The Foundation series is a science fiction book series written by American author Isaac Asimov. First published as a series of short stories and novellas in 1942–50, and subsequently in three collections in 1951–53, for thirty years the series was a trilogy: Foundation; Foundation and Empire; and Second Foundation. It won the one-time Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series" in 1966. Asimov began adding new volumes in 1981, with two sequels: Foundation's Edge and Foundation and Earth, and two prequels: Prelude to Foundation and Forward the Foundation.
The premise of the stories is that, in the waning days of a future Galactic Empire, the mathematician Hari Seldon spends his life developing a theory of psychohistory, a new and effective mathematics of sociology. Using statistical laws of mass action, it can predict the future of large populations. Seldon foresees the imminent fall of the Empire, which encompasses the entire Milky Way, and a Dark Age
lasting 30,000 years before a second empire arises. Although the
momentum of the Empire's fall is too great to stop, Seldon devises a
plan by which "the onrushing mass of events must be deflected just a
little" to eventually limit this interregnum to just one thousand years.
Publication history
Original stories
The original trilogy of novels collected a series of eight short stories and novelas published in Astounding Science-Fiction magazine between May 1942 and January 1950. According to Asimov, the premise was based on ideas in Edward Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, and was invented spontaneously on his way to meet with editor John W. Campbell, with whom he developed the concepts of the collapse of the Galactic Empire, the civilization-preserving Foundations, and psychohistory. Asimov wrote these early stories in his West Philadelphia apartment when he worked at the Philadelphia Naval Yard.
Foundation trilogy
The first four stories were collected, along with a new introductory story, and published by Gnome Press in 1951 as Foundation. The later stories were published in pairs by Gnome as Foundation and Empire (1952) and Second Foundation (1953), resulting in the "Foundation Trilogy", as the series is still known.
Later sequels and prequels
In 1981, Asimov was persuaded by his publishers to write a fourth book, which became Foundation's Edge (1982).
Four years later, Asimov followed up with yet another sequel, Foundation and Earth (1986), which was followed by the prequels Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation
(1993), published after his 1992 death. During the two-year lapse
between writing the sequels and prequels, Asimov had tied in his Foundation series with his various other series, creating a single unified universe. The basic link is mentioned in Foundation's Edge:
an obscure myth about a first wave of space settlements with robots and
then a second without. The idea is the one developed in Robots of Dawn,
which, in addition to showing the way that the second wave of
settlements was to be allowed, illustrates the benefits and shortcomings
of the first wave of settlements and their so-called C/Fe (carbon/iron, signifying humans and robots together) culture. In this same book, the word psychohistory is used to describe the nascent idea of Seldon's work. Some of the drawbacks to this style of colonization, also called Spacer culture, are also exemplified by the events described all the way back in 1957's The Naked Sun.
The link between the Robot and Foundation universes was tightened by letting the robot R. Daneel Olivaw - originally introduced in The Caves of Steel
- live on for tens of thousands of years and play a major role behind
the scenes in both the Galactic Empire in its heyday and in the rise of
the two Foundations to take its place.
Asimov Foundation series novels
The
plot of the seven novels follows the series in-universe chronology, not
the order of publication. After many years as a trilogy comprising Foundation, Foundation and Empire, and Second Foundation, the series was expanded with two prequels and two sequels.
Prelude to Foundation (1988)
Prelude to Foundation opens on the planet Trantor, the empire's capital planet, the day after Hari Seldon
has given a speech at a mathematics conference. Several parties become
aware of the content of his speech (that using mathematical formulas, it
may be possible to predict the future course of human history). Seldon
is hounded by the Emperor and various employed thugs who are working
surreptitiously, which forces him into exile. Over the course of the
book, Seldon and Dors Venabili, a female companion and professor of history, are taken from location to location by Chetter Hummin
who, under the guise of a reporter, introduces them to various
Trantorian walks of life in his attempts to keep Seldon hidden from the
Emperor.
Throughout their adventures all over Trantor, Seldon continuously denies
that psychohistory is a realistic science. Even if feasible, it may
take several decades to develop. Hummin, however, is convinced that
Seldon knows something, so he continuously presses him to work out a
starting point to develop psychohistory.
Eventually, after much traveling and introductions to various, diverse
cultures on Trantor, Seldon realizes that using the entire known galaxy
as a starting point is too overwhelming; he then decides to use Trantor
as a model to work out the science, with a goal of later using the
applied knowledge on the rest of the galaxy.
