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Friday, September 6, 2024

Empathism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathism
Launch of the New Manifesto on the Arts by Menotti Lerro and Antonello Pelliccia at the literary Caffè Giubbe Rosse. Florence, 2019

The Empathic Movement (Italian: La Scuola Empatica / Empatismo) is a literary, artistic, philosophical and cultural movement founded in the South of Italy in 2020 within the 'New Cultural Triangle of Ancient Cilento': Omignano - "The Aphorisms Village", Salento - "The Poetry Village", Vallo della Lucania - "Seat of Contemporary Arts Centre". From this first Triangle the Cultural Pyramid of Cilento was born to represent the enlarged epicenter of the Movement with 25 villages involved which joined with a new cultural identity and signing a protocol agreement.

The purpose of the Empathic Movement is to support the importance of emotional intelligence in response to the technocratic age, rejecting extreme individualism and social exclusions. They consider the “truth” as impossible to grasp except for fragments and for this reason they support a fragmented vision through a subjective “point of view” and the “interdisciplinary” for the arts to have more possibilities to catch little “truths” of the existence.

Empathism advocate a cultured art and believe in the importance of the return of the figure of the artist as a guide. Its major aim is to reunify all the arts and artists coming from every field to let every artist to improve himself in order to tend towards the figure of a Total Artist (and, as a consequence, push for a reunification of peoples) through a common empathetic feeling.

Description

Cover first edition of the New Manifesto of Arts (2020) by Lerro and Pelliccia

The symbolic myth of the movement is called Unus: an unknown demigod (son of Zeus and of a mortal woman) representing the Total Artist killed, torn to pieces and thrown into the Alento (Campania) river by his brothers, determining the old separation of the Arts. As highlighted by Giacomo Maria Prati, with the figure of Unus we are assisting at a return to the myth. A new figurative Greek character invented by Lerro using the literary device of the dream. One of the proposal of the Movement is keeping searching for the symbolic figure of a Total Artist in the contemporary age: a single person or a combination of contributions by people engaged in different cultural fields. For this reason the Movement apply to the Art the principles of the indivisibility and interdisciplinarity and asks artists to join and even to work together when it can be useful. Furthermore they support the overcoming of the Western scientific-specialized model and, therefore, the logical-rational approach. They also reject the principles of an "unambiguous vision" of the "truth" and on the other hand, they support the principles of the "point of view" and "fragmentation". The movement promote the development of emotional intelligence through the arts and of the arts and culture through emotions.

The founder, the Italian poet Menotti Lerro, asked several noted artists to sign the “Empathic Manifesto”, to join in their peculiar expression of the “Arts” in a less individualistic way and also to react in that moment to a very difficul period for the world due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and the consequent deep physical and psychological closure. As Lerro affirmed: "Society needed again the figure of the artist as guide"; the journalist Roberto Guidetti answered declaring that the Empathic Movement was really born in the perfect moment to give a direction to all people in that new tragic situation. However, since 2019 a new growing group of joined artists started to help create a new cultural pole in Southern Italy, giving life first to the “Contemporary Arts Centre” in the Cilento area, which has invented "The Poetry Village", "The Aphorisms Village" and the Cilento International Poetry Prize, giving light to new territory in terms of culture. The decentralization of culture gives voice to the silent masses of Cilento especially the peasant ones in the mountains, with a peculiar emphasis on intense and genuine emotion and feelings to share with others through Arts, refusing individualism, social exclusion, excesses of competition among artists and also rejecting the large phenomenon of plagiarism mainly due to the mass media and internet in particular. The official slogan of the Movement used by Menotti Lerro is "Be Empathic!" (in Italian: "Sii Empatico!").

Since 2019 the Movement had its own seats (Centro Contemporaneo delle Arti, with the poet Franco Loi as Honorary President) both in Cilento and in Milan to organize its events. In the same year the artist and academic Marco Baudinelli from Accademia di Belle Arti di Carrara created the logotype of the Centro Contemporaneo delle Arti. Still in 2019 the official Manifesto written by Menotti Lerro and Antonello Pelliccia was launched before at the literary Caffè Giubbe Rosse in Florence, after at the Brera Academy of Milan and later at the Central Library, Edinburgh in Scotland. About the Manifesto it is important to say it was first conceived as an oral speech in occasion of the foundation of the Contemporary Centre of Arts; this discourse was defined as "New Manifesto" by the philosopher Remo Bodei. Lerro explained it also in his article published on the daily newspaper Affari Italiani. He stated he would never have written a classical manifesto in the contemporary age because it would have been limiting. Regarding the Manifesto the musician Franco Mussida stressed the importance of this new vision, claiming that "it is very rare nowadays to meet people feeling art as a mission to tell about its essence". The literary critic Francesco D'Episcopo affirmed that the Manifesto is "like a central nucleus of a cultural planning".

In 2020 the first official volume of the Movement, La Scuola Empatica, with the first one hundred adherents also defined Empathic Masters, was published in Italy and in Italian language by the publisher Ladolfi, established in Novara. In the volume are also published the main movement proposals "to combat the stagnation of hypertrophic contemporary individualism". The same were published months later on the Italian literary magazine "Riscontri". In the volume - dedicated to Giorgio Barberi Squarotti, Alessandro Serpieri (writer) and Remo Bodei, considered "infinita luce" (In English: "Infinite light") - the Italian poet Giampiero Neri explains how the movement developed and asked to "all people having the same principles, to join to them". The poet Vivian Lamarque invited all artists to "trace their own centimeter" affirming that they are "little voices / for a great choir". The Italian poet Elio Pecora interrogate the readers asking if "empathy" is really a gift only belonging to the human beings, explaining, immediately afterwards, that in his experience animals have always been very empathic with him much more than humans and in particular than poets. The Italian Television 7 Gold invited Menotti Lerro to explain the importance of the Movement in particular in that difficult Pandemic period.

In 2021, in occasion of the European Heritage Days, the Soprintendenza of Salerno e Avellino stressed how the Empathic School was the third School started in the Province of Salerno. The previous two were the Eleatic School and Schola Medica Salernitana. According to the Soprintendenza of Salerno and Avellino the union of these three schools determined the birth of a macro cultural triangle of the Salerno's Province. In relation to the latter topic, the literary critic Francesco D'Episcopo from Federico II University of Naples, wrote an article titled "Scuola Eleatica, Scuola Medica, Scuola Empatica: il triangolo culturale del territorio salernitano, da Parmenide a Lerro" (In English: "Eleatic School, Medical School, Empathic School: the cultural triangle of the Salerno area, from Parmenides to Lerro"). The 10th of August, Salento Cilento "The Poetry Village" put on the wall of its square the first Cultural Pyramid of Cilento. In the same year The Biblioteca Città di Arezzo invited Menotti Lerro to present the Movement.

In 2022 the Cilento Poetry Prize, flagship of the Movement, got financed by Ministero della Cultura. That year the Giambattista Vico Foundation announced to have joined to the movement. In the same period Piano Vetrale known as "The Village of Murales" announced to put on the wall of its main square the Cultural Pyramid of Cilento. The village named Roccadaspide offered a new site to the Movement and fixed on the wall of the "Crescella" square the same Cultural Pyramid. In Paestum the Italian poet Franco Arminio presented the Empathic Movement. In the November 2022 the "Museo Eleousa" of San Mauro Cilento inaugurate its Cultural Pyramid.

