of standards for cultured meat.
Laws and regulations on the proper creation of cultured meat products
would have to be modernized to adapt to this newer food product.
Some societies may decide to block the creation of cultured meat for
the "good of the people" – making its legality in certain countries a
questionable matter.
Cultured meat needs technically sophisticated production methods
making it harder for communities to produce food self-sufficiently and
potentially increasing dependence on global food corporations.
Requirement for additional regulation
Independent inquiries may be set up by certain governments to create a degree of standards for cultured meat.
Once cultured meat becomes more cost-efficient, it is necessary to
decide who will regulate the safety and standardization of these
products. Prior to being available for sale, the European Union and Canada
will require approved novel food applications. Additionally, the
European Union requires that cultured animal products and production
must prove safety, by an approved company application, which became
effective as of January 1, 2018. Within the United States, there is discussion of whether or not cultured meat regulation will be handled by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) or the USDA
(United States Department of Agriculture). The main point of content is
whether or not cultured meat is labeled as "food" and regulated by the
FDA or as a "meat food product" and regulated by the USDA. Under the
FDA, cultured meat would need to follow the FFDCA and have a Food Safety Plan (FSP). Under the USDA, cultured meat would need be regulated by the FSIS who must deem the ingredients safe and usable. It could also be regulated by both government organizations.
Religious considerations
Jewish rabbinical authorities disagree whether cultured meat is kosher
(food that may be consumed, according to Jewish dietary laws). However,
all rabbis agree that if the original cells were taken from a
slaughtered kosher animal then the cultured meat will be kosher. Some
even think that it would be kosher even if coming from non-kosher
animals like pigs, as well as from live animals, however some disagree. Some Muslim scholars have stated that cultured meat would be allowed by Islamic law if the original cells and growth medium were halal. Within Hindu culture, there is significant importance of cattle in religion
where the majority of Hindus reject consumption of a cow's meat. The
potential of a "meatless beef" has driven debate among Hindus on the
acceptance of eating it. A significant number of Hindus reject the meat
due to the high prevalence of a vegetarian diet.
Economic
The
production of cultured meat is currently very expensive – in 2008 it was
about US$1 million for a piece of beef weighing 250 grams (0.55 lb)
– and it would take considerable investment to switch to large-scale
production. However, the In Vitro Meat Consortium has estimated that
with improvements to current technology there could be considerable
reductions in the cost of cultured meat. They estimate that it could be
produced for €3500/tonne (US$5424/tonne in March 2008), which is about twice the cost of unsubsidized conventional European chicken production.
In a March 2015 interview with Australia's ABC, Mark Post said
that the marginal cost of his team's original €250,000 burger was now
€8.00. He estimates that technological advancements would allow the
product to be cost-competitive to traditionally sourced beef in
approximately ten years. In 2016, the cost of production of cultured beef for food technology company Memphis Meats was $18,000 per pound ($40,000/kg). As of June 2017 Memphis Meats reduced the cost of production to below $2,400 per pound ($5,280/kg).
In fiction
Cultured meat has often featured in science fiction. The earliest mention may be in Two Planets (1897) by Kurd Lasswitz,
where "synthetic meat" is one of the varieties of synthetic food
introduced on Earth by Martians. Other notable books mentioning
artificial meat include Ashes, Ashes (1943) by René Barjavel; The Space Merchants (1952) by Frederik Pohl and C.M. Kornbluth; The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (1980) by Douglas Adams; Le Transperceneige (Snowpiercer) (1982) by Jacques Lob and Jean-Marc Rochette; Neuromancer (1984) by William Gibson; Oryx and Crake (2003) by Margaret Atwood; Deadstock (2007) by Jeffrey Thomas; Accelerando (2005) by Charles Stross; Ware Tetralogy by Rudy Rucker; and Divergent (2011) by Veronica Roth.
In film, artificial meat has featured prominently in Giulio Questi's 1968 drama La morte ha fatto l'uovo (Death Laid an Egg) and Claude Zidi's 1976 comedy L'aile ou la cuisse (The Wing or the Thigh). "Man-made" chickens also appear in David Lynch's 1977 surrealist horror, Eraserhead. Most recently, it was also featured prominently as the central theme of the movie Antiviral (2012).
The Starship Enterprise from the TV and movie franchise Star Trek apparently provides a synthetic meat or cultured meat as a food source for the crew, although crews from The Next Generation and later use replicators.
In the ABC sitcom Better Off Ted (2009–2010), the episode "Heroes" features Phil (Jonathan Slavin) and Lem (Malcolm Barrett) trying to grow cowless beef.
In the videogame Project Eden, the player characters investigate a cultured meat company called Real Meat.
In the movie "GalaxyQuest", during the dinner scene, Tim Allen's character refers to his steak tasting like "real Iowa beef".
In popular culture
Cultured meat was a subject on an episode of the Colbert Report on 17 March 2009.
In February, 2014, a biotech startup called BiteLabs ran a
campaign to generate popular support for artisanal salami made with meat
cultured from celebrity tissue samples. The campaign became viral on Twitter, where users tweeted at celebrities asking them to donate muscle cells to the project. Media reactions to BiteLabs variously identified the startup as a satire on startup culture, celebrity culture, or as a discussion prompt on bioethical concerns. While BiteLabs claimed to be inspired by the success of Sergey Brin's burger, the company is seen as an example of critical design rather than an actual business venture.
In late 2016, cultured meat was involved in a case in the episode "How The Sausage Is Made" of CBS show Elementary.