Forward the Foundation (1993)
Eight years after the events of Prelude, Seldon has worked out
the science of psychohistory and has applied it on a galactic scale.
His notability and fame increase, and he is eventually promoted to First
Minister to the Emperor. As the book progresses, Seldon loses those
closest to him, including his wife, Dors Venabili, as his own health
deteriorates into old age. Having worked his entire adult life to
understand psychohistory, Seldon instructs his granddaughter, Wanda, to
set up the Second Foundation.
Foundation (1951)
Called forth to stand trial on Trantor for allegations of treason
(for foreshadowing the decline of the Galactic Empire), Seldon explains
that his science of psychohistory foresees many alternatives, all of
which result in the Galactic Empire eventually falling. If humanity
follows its current path, the Empire will fall and 30,000 years of
turmoil will overcome humanity before a second empire arises. However,
an alternative path allows for the intervening years to be only one
thousand if Seldon is allowed to collect the most intelligent minds and
create a compendium of all human knowledge, entitled the Encyclopedia Galactica.
The board is still wary, but allows Seldon to assemble whomever he
needs, provided he and the "Encyclopedists" be exiled to a remote
planet, Terminus. Seldon agrees to these terms – and also secretly
establishes a second foundation of which almost nothing is known, which
he says is at the "opposite end" of the galaxy.
After fifty years on Terminus, and with Seldon now dead, the
inhabitants find themselves in a crisis. With four powerful planets
surrounding their own, the Encyclopedists have no defenses but their own
intelligence. At the same time, a vault left by Seldon is due to
automatically open. The vault reveals a pre-recorded hologram
of Seldon, who informs the Encyclopedists that their entire reason for
being on Terminus is a fraud, insofar as Seldon did not actually care
whether or not an encyclopedia was created, only that the population was
placed on Terminus and the events needed by his calculations were set
in motion. In reality, the recording discloses, Terminus was set up to
reduce the dark ages based on his calculations. It will develop by
facing intermittent and extreme "crises" – known as "Seldon Crises" –
which the laws governing psychohistory show will inevitably be overcome,
simply because human nature will cause events to fall in particular
ways which lead to the intended goal. The recording reveals that the
present events are the first such crisis, reminds them that a second
foundation was also formed at the "opposite end" of the galaxy, and then
falls silent.
The Mayor of Terminus City, Salvor Hardin,
proposes to play the planets against each other. His plan is a success;
the Foundation remains untouched, and he becomes its effective ruler.
Meanwhile, the minds of the Foundation continue to develop newer and
greater technologies which are more compact and powerful than the
Empire's equivalents. Using its scientific advantages, Terminus develops
trade routes with nearby planets, eventually taking them over when its
technology becomes a much-needed commodity. The interplanetary traders
effectively become diplomats to other planets. One such trader, Hober Mallow,
becomes powerful enough to challenge and win the office of Mayor and,
by cutting off supplies to a nearby region, also succeeds in adding more
planets to the Foundation's control.
Foundation and Empire (1952)
An ambitious general of the current emperor of the galaxy perceives
the Foundation as a growing threat and orders an attack on it, using the
Empire's still-mighty fleet of war vessels. The Emperor, initially
supportive, becomes suspicious of his general's long-term motive for the
attack and recalls the fleet despite being close to victory. In spite
of its undoubted inferiority in purely military terms, the Foundation
emerges as the victor, and the Empire itself is defeated. Seldon's
hologram reappears in the vault on Terminus, and explains to the
Foundation that this opening of the vault follows a conflict whose
result was inevitable whatever might have been done – a weak Imperial
navy could not have attacked them, while a strong navy would have shown
itself by its successes to be a direct threat to the Emperor himself and
been recalled.
A century later, an unknown outsider called the Mule
has begun taking over planets at a rapid pace. The Foundation comes to
realize, too late, that the Mule is unforeseen by Seldon's plan. Toran and Bayta Darell, accompanied by Ebling Mis
– the Foundation's greatest psychologist – and a court jester named
Magnifico familiar with the Mule, set out to Trantor to find the Second
Foundation, hoping to bring an end to the Mule's reign. Mis studies
furiously in the Great Library of Trantor to figure out the Second
Foundation's location in order to seek its help. He is successful and
also deduces that the Mule's success stems from his being a mutant who
is able to change the emotions of others, a power he used to first
instill fear in the inhabitants of his conquered planets, then to make
his enemies devoutly loyal to him. Mis is murdered by Bayta Darell
before he can reveal the location because she realized that Magnifico is
in fact the Mule and has been using his gifts to help Mis do his
research, so that the Mule can subjugate the Second Foundation. The Mule
ruefully acknowledges that his feelings for Bayta prevented him from
tampering with her mind to block just such interference. He leaves
Trantor to rule over his conquered planets while continuing his search.