Cover first edition The Empathic Movement, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2023

In 2023 the Italian musician Stefano Pantaleoni, from Parma Conservatory Arrigo Boito, composed the official anthem of the Empathic Movement. On the 26th of January at the "Circolo della Stampa di Avellino" a conference, about the new Movement, based on the Special Edition dedicated to it from the Magazine "Riscontri", was organized. Furthermore the first volume about the Movement in English language was published in England with the title The Empathic Movement. A section of the volume was dedicated to the "Empathic Masters" who adhered to the Movement. Among them the Polish Nobel Prize for Literature 2018 Olga Tokarczuk; the Italian painters Omar Galliani from Brera Academy, Andrea Granchi from Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze, Renato Galbusera from Brera Academy and Maria Jannelli; the Venezuelan sculptors Victor Lucena and Carlos Medina and the Italian sculptor Cesare Nardi; the Italian poets Franco Loi, Giampiero Neri, Enrico Testa from Genoa University, Valerio Magrelli from Roma Tre University, Maurizio Cucchi, Milo de Angelis, Roberto Carifi, Elio Pecora, Giancarlo Pontiggia, Mario Santagostini, Gabriella Sica from Roma Tre University, Davide Rondoni (founder of the Centro di Poesia Contemporanea dell'Università di Bologna), Tiziano Rossi, Luigia Sorrentino (journalist RAI), Mario Fresa, Massimo Dagnino, Rossella Tempesta, Gabriela Fantato, Gian Mario Villalta (artistic director of Pordenonelegge.it), Corrado Calabrò, Vivian Lamarque, Alberto Bertoni from Università di Bologna, Menotti Lerro from Ciels University; the Italian Hungarian poet Tomaso Kemeny from Università degli Studi di Pavia; the Italian lecture and poet Anna Correale Sorbonne University; the Italian writers Diego de Silva, Maurizio De Giovanni, Dacia Maraini (also director of the Mondadori's magazine Nuovi Argomenti), Raffaele Nigro; the American poets Genny Lim and Maria Mazziotti Gillan from Binghamton University also professor Emeritus of English and creative writing; the Swiss painter Anna Bianchi; the Spanish artist Rosa María Román Garrido from "Institut Valencià de Conservació, Restauració i Investigació"; the Italian art critics Elena Pontiggia from Brera Academy, Giuseppe Siano, Ezio Guaitamacchi, Paolo Emilio Antognoli Viti, Carmelo Strano from Università degli Studi di Catania and Francesco Abbate from Università degli Studi di Messina; the Italian geneticist Edoardo Boncinelli from Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and researcher for National Research Council (Italy); the Polish architect Joanna Kubicz from Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts; the Pakistani digital creator Mateen Ashraf from University of Limerick; the Italian documentary directors Giorgio Verdelli and Elvio Annese from Brera Academy; the Italian Architects Aldo Castellano from Polytechnic University of Milan, Vittorio Santoianni from Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze and Attilio Dursi from University of Naples Federico II and Nunzio Tonali; the Palestinian poet Najwan Darwish; the Romanian literary critic Lidia Vianu from University of Bucharest; the English writer Michael Lieber; the English literary critic and director of the Centre of Health Humanities Andrew Mangham from Reading University; the Romanian journalist Marius Chelaru; the Italian actor Mario Pirovano; the Polish musician Tomasz Krezymon from Chopin University of Music; the Hungarian musician István Szelei, the Italian musician Andrea Castelli bass player of the Rovescio della Medaglia rock band; the Italian conservatory musicians Giancarlo Turaccio and Domenico Giordano from "Conservatorio Giuseppe Martucci of Salerno"; the Italian journalists Paolo Guzzanti for La 7 and rete 4, Antonia Cartolano for Sky Italia, Erminia Pellecchia for Il Mattino, Ottavio Rossani for Corriere della Sera, Peppe Iannicelli for Napoli Canale21, Franco Vassia; Roberto Guidetti for 7 Gold, Aldo Bianchini for "Il Giornale di Salerno"; the Italian singers Franco Mussida (founder Premiata Forneria Marconi), Bernardo Lanzetti (former lead vocalist Premiata Forneria Marconi), Lino Vairetti (lead vocalist Osanna), Annibale Giannarelli, Michele Pecora, Benito Madonia and Santino Scarpa; the Korean interpreter Lee Kichul; the Italian philosophers Remo Bodei, Emeritus professor Pisa University and Umberto Curi from Padua University; the Italian literary critics Massimo Bacigalupo from University of Genoa and Vincenzo Guarracino; the Italian translator Emilio Coco; the Italian actor Alessandro Quasimodo (son of the Nobel Prize for literature Salvatore Quasimodo); the Italian former Head of Department of Scienze Politiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno Luigi Rossi; the Italian photograph Francesco Di Loreto; the Italian designers Vincenzo Missanelli from Brera Academy, Mauro Afro Borella from Albertina Academy and Gino Finizio from IULM University, Antonio Perotti; the Italian publishers Giuliano Ladolfi (director of the literary magazine "Atelier") and Sandro Gros-Pietro (director of the literary magazine "Vernice"); the responsible for the literary magazine "Riscontri" Ettore Barra; the Italian composter Carmine Padula, the Italian cartoonist Maurizio Zenga; the Italian neurophysiologist Giacomo Rizzolatti (who discovered mirror neurons) from University of Padua; the Italian Emeritus professor of chemistry Vincenzo Schettino from University of Florence; the Italian professor of Analysis of communication processes Gabriele Perretta from Brera Academy; the Indian researcher in Artificial Intelligence Prayag Tiwari from Halmstad University; the Uruguayan professor of Hispanic literature Àlvaro Revello; the Italian professors of English Literature Maria Teresa Chialant and Elena Paruolo, Salerno University; the professor Giuseppe Gentile, hispanist at Università degli Studi di Salerno; the professor of the Politecnico di Milano, expert in Light Art, Gisella Gellini; Enzo Tinarelli mosaicist from Accademia di Belle Arti di Carrara; Angelo Ghilardi set designer from Brera Academy; the Italian professor in "Progettazione e Gestione dei Sistemi Turistici" from Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Vincenzo Pepe; the professor of greek history from Padua University Davide Susanetti; the Italian professor of cultural anthropology Katia Ballacchino from Salerno University; the researcher Vincenzo Aversano from University of Salerno; the professor for local development from Università La Sapienza di Roma Renato Di Gregorio; the Italian teacher in graphic arts at Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Gabriele Ivan Di Battista; the Italian Head Teacher of "Liceo Classico Parmenide" Francesco Massanova; the Italian former Head teacher of "Liceo Classico Parmenide" Carlo di Legge; the Italian lecture and former Vice Director of the Center Contemporary of Arts, Giusy Rinaldi; the Italian librarian at "Biblioteca Provinciale of Salerno" Wilma Leone; the Italian officer at Chigi Palace Luca Paragano; the Italian officers at Soprintendenza of Salerno e Avellino Rosa Maria Vitola, Mariagrazia Barone, Silvia Pacifico and Antonia Autuori; the Italian archaeological sector manager for the Soprintendenza di Salerno e Avellino Tommasa Granese; the Italian Head Teacher of the Secondary School ITIS of Arezzo, Alessandro Artini; the Italian Head Teacher of Liceo Artistico "Sabatini-Menna" of Salerno Ester Andreola; the Italian Head Teacher of the Liceo Statale "Regina Margherita" Angela Nappi; the director of the "Acropolis Museum" of Agropoli, Elena Foccillo; Giancarlo Sammito teacher of English literature at Liceo Artistico di Brera, Milano; the Italian psychotherapist, opinionist for RAI and Mediaset and member United Nations Office at Geneva for rights of children Maria Rita Parsi; the Bulgarian artist Ilian Rachov; the Italian visual artists Antonello Pelliccia from Brera Academy, Edoardo Landi, Nello Teodori, Kuturi, Gianni Macalli from Accademia Carrara di Belle Arti di Bergamo; the Italian artisan Lucio Liguori; the Russian poet Julia Pikalova; the Italian female actor of Un posto al sole Patrizia Pozzi; the Italian poet Simone Fagioli; the Russian teacher Valentina Sentsova from Ciels University of Milan; the Italian president of the 'Circolo degli Artisti di Varese' Antonio Bandirali; the Italian director of the Museo di Etnopreistoria del C.A.I. di Napoli, a Castel dell'Ovo Vincenzo Di Gironimo; the Italian founders of the visual artistic group 'Kaos 48' Fabrizio Scomparin (nephew of Lucio Amelio) and Stefano Nasti; the Italian lecture creator of the prize 'Una fiaba tra i murales' Giuseppe Sica; the Italian founder of the festival (which festival about the Classical Greek Theatre has joined to the Movement too) "Velia-Teatro", Michele Murino; the Italian president of 'La Casa della Poesia di Como' Laura Garavaglia; the president for the club for UNESCO of Velia Massimo Trotta; the Italian co-founder of the Camaiore Poetry Prize Rosanna Lupi; the founders of the "Rete delle Scuole dell'Empatia" located in Viterbo Ulisse Mariani and Rosanna Schiralli; the Italian director of the National Dance Academy (Italy), located in Rome, Annamaria Galeotti; the Soprintendenza's director ai Beni Culturali e Paesaggistici di Salerno e Avellino Raffaella Bonaudo, the Senator of the Italian Republic Francesco Castiello; the president of the Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni Giuseppe Coccorullo; and many others coming from different filds of the Arts and from different countries. Between 2023 and 2024 the Movement was mentioned several times on the major television channels as Raiuno, Raidue and Raitre. In this same period the Soprintendenza of Salerno and Avellino organized a meeting in the high school of Salerno "Regina Margherita" to present the new movement and its importance in the world of school to have a more empathic approach. The Movement is presented also in Rome in a conference organized by the same Soprintendenza with a presentation of the Director of the Istituto Centrale per il Patrimonio Immateriale, Leandro Ventura. In 2023, the Museo Ugo Guidi located in Forte dei marmi adhered to the movement. The Paleontological museum of Magliano Vetere, (Adriano Piano as Mayor), announced to have fixed the Cultural Pyramid of Cilento on its main wall. From January till May 2023, many weekly events were organised in the cultural venue of Roccadaspide with specific presentations of empathic authors and artists. The title of the cultural program was "La Bottega dell'Anima" (in English: The Workshop of the Soul). On the 3th of October the author Gaetano Ricco dedicated one of his writings in praise of the Empathic Movement and his founder Menotti Lerro. In an article by the journalist and historian Nicola Femminella titled "La svolta culturale del Cilento realizzata da Menotti Lerro con le sue innovazioni" (in English: "The cultural turning point of Cilento achieved by Menotti Lerro with his innovations"), the same Femminella affirmed that "the Cultural Pyramid, with its 25 new cultural villages involved, guarantees to the Movement a suitable epicentre, determining what we could define as a true Lerrian miracle, having thus transformed the territory from rural to cultural". On the Magazine "Riscontri" the literay critic Francesco D'Episcopo defined the Movement as "a great invention of Menotti Lerro, who was heroic also to leave his job at the Mondadori publishing house of Segrate when he was only 25, to follow his pulsions about literature". Professor Mauro Afro Borella from Accademia Albertina affirmed that we were assisting to a deep change from silly irony, isolation and hipertrophied self to a new age of sobriety and reunification of the Arts and people, hypothesizing a passage from Postmodernism to Empathism, or considering Empathism as the first movement of a Post-postmodernism.