Second Foundation (1953)
As the Mule comes closer to finding it, the mysterious Second
Foundation comes briefly out of hiding to face the threat directly.
While the first Foundation has developed the physical sciences, the
Second Foundation has been developing Seldon's mathematics and the
Seldon Plan, along with their use of mental abilities. The Second
Foundation launches an operation to deceive and eventually mind control
the Mule, whom they return to rule over his kingdom peacefully for the
rest of his life, without any further thought of conquering the Second
Foundation.
However, as a result, the first Foundation learns something of
the Second Foundation beyond the simple fact that it exists, and has
some understanding of its role. This means their behavior will now be
influenced by that knowledge, invalidating the mathematics of the Seldon
Plan. This places the Plan itself at great risk. In addition, the First
Foundation starts to resentfully consider the other a rival, and a
small group secretly begins to develop equipment to detect and block the
Second Foundation's mental influence. After many attempts to infer the
Second Foundation's whereabouts from the few clues available, the
Foundation is led to believe the Second Foundation is located on
Terminus (the "opposite end of the galaxy" for a galaxy with a circular
shape). The Foundation uncovers and eliminates a group of fifty members
of the Second Foundation, believing they have destroyed the Second
Foundation.
In fact, the fifty were volunteers who sacrificed themselves so
that humanity's collective behavior would once again be predictable and
follow the mathematics of the Seldon Plan. The Second Foundation itself,
however, is finally revealed to be located on the former Imperial
homeworld of Trantor. The clue "at Star's End" was not a physical clue,
but was instead based on an old saying, "All roads lead to Trantor, and
that is where all stars end."
Foundation's Edge (1982)
Believing the Second Foundation still exists (despite the common belief that it has been extinguished), young politician Golan Trevize is sent into exile by the current Mayor of the Foundation, Harla Branno, to uncover the Second Foundation; Trevize is accompanied by a scholar named Janov Pelorat.
The reason for their belief is that, despite the unforeseeable impact
of the Mule, the Seldon Plan still appears to be proceeding in
accordance with the statements of Seldon's hologram, suggesting that the
Second Foundation still exists and is secretly intervening to bring the
plan back on course. After a few conversations with Pelorat, Trevize
comes to believe that a mythical planet called Earth
may hold the secret to the location. No such planet exists in any
database, yet several myths and legends all refer to it, and it is
Trevize's belief that the planet is deliberately being kept hidden.
Unknown to Trevize and Pelorat, Branno is tracking their ship so that,
in the event they find the Second Foundation, the first Foundation can
take military or other action.
Meanwhile, Stor Gendibal,
a prominent member of the Second Foundation, discovers a simple local
on Trantor who has had a very subtle alteration made to her mind, far
more delicate than anything the Second Foundation can do. He concludes
that a greater force of Mentalics must be active in the Galaxy.
Following the events on Terminus, Gendibal endeavors to follow Trevize,
reasoning that by doing so, he may find out who has altered the mind of
the Trantor native.
Using the few scraps of reliable information within the various
myths, Trevize and Pelorat discover a planet called Gaia which is
inhabited solely by Mentalics, to such an extent that every organism and
inanimate object on the planet shares a common mind. Both Branno and
Gendibal, who have separately followed Trevize, also reach Gaia at the
same time. Gaia reveals that it has engineered this situation because it
wishes to do what is best for humanity but cannot be sure what is best.
Trevize's purpose, faced with the leaders of both the First and Second
Foundations and Gaia itself, is to be trusted to make the best decision
among the three main alternatives for the future of the human race: the
First Foundation's path, based on mastery of the physical world and its
traditional political organization (i.e., Empire); the Second
Foundation's path, based on mentalics and probable rule by an elite
using mind control; or Gaia's path of absorption of the entire Galaxy
into one shared, harmonious living entity in which all beings, and the
galaxy itself, would be a part.
After Trevize makes his decision for Gaia's path, the intellect
of Gaia adjusts both Branno's and Gendibal's minds so that each believes
he or she has succeeded in a significant task. (Branno believes she has
successfully negotiated a treaty tying Sayshell to the Foundation, and
Gendibal – now leader of the Second Foundation – believes that the
Second Foundation is victorious and should continue as normal.) Trevize
remains, but is uncertain as to why he is "sure" that Gaia is the
correct outcome for the future.
Foundation and Earth (1986)
Still uncertain about his decision, Trevize continues on with the
search for Earth along with Pelorat and a local of Gaia, advanced in
Mentalics, known as Blissenobiarella (usually referred to simply as
Bliss). Eventually, Trevize finds three sets of coordinates which are
very old. Adjusting them for time, he realizes that his ship's computer
does not list any planet in the vicinity of the coordinates. When he
physically visits the locations, he rediscovers the forgotten Spacer
worlds of Aurora, Solaria, and finally Melpomenia. After searching and
facing different dilemmas on each planet, Trevize still has not
discovered any answers.
Aurora and Melpomenia are long deserted, but Solaria contains a
small population which is extremely advanced in the field of Mentalics.
When the lives of the group are threatened, Bliss uses her abilities
(and the shared intellect of Gaia) to destroy the Solarian who is about
to kill them. This leaves behind a small child who will be put to death
if left alone, so Bliss makes the decision to keep the child as they
quickly escape the planet.
Eventually, Trevize discovers Earth, but it, again, contains no
satisfactory answers for him (it is also long-since deserted). However,
it dawns on Trevize that the answer may not be on Earth, but on Earth's
satellite – the Moon. Upon approaching the planet, they are drawn inside
the Moon's core, where they meet a robot named R. Daneel Olivaw.
Olivaw explains that he has been instrumental in guiding human
history for thousands of years, having provided the impetus for Seldon
to create psychohistory and also the creation of Gaia, but is now close
to the end of his ability to maintain himself and will shortly cease to
function. Despite replacing his positronic
brain (which contains 20,000 years of memories), he is going to die
shortly. He explains that no further robotic brain can be devised to
replace his current one, or which will let him continue assisting for
the benefit of humanity. However, some additional time can be won to
ensure the long-term benefit of humanity by merging R. Daneel Olivaw's mind with the organic intellect of a human – in this case, the intellect of the child that the group rescued on Solaria.
Once again, Trevize is put in the position of deciding if having
Olivaw meld with the child's superior intellect would be in the best
interests of the galaxy. The decision is left ambiguous (though likely a
"yes") as it is implied that the melding of the minds may be to the
child's benefit, but that she may have sinister intentions.
Development and themes
The early stories were inspired by Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
The plot of the series focuses on the growth and reach of the
Foundation, against a backdrop of the "decline and fall of the Galactic
Empire." The themes of Asimov's stories were also influenced by the
political tendency in science fiction fandom, associated with the Futurians, known as Michelism.
The focus of the books is the trends through which a civilization
might progress, specifically seeking to analyze their progress, using
history as a precedent. Although many science fiction novels such as Nineteen Eighty-Four or Fahrenheit 451
do this, their focus is upon how current trends in society might come
to fruition and they act as a moral allegory of the modern world. The Foundation
series, on the other hand, looks at the trends in a wider scope,
dealing with societal evolution and adaptation rather than the human and
cultural qualities at one point in time. In this Asimov followed the
model of Thucydides' work The History of the Peloponnesian War, as he once acknowledged.
Asimov tried to end the series with Second Foundation.
However, because of the predicted thousand years until the rise of the
next Empire (of which only a few hundred had elapsed), the series lacked
a sense of closure. For decades, fans pressured him to write a sequel.
In 1982, after a 30-year hiatus, Asimov gave in and wrote what was at
the time a fourth volume: Foundation's Edge. This was followed shortly thereafter by Foundation and Earth.
This novel, which takes place some 500 years after Seldon, ties up all
the loose ends and ties all his Robot, Empire, and Foundation novels
into a single story. He also opens a brand new line of thought in the
last dozen pages regarding Galaxia, a galaxy inhabited by a single collective mind. This concept was never explored further. According to his widow Janet Asimov (in her biography of Isaac, It's Been a Good Life), he had no idea how to continue after Foundation and Earth, so he started writing the prequels.
Asimov's imprecise future history
Asimov (right) was inspired by the
Future History
stories of Heinlein (left), but self-consciously wrote that his was
"not the beautiful job that Heinlein did, but was actually made up 'ad
hoc'".