Myth of Unus by Omar Galliani based on the tale written by Menotti Lerro

In 2024 the Italian painter Omar Galliani, from Brera Academy, drew the figure of Unus, the symbolic Total Artist of the Empathic Movement. The Italian singers Michele Pecora and Santino Scarpa dedicate their own songs ("I poeti" from Pecora and "Dune Buggy", "Brotherly love" and "Angels and Beans" from Scarpa, sung from him in the cult films of Bud Spencer and Terence Hill) to the Empathic Movement. On the 16th of January the Museo Archeologico di Salerno invited Menotti Lerro to present the Movement. In February, the Hungarian Opera singer Istvàn Szelei affirmed that the Movement greatness consisted, among other things, to not have an ideological or admonitory moral but conceptual and spiritual, giving a universal meaning. He underlined how the "New Cultural Triangle of Ancient Cilento", in Southern Italy, was dreamed and created, and can be defined "as the therapeutic center of the European spirit". On 17th of March the farmhouse "Parmenide" located in Casal Velino adhered to the Empathic Movement "for a new philosophy of food". On the 21th of March, in occasion of the World Poetry Day, the Soprintendenza of Salerno and Avellino and the president of the Salerno Province Franco Alfieri organized a visit to Salento Cilento "The Poetry Village" to have a Poetry Reading based on the unpublished poems dedicated to Cilento and affixed on the wall of the village, written by all the poets winning the Cilento International Poetry Prize, and for a conference about the Empathic Movement. The University of Salerno invited Menotti Lerro to present the Movement the day 17th of April. On the 9th of May Menotti Lerro and Antonello Pelliccia present the "New Manifesto on the Arts" at the Turin International Book Fair. On June Menotti Lerro and Antonello Pelliccia present the Movement at the National Biblioteca di Brera with the title "Revolution and innovation through the new contemporary artistic-literary movement: Empathism!" (In Italian: "Rivoluzione e innovazione attraverso il nuovo movimento artistico-letterario della contemporaneità: l'Empatismo!"). On the 15th of June the Italian poet Maurizio Cucchi wrote an article, titled "La modernità del Movimento Empatico" (in English: "The modernity of the Empathic Movement"), for the daily newspaper Avvenire expressing the hope that this new movement may unify artists and people in the contemporary age. On the 17th of June professor Pina Basile from University of Salerno and Italian president of the Dante Alighieri Society of Salerno announced to have joined to the Empathic Movement. The 6th of July, Menotti Lerro announced that the poet Maurizio Cucchi was chosen as new Honorary President of the Centro Contemporaneo delle Arti. A deplorable episode happened to Salento Cilento "The Poetry Village" on Sunday the 7th of July. As stressed by Andrea Caruso for rainews, the new mayor, Michele Santoro, ordered without consulting anyone and without any official document approved, to destroy with pickaxes the poetic tiles with unpublished overwritten verses dedicated from all the winners of the Cilento International Poetry Prize to the Cilento's territory. The case was quickly stigmatized by the national press like a regrettable and uncivilized act. In an interview with Francesco Sampogna, Menotti Lerro asked to the Mayor Michele Santoro to give his resignation. The poet Davide Rondoni sent a letter to Il Mattino to express all his indignation for the mayor's reckless decision. Pasquale Scaldaferri, a journalist of rainews, stressed how the complete outrage was nowadays impossible to imagine in our society, especially after the shame happened with the destruction of art to Palmyra in 2013. The journalist and poet Ottavio Rossani on the poetry blog of the Corriere della Sera asked "Who are these people who are destroying the wonderful and deep work made in years by the poet Menotti Lerro to change his historical rural land in a land of poetry and high culture?" In the while time, on Tuesday the 16th of July, in England the Cambridge Scholars Publishing published the paperback edition of the volume The Empathic Movement. The day after, Menotti Lerro inaugurated a new literary column with the title "Il Foglio Empatico" (in English: "The Empathic Sheet") for the online newspaper "Il Quotidiano di Salerno". In his first article Lerro interrogated the mayor of Omignano Cilento ("Il Paese degli Aforismi") asking if he still wished to support the project or not, accusing the same mayor, Raffaele Mondelli, to never invest money in culture and in particular to not promote the "aphoristic village". On the 19th of July the official Website of Roccadaspide (with Gabriele Iuliano as Mayor) announced that the 30 artistic canvases painted and showing poems hand written by Menotti Lerro some years ago, will constitute a permanent exhibition in Piazza Crescella in a dedicated room. On Monday the 22th of July, talking to Radio Lombardia, the actor Mario Pirovano, well known for his work on the theatre of Dario Fo and Franca Rame, on the occasion of the awarding of the prize received in Peschici, the "Trabucco Prize-2024", talked of the importance of the Empathic Movement in his life in particular, Pirovano affirmed, because has given him new stimuli in the last years. On the 19th of July Professor Francesco D'Episcopo from University of Naples Federico II sent an open letter to the new Mayor of Salento Cilento ("The Poetry Village") to remind him about his painted and hand written tile on the City hall's wall... and how much Menotti Lerro worked to bring Cilento to be known and respectable in the World; On the 20th of July, the Director of the "Museo del Somaro" of Gualdo Tadino, Nello Teodori, with an official letter announced its adherence to the Empathic Movement. On Tuesday the 23th of July the newspaper "Il Quotidiano di Salerno" published the second "Empathic Sheet" of Menotti Lerro. In the end of the article, stressing the ostracism they gave him, Lerro invited "all artists and people of the world to resist to the brutal sentiments circulating nowadays in our society, and, furthermore, he added some "points of no return". In particular he affirmed that the Cilento International Poetry Prize will never be organized again in Salento Cilento ("The Poetry Village") as long as the present administration will be in command; in another key point he declared that he will never organize again a cultural event in Omignano Cilento ("The Aphorisms Village") as long as the present administration will be in command. On the "Empathic Sheet N°3" Menotti Lerro praised all the Mayors of the Cilento's territory helping the Empathic Movement to develop its epicenter (the Cultural Pyramid of Cilento). On the 1th of August the Empathic Masters, the Italian lecture Giuseppe Sica and Spanish Art Critic Rosa María Román Garrido, assisted their own territories, Orria Cilento and Cocentaina, to sign a twinning agreement in name of the Seventeenth-century painter Paolo De Matteis. Agostino Astore, Mayor of Orria and the fraction Piano Vetrale - "The Murals Village", stressed how important this agreement was also in relation to their membership to the Cultural Pyramid of Cilento, they affixed in the main square of the village, and to the Empathic Movement. On the 8th of August Antonello Pelliccia, Lino Vairetti and Deborah Farina organized an event in Carrara with title "Dimensione 70", as explained on the daily newspaper Il Tirreno, in collaboration with the Contemporary Centre of Arts and in name of the Empathic Movement. In the "Empathic Sheet N°4" Menotti Lerro paid tribute to all the artists who were bringing the "empathic discourse" both in Italy and abroad. He declared to have opened to a younger generation (compared with Masters) of artists, quoting the last two anthologies of "new Italian poets" published by Giulio Einaudi editore, describing himself as particularly pleased with the accessions of the poets he invited (Fantato, Tempesta, Frene, Fresa, Dagnino) "considered also the paradoxical difficulty to involve the generation closest to himself". On the 10th of August on the Arabic newspaper "Al-Araby, The New Arab", answering to some questions, Menotti Lerro explained how he created the Empathic Movement to give answers to a very closed and corrupted World, in particular he stressed the corruption in the Italian sistem, included the Italian publishing sector. On the "Empathic Sheet N°5" Lerro affirmed that while Italians were criticizing and mocking hardly the "brilliant and very authoritative Western Canon drawn up by Harold Bloom", they were at the same time building a "Domestic Canon" made through a corrupted editorial publishing sistem centered on friendships and clientelistic relationships (same as for Italian academic world) determining the contemporary disappearance of poetry books from all the Italian book shops due to a lack of trust of the readers, tired to find bad "new lines" to buy. He affirmed that it is different in other countries as for instance England where they use to select in a more meritocratic way their own new authors to publish. On the 30th of August, in Orria Cilento, in occasion of the publication in UK of the paperback edition of the volume The Empathic Movement, a cultural summit with Menotti Lerro and the so defined "good local politics", whose exponents were appointed by Lerro as "Custodi della Piramide" (In English: "Guardians of the Pyramid"), was organized. The firts "guardians" included: Agostino Astore, Mayor of Piano Vetrale "The Murals Village"; Francesco Castiello, Italian Senator; Gabriele Iuliano, Mayor of Roccadaspide "The Defense Village"; Gabriele De Marco, former mayor of Salento, Campania "The Poetry Village"; Adriano Piano, Mayor of Magliano Vetere "The Paleontological Village".