In the spring of 1955, Asimov published a future history of humanity in the pages of Thrilling Wonder Stories
magazine based upon his thought processes concerning the Foundation
universe at that point in his life. According to the publication, "the
scheme was not originally worked out as a consistent pattern and only
includes about one-quarter of his total writings". Because of this, the
dating in the Foundation series is approximate and inconsistent.
Asimov estimates that his Foundation series takes place nearly 50,000 years into the future, with Hari Seldon born in 47,000 CE.
Around this time, the future emperor Cleon I is born in the imperial
capital Trantor, 78 years before the Foundation Era (FE) and the events
of the original Foundation trilogy. After Cleon inherits the crown, the
mathematician Hari Seldon comes to Trantor from Helicon to deliver his
theory of psychohistory that predicts the fall of the empire, which
triggers the events of Prelude to Foundation. Forward the Foundation picks up the story a few years later, with the emperor being assassinated and Seldon retiring from politics.
At the start of the Foundation Era, the events of the original Foundation novel (first published in Astounding Science Fiction as a series of short stories) take place, and the in-universe Foundation Era truly begins.
According to Asimov, he intended this to take place around the year
47000 CE, with the Empire in decay as it battles the rising Foundation,
who emerges as the dominant power a few centuries later. Thus begins the events of the Foundation and Empire, which include the unpredicted rise of the Mule, who defeats the Foundation thanks to his mutant abilities. The events of Second Foundation
chronicle the titular Second Foundation's search and defeat of the
Mule, and their conflict with the remnants of the original Foundation,
averting the Dark Age. Asimov estimates that the Mule rises and falls somewhere around 47300 CE.
Foundation's Edge takes place 500 years after the establishment of the Foundation, outside of the original trilogy of novels. Foundation and Earth
follows immediately after, with humanity choosing and justifying a
third path distinct from the opposing visions of the two Foundations. According to Asimov, the Second Galactic Empire is established 48000 CE, 1000 years after the events of the first novel.
Asimov himself commented that his fiction's internal history was
"actually made up ad hoc. My cross-references in the novels are thrown
in as they occur to me and did not come from a systemized history. ...
If some reader checks my stories carefully and finds that my dating is
internally inconsistent, I can only say I'm not surprised."
Prequel
A
Second Foundation trilogy of prequels was written after Asimov's death
by three authors, authorized by the Asimov estate. These included Foundation's Fear (1997) by Gregory Benford, Foundation and Chaos (1998) by Greg Bear, and Foundation's Triumph (1999) by David Brin.
Cultural impact
Impact in nonfiction
In Learned Optimism, psychologist Martin Seligman identifies the Foundation
series as one of the most important influences in his professional
life, because of the possibility of predictive sociology based on
psychological principles. He also lays claim to the first successful
prediction of a major historical (sociological) event, in the 1988 US elections, and he specifically attributes this to a psychological principle.
In his 1996 book To Renew America, U. S. House Speaker Newt Gingrich wrote that he was influenced by reading the Foundation trilogy in high school.
Paul Krugman, winner of the 2008 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, credits the Foundation series with turning his mind to economics, as the closest existing science to psychohistory.
The businessman and entrepreneur Elon Musk counts the series among the inspirations for his career. When Musk's Tesla Roadster was launched into space on the maiden flight of the Falcon Heavy rocket in February 2018, amongst other items it carried a 5D optical data storage copy of the Foundation series.
Stating that it "offers a useful summary of some of the dynamics of far-flung imperial Rome", Carl Sagan in 1978 listed the Foundation
series as an example of how science fiction "can convey bits and
pieces, hints and phrases, of knowledge unknown or inaccessible to the
reader". In the nonfiction PBS series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Sagan referred to an Encyclopedia Galactica in the episodes "Encyclopaedia Galactica" and "Who Speaks for Earth".
Awards
In 1966, the Foundation trilogy beat several other science fiction and fantasy series to receive a special Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series". The runners-up for the award were the Barsoom series by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the Future History series by Robert A. Heinlein, the Lensman series by Edward E. Smith and The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien.
The Foundation series was the only series so honored until the
establishment of the "Best Series" category in 2017. Asimov himself
wrote that he assumed the one-time award had been created to honor The Lord of the Rings, and he was amazed when his work won.
The series has won three other Hugo Awards. Foundation's Edge
won Best Novel in 1983, and was a bestseller for almost a year.
Retrospective Hugo Awards were given in 1996 and 2018 for, respectively,
"The Mule" (the major part of Foundation and Empire) for Best
Novel (1946) and "Foundation" (the first story written for the series,
and second chapter of the first novel) for Best Short Story (1943).
Impact in fiction and entertainment
Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
mentions the encyclopedia by name, remarking that it is rather "dry",
and consequently sells fewer copies than his own creation "The Guide".
Frank Herbert also wrote Dune as a counterpoint to Foundation. Tim O'Reilly in his monograph on Herbert wrote that "Dune is clearly a commentary on the Foundation
trilogy. Herbert has taken a look at the same imaginative situation
that provoked Asimov's classic—the decay of a galactic empire—and
restated it in a way that draws on different assumptions and suggests
radically different conclusions. The twist he has introduced into Dune is that the Mule, not the Foundation, is his hero."
In 1995, Donald Kingsbury wrote "Historical Crisis", which he later expanded into a novel, Psychohistorical Crisis. It takes place about 2,000 years after Foundation,
after the founding of the Second Galactic Empire. It is set in the same
fictional universe as the Foundation series, in considerable detail,
but with virtually all Foundation-specific names either changed
(e.g., Kalgan becomes Lakgan), or avoided (psychohistory is created by
an unnamed, but often-referenced Founder). The novel explores the ideas
of psychohistory in a number of new directions, inspired by more recent
developments in mathematics and computer science, as well as by new ideas in science fiction itself.
In 1998, the novel Spectre (part of the Shatnerverse series) by William Shatner and Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens states that the Mirror Universe divergent path has been studied by the Seldon Psychohistory Institute.
The oboe-like holophonor in Matt Groening's animated television series Futurama is based directly upon the "Visi-Sonor" which Magnifico plays in Foundation and Empire. The "Visi-Sonor" is also mirrored in an episode of Special Unit 2, where a child's television character plays an instrument that induces mind control over children.
During the 2006–2007 Marvel Comics Civil War crossover storyline, in Fantastic Four #542 Mister Fantastic revealed his own attempt to develop psychohistory, saying he was inspired after reading the Foundation series.
According to lead singer Ian Gillan, the hard rock band Deep Purple's song The Mule
is based on the Foundation character: "Yes, The Mule was inspired by
Asimov. It's been a while but I'm sure you've made the right
connection... Asimov was required reading in the 1960s."
Adaptations
Radio
An eight-part radio adaptation of the original trilogy, with sound design by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1973—one of the first BBC radio drama serials to be made in stereo. A BBC 7 rerun commenced in July 2003.
Adapted by Patrick Tull (episodes 1 to 4) and Mike Stott (episodes 5 to 8), the dramatisation was directed by David Cain and starred William Eedle as Hari Seldon, with Geoffrey Beevers as Gaal Dornick, Lee Montague as Salvor Hardin, Julian Glover as Hober Mallow, Dinsdale Landen as Bel Riose, Maurice Denham as Ebling Mis and Prunella Scales as Lady Callia.
Film
By 1998, New Line Cinema had spent $1.5 million developing a film version of the Foundation Trilogy. The failure to develop a new franchise was partly a reason the studio signed on to produce The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.
On July 29, 2008, New Line Cinema co-founders Bob Shaye and Michael Lynne
were reported to have been signed on to produce an adaptation of the
trilogy by their company Unique Pictures for Warner Brothers.
However, Columbia Pictures (Sony) successfully bid for the screen rights on January 15, 2009, and then contracted Roland Emmerich to direct and produce. Michael Wimer was named as co-producer.
Two years later, the studio hired Dante Harper to adapt the books. This project failed to materialize, and HBO acquired the rights when they became available in 2014.
Television
In November 2014, TheWrap reported that Jonathan Nolan was writing and producing a TV series based on the Foundation Trilogy for HBO. Nolan confirmed his involvement at a Paley Center event on April 13, 2015.
In June 2017, Deadline reported that Skydance Media would produce a TV series. In August 2018 it was announced that Apple TV+ had commissioned a 10 episode straight-to-series order.
However, on April 18, 2019, Josh Friedman left the project as co-writer
and co-showrunner. This was apparently planned, with either Friedman or
screenwriter David Goyer leaving and the other staying. On June 22, 2020, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced the series would be released in 2021. On 13 March 2020, Apple suspended all active filming on their shows due to the COVID-19 outbreak; filming resumed on October 6, 2020.
The series is filmed at Troy Studios, Limerick, Ireland, and the budget was expected to be approximately $50 million. The first two episodes premiered on September 24, 2021. Metacritic gave the first season a weighted average score of 63 out of 100 based on 22 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