Manifesto of Empathism

The "Nuovo Manifesto sulle Arti" (In English: "New Manifesto on the Arts") conceived by Menotti Lerro and Antonello Pelliccia as an oral speech "Sulle Arti" (In English: "On the Arts") in occasion on the foundation of the Contemporary Centre of Arts, and defined as "New Manifesto" by the philosopher Remo Bodei, was firts published on the newspaper "Cronache di Salerno" on Tuesday, the 27 of February 2019, and some months later (14 October 2019) on the literary magazine "ClanDestino". In 2019 the "Nuovo Manifesto sulle Arti" was also published in the Magazine Annali Storici di Principato Citra. In 2020, the New Manifesto of Arts was published by Zona editrice in both: English and Italian versions. In 2022 the "New Manifesto" was published in the Magazine "Riscontri".

Manifesto Contents

The Manifesto, written in first person by Menotti Lerro and Antoello Pelliccia, starts explaining the reasons why Lerro decided to "join to many friends with different artistical roots". He stated that he understood "Art is only apparently divisible" and expressed his deep sorrow to be unable to possess and play with other arts ("At the moment, I nearly faint for the emotion in confessing it to myself: I need every art to be able to vibrate as I should like, to say as I would like, to represent it as I feel and see.") which would have help himself to better express his interior world and to be also "a less incomplete artist"; consequentially, joining to other artists was, in his opinion, the most viable solution: it was his own way to become a better artist, a "Total Artist": "It will be this union to give us the Total Artist we are looking for". Lerro put at the centre the need to have a new cultured art, stressing the importance of the tradition because "...in every art, those who have tried to innovate while forgetting tradition, have created a mostly ephemeral revolution that is often less innovative than the one lived by artists in previous centuries". For this reason the movement opposes the tabula rasa principle. Similar ideas expressed Antonello Pelliccia declaring the importance of interdisciplinarity and adding that "Art has always influenced the social climate, identifying, suggesting, and anticipating possible solutions to the problems of living and living together". Another important point is about "the phenomenon of the contemporary plagiarism among artists" due to the media and the Internet in particular, adding that " we must have the courage to say that this is happening!". In conclusion of the Manifesto, Lerro declared as a foundamental aim "to discover where the Total Artist hides himself in the Contemporary era" (in this last case meant as a single person).

The Movement's Prize

The Cilento International Poetry Prize (financed in 2022 from Italian Ministry of Culture for 140.500 Euro) and supported from the University of Salerno is considered by the Movement as its main present for deserving and empathetic artists. The Prize is officially supported by: Regione Campania, Provincia di Salerno, Comune di Salerno, Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio Salerno e Avellino, Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni, Comune di Salento Cilento, Comune di Roccadaspide Cilento.

The empathic ancient gods of the Stella Mountain

The Cultural Pyramid of Cilento, epicenter of the Movement, has its highest summit represented by the Star Mountain (in Italian: Monte Stella (Cilento)) with its megaliths which are considered as the empathic ancient gods of the Movement, capable of radiating and to fertilize the territory and the World with their light and energy. The most known megalith is called "the bastard's stone" in the local dialect "Preta ru Mulacchio" (In Italian: "Pietra del Bastardo") capable, according to the legend, of making women who rubbed their bellies on it fertile.

Some exhibitions and cultural events since 2019

  • On the 12th of January 2019 the 'Centro Contemporaneo delle Arti' inaugurates its seat in Vallo della Lucania with Menotti Lerro reading a discourse "On the Arts" (In Italian: "Sulle Arti") written by himself and the visual artist and Professor at the Brera Academy Antonello Pelliccia. This discourse was soon perceived as "New Manifesto" by some critics, in particular from the philosopher Remo Bodei.
  • On the 27th of February 2019 launch of "The New Manifesto on the Arts" at the Literary Caffé Giubbe Rosse in Florence.
  • The native municipality of Menotti Lerro grants him honorary citizenship and put an artistic mosaic with one of his aphorisms on one of the wall of the main hall.
  • The Centro Contemporaneo delle Arti opens an own seat to Milan
  • Launch of "The New Manifesto on the Arts" at the Brera Academy of Milan.
  • Giampiero Neri gave a Poetry Reading in occasion of the open seat in Milan of the Centro Contemporaneo delle Arti
  • On 17th of May 2019 Renato Galbusera and Maria Jannelli organized an art exhibition in the seat of the Contemporary centre of Arts with the title "Degli istinti, dell'estetica passione".
  • On 8th of June the Contemporary Center of Arts organized an art exhibition with original canvases by Ennio Morlotti with the title "Sedimenti del tempo". To introduce the operas the art critic Elena Pontiggia from Brera Academy.
  • On 18th of May the Contemporary center of Arts organized a lesson by the Professor Elvio Annese from Brera Academy about Poetic Documentaries with the title "Incontro sul documentario poetico con visione di filmati realizzati dall'autore".
  • On 9th of June in the seat of the Contemporary Center of Arts a group of visual artists organized an art exhibition dedicated to the new invented character of Menotti Lerro: Donna Giovanna. The title of the exhibition was "Donna Giovanna, l'ingannatrice di Salerno".
  • On 12th of June Omar Galliani and Menotti Lerro organized an art exhibition inviting the best students of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera to expose their own operas. The title was "Nero su Bianco".
  • Tiziano Rossi gave a Poetry Reading in the Centro Contemporaneo delle Arti seat
  • The painter Omar Galliani at the Provincial Museum of Salerno
  • Exhibition of Antonello Pelliccia with the title "Paesaggi dell'ombra" on 16th October 2021
  • Exhibition of Menotti Lerro's canvases at Pinacoteca Provinciale di Salerno
  • Exhibition of original canvases of classical artists with the title "Il femminile trasfigurato nel mito e nell'arte visiva moderna". Works by: Gustave Doré, Émile Bernard, Antoine Calbet, Henri Fantin-Latour, Louis André Lagrange, Paul César Helleu, Jean Dufy, Eugène Carrière, Hippolyte Petitjean, Louis Valtat, Félix Vallotton, Charles Camoin, Felice Casorati, Giovanni Boldini, Renato Guttuso.
  • Concert "I Battiti della Notte" by Menotti Lerro and Tomasz Krezymon
  • Cilento International Poetry Prize "Special Edition" for Franco Loi and Roberto Carifi at the Brera Academy of Milan
  • Conference at the Brera Academy on the "New Manifesto on the Arts"
  • Conference at the Central Library, Edinburgh on the "New Manifesto on the Arts"
  • Conference at the "Circolo della Stampa di Avellino"
  • Cesare Nardi and Antonello Pelliccia, art exhibition with the title "Genova – Carrara A/R"
  • Art exhibition by Cesare Nardi and Antonello Pelliccia with the title "Requiem"
  • Poetry Reading with Menotti Lerro presenting his "Seasons" in the Roccadaspide'seat of the Contemporary Centre of Arts
  • Cilento International Poetry Prize at Salerno
  • Conference to present The Movement at the Turin International Book Fair
  • Conference to present The Empathic Movement at Università degli Studi di Salerno
  • Thursday, September 5, 2024

    Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies

    10 mg methylphenidate tablet
    Despite their safety and effectiveness in treating ADHD symptoms, the use of methylphenidate and other stimulant medications is frequently a topic of public controversy.

    Despite the scientifically well-established nature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), its diagnosis, and its treatment, each of these has been controversial since the 1970s. The controversies involve clinicians, teachers, policymakers, parents, and the media. Positions range from the view that ADHD is within the normal range of behavior to the hypothesis that ADHD is a genetic condition. Other areas of controversy include the use of stimulant medications in children, the method of diagnosis, and the possibility of overdiagnosis. In 2009, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, while acknowledging the controversy, stated that the current treatments and methods of diagnosis are based on the dominant view of the academic literature.

    With differing rates of diagnosis across countries, states within countries, races, and ethnicities, some suspect factors other than the presence of the symptoms of ADHD are playing a role in diagnosis, although the prevalence of ADHD is consistent internationally. Some sociologists consider ADHD to be an example of the medicalization of deviant behavior, that is, turning the previously non-medical issue of school performance into a medical one. Most healthcare providers accept ADHD as a genuine disorder, at least in the small number of people with severe symptoms. Among healthcare providers the debate mainly centers on diagnosis and treatment in the much greater number of people with mild symptoms.

    Status as a disorder

    According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the leading authority in the US on clinical diagnosis, ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a prevalence rate in most cultures of about 5% in children and 2.5% in adults. Today, the existence of ADHD is widely accepted, but controversy around the disorder has existed since at least the 1970s. According to the DSM-5, symptoms must be present before age 12, but it is not uncommon for ADHD to continue into adulthood. Parents and educators sometimes still question a perceived over-diagnosis in children due to overlapping symptoms with other mental disabilities, and the effectiveness of treatment options, especially the overprescription of stimulant medications. However, according to sociology professor Vincent Parrillo, "Parent and consumer groups, such as CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), tend to support the medical perspective of ADHD."

    In 2009, the British Psychological Society and the Royal College of Psychiatrists, in collaboration with the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), released a set of diagnosis and treatment guidelines for ADHD. These guidelines reviewed studies by Ford et al. that found that 3.6 percent of boys and 0.85 percent of girls in Britain qualified for a diagnosis of ADHD using the American DSM-IV criteria. The guidelines go on to state that the prevalence drops to 1.5% when using the stricter criteria for the ICD-10 diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorder, used mainly in Europe.

    A systematic review of the literature in 2007 found that the worldwide prevalence of ADHD was 5.29 percent, and that there were no significant differences in prevalence rates between North America and Europe. The review did find differences between prevalence rates in North America and those in Africa and the Middle East, but cautioned that this may be due to the small number of studies available from those regions.

    Causes

    The pathogenesis of ADHD is not wholly clear, however a large body of scientific evidence supports that it is caused by a complex mixture of genetic, pre-natal and early post-natal environmental factors.

    ADHD as a biological difference

    Large, high quality research has found small differences in the brain between ADHD and non-ADHD patients. Jonathan Leo and David Cohen, critics who reject the characterization of ADHD as a disorder, contended in 2003 and 2004 that the controls for stimulant medication usage were inadequate in some lobar volumetric studies, which makes it impossible to determine whether ADHD itself or psychotropic medication used to treat ADHD is responsible for decreased thickness observed in certain brain regions. They believe many neuroimaging studies are oversimplified in both popular and scientific discourse and given undue weight despite deficiencies in experimental methodology. Many studies and meta-analyses have demonstrated differences in multiple aspects of brain structure and function.

    ADHD is highly heritable: twin studies suggest that genetics explain 70 to 80 percent of the variation of ADHD. There is also strong evidence to support genetic-environment interactions with some fetal and early post-natal environmental factors. However, some have questioned whether a genetic connection exists as no single gene has been found – this is known as the missing heritability problem, which ADHD shares with many other heritable human traits such as schizophrenia. In 2000, Dr. Joseph Glenmullen stated that "no claim of a gene for a psychiatric condition has stood the test of time, in spite of popular misinformation. Although many theories exist, there is no definitive biological, neurological, or genetic etiology for 'mental illness'." Authors of a review of ADHD etiology in 2004 noted: "Although several genome-wide searches have identified chromosomal regions that are predicted to contain genes that contribute to ADHD susceptibility, to date no single gene with a major contribution to ADHD has been identified." However, several large studies and reviews provide strong support that ADHD is polygenic in most cases, caused by a complex interaction between multiple genes – there is no single gene which would cause the majority of ADHD cases.

    Social construct theory

    Some social constructionist theories of ADHD reject the dominant medical consensus that ADHD has a distinct pathophysiology and genetic components. The symptoms of ADHD also happen to be morally questionable attributes, this is why the symptoms are described as inappropriate. Many social constructionists trenchantly question deterministic views of behaviour, such as those views sometimes put forth within behavioural/abnormal psychology and the biological sciences. Concerns have been raised over the threshold at which symptoms are pathologized, and how strongly social constructs surrounding the symptoms and diagnosis of ADHD may differ between cultures. The social construction theory of ADHD argues that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is not necessarily an actual pathology, but that an ADHD diagnosis is a socially constructed explanation to describe behaviors that simply do not meet prescribed social norms.

    Some proponents of the social construct theory of ADHD seem to regard the disorder as genuine, though over-diagnosed in some cultures. These proponents cite as evidence that the DSM IV, favored in the United States for defining and diagnosing mental illness, arrives at levels of ADHD three to four times higher than criteria in the ICD 10, the diagnostic guide favored by the World Health Organization. A popular proponent of this theory, Thomas Szasz, has argued that ADHD was "invented and not discovered."

    Psychiatrists Peter Breggin and Sami Timimi oppose pathologizing the symptoms of ADHD. Sami Timimi, who is a child and adolescent psychiatrist with the NHS, argues that ADHD is not an objective disorder but that western society creates stress on families which in turn suggests environmental causes for children expressing the symptoms of ADHD. They also believe that parents who feel they have failed in their parenting responsibilities can use the ADHD label to absolve guilt and self-blame. Timimi's view has been heavily criticized by Russell Barkley, a strong proponent of ADHD as an independent pathology and of medicating children for ADHD symptoms.

    A common argument against the medical model of ADHD asserts that, while the traits that define ADHD exist and may be measurable, they lie within the spectrum of normal healthy human behaviour and are not dysfunctional. As Thomas Szasz puts it, everyone has problems and difficulties that should be categorized as "problems of living", not mental illnesses or diseases. However, by definition, in order to diagnose with a mental disorder, symptoms must be interpreted as causing a person distress or be especially maladaptive. In the United States, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) requires that "some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings" and that "there must be clear evidence of significant impairment in social, school, or work functioning" for a diagnosis of ADHD to be made.

    In this view, in societies where passivity and order are highly valued, those on the active end of the active-passive spectrum may be seen as problems. Medically defining their behaviour (through medical labels such as ADHD) serves the purpose of removing blame from those causing the problem. However, strict social constructions views are controversial, due to a number of studies that cite significant psychological and social differences between those diagnosed with the disorder, and those who are not. The specific reasons for these differences are not certain, and this does not suggest anything other than a difference in behavior. Studies have also shown neurological differences, but whether this signifies an effect rather than a cause is unknown. Such differences could also be attributed the drugs commonly prescribed to people with this disorder. Studies have also been able to differentiate ADHD from other psychiatric disorders in its symptoms, associated features, life course, and comorbidity.

    Gerald Coles, an educational psychologist and formerly an associate professor of clinical psychiatry at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and the University of Rochester who has written extensively on literacy and learning disabilities, asserts that there are partisan agendas behind the educational policy-makers and that the scientific research that they use to support their arguments regarding the teaching of literacy are flawed. These include the idea that there are neurological explanations for learning disabilities. Gerald Coles argues that school failure must be viewed and treated in the context of both the learning environment and the child's individual abilities, behavior, family life, and social relationships. He then presents a new model of learning problems, in which family and school environments are the major determinants of academic success. In this interactive paradigm, the attitudes and methods of education are more important than inherent strengths or deficits of the individual child.

    Diagnosis

    Methods of diagnosis

    Since the early 2000s, research on the functioning of the brain has been conducted to help support the idea that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is an executive dysfunction issue. The brains of males and females are showing differences, which could potentially help explain why ADHD presents differently in boys and girls. The current method of diagnosis made is using the DSM-5, along with a possible physical and visual examination.

    Over- and under-diagnosis

    Overdiagnosis typically refers to the phenomenon of children without ADHD being systematically erroneously diagnosed with ADHD. These instances are termed as false positives. However, the "presence of false positives alone does not indicate overdiagnosis". There may be evidence of overdiagnosis if inaccuracies are shown consistently in the accepted prevalence rates or in the diagnostic process itself. "For ADHD to be overdiagnosed, the rate of false positives (i.e., children inappropriately diagnosed with ADHD) must substantially exceed the number of false negatives (children with ADHD who are not identified or diagnosed)." Children aged 8 to 15 years living in the community indicated an ADHD prevalence rate of 7.8%. However, only 48% of the ADHD sample had received any mental health care over the past 12 months.

    Evidence also exists of possible differences of race and ethnicity in the prevalence of ADHD. Some believe this may be due to different perceptions of what qualifies as disruptive behavior, inattention and hyperactivity.

    It is argued that over-diagnosis occurs more in well-off or more homogeneous communities, whereas under-diagnosis occurs more frequently in poorer and minority communities due to lack of resources and lack of financial access. Those without health insurance are less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. It is further believed that the "distribution of ADHD diagnosis falls along socioeconomic lines", according to the amount of wealth within a neighborhood. Therefore, the difficulty of applying national, general guidelines to localized and specific contexts, such as where referral is unavailable, resources are lacking or the patient is uninsured, may assist in the establishment of a misdiagnosis of ADHD.

    Development can also influence perception of relevant ADHD symptoms. ADHD is viewed as a chronic disorder that develops in childhood and continues into adulthood. However, some research shows a decline in the symptoms of ADHD as children grow up and mature into adulthood. As children move into the stage of adolescence, the most common reporters of ADHD symptoms, parents and teachers, tend to focus on behaviors affecting academic performance. Some research has shown that the primary symptoms of ADHD were strong discriminators in parent ratings, but differed for specific age groups. Hyperactivity was a stronger discriminator of ADHD in children, while inattentiveness was a stronger discriminator in adolescents.

    Issues with comorbidity are another possible explanation in favor of the argument of overdiagnosis. As many as 75% of diagnosed children with ADHD meet criteria for some other psychiatric diagnosis. Among children diagnosed with ADHD, about 25% to 30% have anxiety disorders, 9% to 32% have depression, 45% to 84% have oppositional defiant disorder, and 44% to 55% of adolescents have conduct disorder. Learning disorders are found in 20% to 40% of children with ADHD.

    Another possible explanation of over-diagnosis of ADHD is the "relative-age effect", which applies to children of both sexes. Younger children are more likely to be inappropriately diagnosed with ADHD and treated with prescription medication than their older peers in the same grade. Children who are almost a year younger tend to appear more immature than their classmates, which influences both their academic and athletic performance.

    The debate of underdiagnosis, or giving a "false negative", has also been discussed, specifically in literature concerning ADHD among adults, girls and underprivileged communities. It is estimated that in the adult population, rates of ADHD are somewhere between 4% and 6%. However, as little as 11% of these adults with ADHD actually receive assessment, much less any form of treatment. Between 30% and 70% of children with ADHD report at least one impairing symptom of ADHD in adulthood, and 30% to 50% still meet the diagnostic criteria for ADHD.

    Research on gender differences also reveals an argument for underdiagnosis of ADHD among girls. The ratio for male-to-female is 4:1 with 92% of girls with ADHD receiving a primarily inattentive subtype diagnosis. This difference in gender can be explained, for the majority, by the different ways boys and girls express symptoms of this particular disorder. Typically, females with ADHD exhibit less disruptive behaviors and more internalizing behaviors. Girls tend to show fewer behavioral problems, show fewer aggressive behaviors, are less impulsive, and are less hyperactive than boys diagnosed with ADHD. These patterns of behavior are less likely to disrupt the classroom or home setting, therefore allowing parents and teachers to easily overlook or neglect the presence of a potential problem. The current diagnostic criteria appear to be more geared towards symptoms more common in males than in females, and the ADHD characteristics of men have been over-represented. This leaves many women and girls with ADHD neglected.

    As stated previously, underdiagnosis is also believed to be seen in more underprivileged communities. These communities tend to be poorer and inhabit more minorities. More than 50% of children with mental health needs do not receive assessment or treatment. Access to mental health services and resources differs on a wide range of factors, such as "gender, age, race or ethnicity and health insurance". Therefore, children deserving of an ADHD diagnosis may never receive this confirmation and are not identified or represented in prevalence rates.

    In 2005, 82 percent of teachers in the United States considered ADHD to be over diagnosed while three percent considered it to be under diagnosed. In China 19 percent of teachers considered ADHD to be over diagnosed while 57 percent considered it to be under diagnosed.

    The British Psychological Society said in a 1997 report that physicians and psychiatrists should not follow the American example of applying medical labels to such a wide variety of attention-related disorders: "The idea that children who don't attend or who don't sit still in school have a mental disorder is not entertained by most British clinicians." The NICE, in collaboration with others, release guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. An update was last published in 2019.

    There have been notable differences in the diagnosis patterns of birthdays in school-age children. Those born relatively younger to the school starting age than others in a classroom environment are shown to be more likely diagnosed with ADHD. Boys who were born in December in which the school age cut-off was December 31 were shown to be 30% more likely to be diagnosed and 41% to be treated than others born in January. Girls born in December had a diagnosis percentage of 70% and 77% treatment more than ones born the following month. Children who were born at the last 3 days of a calendar year were reported to have significantly higher levels of diagnosis and treatment for ADHD than children born at the first 3 days of a calendar year. The studies suggest that ADHD diagnosis is prone to subjective analysis.

    Treatment

    ADHD management recommendations vary by country and usually involves some combination of counseling, lifestyle changes, and medications. The British guideline only recommends medications as a first-line treatment in children who have severe symptoms and for them to be considered in those with moderate symptoms who either refuse or fail to improve with counseling. Canadian and American guidelines recommend that medications and behavioral therapy be used together as a first-line therapy, except in preschool-aged children.

    Stimulants

    The National Institute of Mental Health recommends stimulants for the treatment of ADHD, and states that, "under medical supervision, stimulant medications are considered safe". A 2007 drug class review found no evidence of any differences in efficacy or side effects in the stimulants commonly prescribed.

    Methylphenidate and amphetamine are the most common stimulants used for treating ADHD. Studies have shown that providing low doses of methylphenidate and amphetamine improves individuals' executive functioning and focus attention. Individuals with ADHD have a weaker prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is the target of the stimulants as it is what regulates individuals attention and behavior. The stimulants have shown to increase the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine that are released into the prefrontal cortex. Stimulants are often used multiple times a day and/or in combination with other treatments.

    Methylphenidate is commonly used for treating ADHD, narcolepsy, and for cognitive enhancement. It was first created by chemist Leandro Panizzon in 1944 and later patented in 1954 by a Swiss pharmaceutical company known as Ciba. Methylphenidate was first introduced into the market as Ritalin in the 1950s. Methylphenidate gradually gained attention for its effects in treating narcolepsy. The use of methylphenidate expanded in the 1960s when it was discovered to be effective in treating hyperkinetic disorder, now known as ADHD.

    Between 1993 and 2003 the worldwide use of medications that treat ADHD increased almost threefold. Most ADHD medications are prescribed in the United States. In the 1990s, the US accounted for 90% of global use of stimulants such as methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine. Although in the 2000s, trends and patterns in data show that there was a rise in the percentage of drug usage in other countries worldwide. Prevalence and incidence rates of the use of stimulants increased at a high rate worldwide after 1995 and continued to rise at a lower rate until it plateaued in 2008. The global usage of stimulants was rising at rates related to the high percentage used originally in the US. Many other countries began to see more prescriptions for stimulants as well as more usage of prescription stimulants such as methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine among children and adults. From 1994-2000 as many as 10 countries saw a dramatic 12% increase in the use of stimulants. Australia and New Zealand became the third highest users of stimulants after the United States and Canada respectively. By 2015 countries such as the UK saw a rise of stimulant prescriptions by 800%. The time period with the highest rise in percentage being from 1995-2003.

    Dextroamphetamine is an extremely powerful stimulant, commonly used to treat sleep disorders and ADHD. The medicine can be taken with or without food, and it is available in three different forms, Oral tablet, Oral extended-release capsule, and oral solutions. However, you cannot buy this medicine without a doctor's prescription.

    In 2003, doctors in the UK were prescribing about a 10th of the amount per capita of methylphenidate used in the US, while France and Italy accounted for approximately one twentieth of US stimulant consumption. However, the 2006 World Drug Report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime indicated the US constituted merely 17% of the world market for dextroamphetamine. They assert that in the early 2000s amphetamine use was "widespread in Europe."

    In 1999, a study constructed with 1,285 children and their parents across four U.S. communities has shown 12.5% of children that met ADHD criteria had been treated with stimulants during the previous 12 months. In May 2000, the testimony of DEA Deputy Director Terrance Woodworth has shown that the Ritalin quota increased from 1,768 kg in 1990 to 14,957 kg in 2000. In addition, IMS Health also revealed the number of Adderall prescriptions have increased from 1.3 million in 1996 to nearly 6 million in 1999.

    Adverse effects

    Some parents and professionals have raised questions about the side effects of drugs and their long-term use. Magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest that long-term treatment with amphetamine or methylphenidate decreases abnormalities in brain structure and function found in subjects with ADHD, and improves function of the right caudate nucleus. On February 9, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration voted to recommend a "black-box" warning describing the cardiovascular risks of stimulant drugs used to treat ADHD. Subsequently, the USFDA commissioned studies which found that, in children, young adults, and adults, there is no association between serious adverse cardiovascular events (sudden death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) and the medical use of amphetamine or other ADHD stimulants.

    The effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate on gene regulation are both dose- and route-dependent. Most of the research on gene regulation and addiction is based upon animal studies with intravenous amphetamine administration at very high doses. The few studies that have used equivalent (weight-adjusted) human therapeutic doses and oral administration show that these changes, if they occur, are relatively minor. The long-term effects on the developing brain and on mental health disorders in later life of chronic use of methylphenidate is unknown. Despite this, between 0.51% to 1.23% of children between the ages of 2 and 6 years take stimulants in the US. Stimulant drugs are not approved for this age group.

    In individuals who experience sub-normal height and weight gains during stimulant therapy, a rebound to normal levels is expected to occur if stimulant therapy is briefly interrupted. The average reduction in final adult height from continuous stimulant therapy over a 3-year period is 2 cm. Amphetamines doubles the risk of psychosis compared to methylphenidate in ADHD patients.

    Effectiveness

    The use of stimulant medication for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is well-researched and considered one of the most effective treatments in psychiatry. A 2015 study examined the long-term effects of stimulant medication for ADHD, and reported that stimulants are a highly effective treatment for ADHD in the short term when used properly. The findings for long term effects were limited. However, this study concluded that stimulant medication is a safe and effective treatment for ADHD.

    A 2017 review assessed the advantages and disadvantages of both behavioral therapies and pharmacological interventions for the treatment of ADHD. It was reported that stimulants are a very effective treatment during the time period in which they are taken. While the short-term benefits were clearly demonstrated, the long-term benefits were less clear.

    Another 2013 review aimed to identify the direct and indirect impacts of stimulant medication on the long-term outcomes of adults with ADHD. It was found that medication was significantly more effective than placebos for treating adults. Additionally, after conducting longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, it was reported that stimulant treatment for ADHD is tolerated well, and has long term benefits.

    Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term amphetamine use for ADHD. An evidence review noted the findings of a randomized controlled trial of amphetamine treatment for ADHD in Swedish children following 9 months of amphetamine use. During treatment, the children experienced improvements in attention, disruptive behaviors, and hyperactivity, and an average change of +4.5 in IQ. It was noted that the population in the study had a high rate of comorbid disorders associated with ADHD, and suggested that other long-term amphetamine trials in people with fewer associated disorders could find greater functional improvements.

    Treatment non-adherence and acceptability

    The rates of treatment discontinuation are higher than the rates of ADHD patients that receive no treatment at all; few studies present evidence that adherence to ADHD treatment is occurring at high rates with low acceptability. A literature review on empirical studies from 1997 to 2014 revealed a lack of research on adult non-adherence, however there is a large body of research on children and adolescents who discontinue treatment. Some of the common reasons for stopping treatment includes the idea that it is not needed or does not reduce the symptoms of ADHD, as well as reported adverse drug effects like weight and appetite loss, sleeping difficulties, combined with other medically diagnosed conditions.

    Research has shown that adherence and acceptability improvements are possible with accessible and convenient community-based treatment options. Some schools in the United States have attempted to make it mandatory for hyperactive children to receive medication based treatment in order to attend classes, however the United States Senate passed a bill in 2005 against this practice.

    Potential for misuse

    Stimulants used to treat ADHD are classified as Schedule II controlled substances in the United States. Schedule II controlled substances are substances that are highly likely to be abused.

    Methylphenidate has become a commonly used drug for people diagnosed with ADHD. Aside from its medical usage, it has gained popularity from people who aim to use the drug as a “study drug” or for a feeling similar to that of cocaine. A 2005 study looked at 100 college students who used Methylphenidate of which, 30% of the subjects claimed to use Methylphenidate for studying purposes, and these students were less likely to partake in intranasal usage of the substance. The other 70% of the students were using it recreationally accompanied with other illicit substances, as well as more likely to partake in intranasal use of methylphenidate.

    There were about 6.4 million children who received a diagnosis for ADHD in 2011 according to the CDC. Both children with and without ADHD abuse stimulants, with ADHD individuals being at the highest risk of abusing or diverting their stimulant prescriptions.

    In 2008, Between 16 and 29 percent of students who are prescribed stimulants report diverting their prescriptions. Between 5 and 9 percent of grade/primary and high school children and between 5 and 35 percent of college students have used nonprescribed stimulants. Most often their motivation is to concentrate, improve alertness, get high, or to experiment. Stimulant medications may be resold by patients as recreational drugs, and methylphenidate (Ritalin) is used as a study aid by some students without ADHD.

    Non-medical prescription stimulant use by US students is high. A 2003 study found that non-prescription use within the last year by college students in the US was 4.1%. A 2008 meta-analysis found even higher rates of non-prescribed stimulant use. It found 5% to 9% of grade school and high school children and 5% to 35% of college students used a non-prescribed stimulant in the last year.

    In 2009, 8% of United States Major League Baseball players had been diagnosed with ADHD, making the disorder particularly common among this population. The increase coincided with the League's 2006 ban on stimulants, which raised concern that some players were mimicking or falsifying the symptoms or history of ADHD to get around the ban on the use of stimulants in sport.

    Role and views of Scientology

    An article in the Los Angeles Times stated that "the uproar over Ritalin was triggered almost single-handedly by the Scientology movement." Ritalin is a common stimulant medication. The Citizens Commission on Human Rights, an anti-psychiatry group formed by scientologists in 1969, conducted a major campaign against Ritalin in the 1980s and lobbied the US Congress for an investigation into Ritalin. Scientology publications claimed that the "real target of the campaign" was "the psychiatric profession itself" and said that the campaign "brought wide acceptance of the fact that (the commission) [sic] and the Scientologists are the ones effectively doing something about ... psychiatric drugging".

    Conflicts of interest

    In 2008 five pharmaceutical companies received warning from the FDA regarding false advertising and inappropriate professional slide decks related to ADHD medication. In September 2008 the FDA sent notices to Novartis Pharmaceuticals and Johnson & Johnson regarding advertisings of Focalin XR and Concerta in which they overstated products' efficacies. A similar warning was sent to Shire plc with respect to Adderall XR.

    In 2008, it was revealed that Joseph Biederman of Harvard, a frequently cited ADHD expert, failed to report to Harvard that he had received $1.6 million from pharmaceutical companies between 2000 and 2007. E. Fuller Torrey, executive director of the Stanley Medical Research Institute which finances psychiatric studies, said "In the area of child psychiatry in particular, we know much less than we should, and we desperately need research that is not influenced by industry money."

    In 2014, Keith Conners, one of the early advocates for the recognition of the disorder, spoke out against overdiagnosis in a New York Times article. In contrast, a 2014 peer-reviewed medical literature review indicated that ADHD is underdiagnosed in adults.

    Stigma

    Russell Barkley believes labeling is a double-edged sword; there are many pitfalls to labeling but by using a precise label, services can be accessed. He also believes that labeling can help the individual understand and make an informed decision how best to deal with the diagnoses using evidence-based knowledge. Studies also show that the education of the siblings and parents has at least a short-term impact on the outcome of treatment. Barkley states this about ADHD rights: "... because of various legislation that has been passed to protect them. There are special education laws with the Americans with Disabilities Act, for example, mentioning ADHD as an eligible condition. If you change the label, and again refer to it as just some variation in normal temperament, these people will lose access to these services, and will lose these hard-won protections that keep them from being discriminated against." Psychiatrist Harvey Parker, who founded CHADD, states, "we should be celebrating the fact that school districts across the country are beginning to understand and recognize kids with ADHD, and are finding ways of treating them. We should celebrate the fact that the general public doesn't look at ADHD kids as 'bad' kids, as brats, but as kids who have a problem that they can overcome". However, children may be ridiculed at school by their peers for using psychiatric medications including those for ADHD.

    Politics and media

    North America

    In 1998, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) released a consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. The statement, while recognizing that stimulant treatment is controversial, supports the validity of the ADHD diagnosis and the efficacy of stimulant treatment. It found controversy only in the lack of sufficient data on long-term use of medications and in the need for more research in many areas.

    The validity of the work of many of the ADHD experts (including Biederman) has been called into question by Marcia Angell, former editor in chief of the New England Journal of Medicine, in her book review, "Drug Companies & Doctors: A Story of Corruption."

    Europe

    The UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) concluded that while it is important to acknowledge the body of academic literature which raises controversies and criticisms surrounding ADHD for the purpose of developing clinical guidelines, it is not possible to offer alternative methods of assessment (i.e. ICD 10 and DSM IV) or therapeutic treatment recommendations. NICE stated that this is because the current therapeutic treatment interventions and methods of diagnosis for ADHD are based on the dominant view of the academic literature. NICE further concluded that despite such criticism, ADHD represented a valid clinical condition, with genetic, environmental, neurobiological and demographic factors. The diagnosis has a high level of support from clinicians and medical authorities.

    Baroness Susan Greenfield wanted a wide-ranging inquiry in the UK House of Lords into the dramatic increase in the diagnosis of ADHD in the UK and its possible causes. This followed a BBC Panorama program which distorted research in order to suggest that medications are not effective in the long term. In 2010, the BBC Trust criticized the 2007 Panorama program for how it summarized the research, as the research had found that there was a significant improvement over time.

    Other notable individuals in the UK have made controversial statements about ADHD. Terence Kealey, a clinical biochemist and vice-chancellor of University of Buckingham, has stated his belief that ADHD medication is used to control unruly boys and girls behavior.

    Norwegian National Broadcasting (NRK) broadcast a short television series in early 2005 on the increase in the use of Ritalin and Concerta for children. Sales were six times higher in 2004 than in 2002. The series included the announcement of a successful group therapy program for 127 unmedicated children aged four to eight, some with ADHD and some with oppositional defiant disorder.

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