The cover to Flatland, first edition
| |
| Author | Edwin A. Abbott |
|---|---|
| Illustrator | Edwin A. Abbott |
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Genre | Mathematical fiction |
| Publisher | Seeley & Co. |
Publication date
| 1884 |
| OCLC | 2306280 |
| LC Class | QA699 |
| Text | Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions at Wikisource |
Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions is a satirical novella by the English schoolmaster Edwin Abbott Abbott, first published in 1884 by Seeley & Co. of London.
Written pseudonymously by "A Square", the book used the fictional two-dimensional world of Flatland to comment on the hierarchy of Victorian culture, but the novella's more enduring contribution is its examination of dimensions.
Several films have been made from the story, including the feature film Flatland (2007). Other efforts have been short or experimental films, including one narrated by Dudley Moore and the short films Flatland: The Movie (2007) and Flatland 2: Sphereland (2012).
Plot
Illustration of a simple house in Flatland.
The story describes a two-dimensional world occupied by geometric
figures, whereof women are simple line-segments, while men are polygons
with various numbers of sides. The narrator is a square
named A Square, a member of the caste of gentlemen and professionals,
who guides the readers through some of the implications of life in two
dimensions. The first half of the story goes through the practicalities
of existing in a two-dimensional universe as well as a history leading
up to the year 1999 on the eve of the 3rd Millennium.
On New Year's Eve, the Square dreams about a visit to a
one-dimensional world (Lineland) inhabited by "lustrous points". These
points are unable to see the Square as anything other than a set of
points on a line. Thus, the Square attempts to convince the realm's
monarch of a second dimension; but is unable to do so. In the end, the
monarch of Lineland tries to kill A Square rather than tolerate his
nonsense any further.
Following this vision, he is himself visited by a three-dimensional sphere
named A Sphere. Similar to the "points" in Lineland, the Square is
unable to see the sphere as anything other than a circle. The Sphere
then levitates up and down through the Flatland, allowing Square to see
the circle expand and retract. The Square is not fully convinced until
he sees Spaceland (a tridimensional world) for himself. This Sphere
visits Flatland at the turn of each millennium to introduce a new
apostle to the idea of a third dimension in the hopes of eventually
educating the population of Flatland. From the safety of Spaceland, they
are able to observe the leaders of Flatland secretly acknowledging the
existence of the sphere and prescribing the silencing of anyone found
preaching the truth of Spaceland and the third dimension. After this
proclamation is made, many witnesses are massacred or imprisoned
(according to caste), including A Square's brother, B.
After the Square's mind is opened to new dimensions, he tries to
convince the Sphere of the theoretical possibility of the existence of a
fourth (and fifth, and sixth ...) spatial dimension; but the Sphere
returns his student to Flatland in disgrace.
The Square then has a dream in which the Sphere visits him again,
this time to introduce him to Pointland, whereof the point (sole
inhabitant, monarch, and universe in one) perceives any communication as
a thought originating in his own mind (cf. Solipsism):
"You see," said my Teacher, "how little your words have done. So far as the Monarch understands them at all, he accepts them as his own – for he cannot conceive of any other except himself – and plumes himself upon the variety of Its Thought as an instance of creative Power. Let us leave this god of Pointland to the ignorant fruition of his omnipresence and omniscience: nothing that you or I can do can rescue him from his self-satisfaction."
— the Sphere
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The last sketch in the book.
The Square recognises the identity of the ignorance of the monarchs
of Pointland and Lineland with his own (and the Sphere's) previous
ignorance of the existence of higher dimensions. Once returned to
Flatland, the Square cannot convince anyone of Spaceland's existence,
especially after official decrees are announced that anyone preaching
the existence of three dimensions will be imprisoned (or executed,
depending on caste). Eventually the Square himself is imprisoned for
just this reason, with only occasional contact with his brother who is
imprisoned in the same facility. He does not manage to convince his
brother, even after all they have both seen. Seven years after being
imprisoned, A Square writes out the book Flatland in the form of a
memoir, hoping to keep it as posterity for a future generation that can
see beyond their two-dimensional existence.
Social elements
Men are portrayed as polygons
whose social status is determined by their regularity and the number of
their sides, with a Circle considered the "perfect" shape. On the other
hand, women consist only of lines and are required by law to sound a
"peace-cry" as they walk, lest they be mistaken face-to-face for a point.
The Square evinces accounts of cases where women have accidentally or
deliberately stabbed men to death, as evidence of the need for separate
doors for women and men in buildings.
In the world of Flatland, classes are distinguished by the "Art
of Hearing", the "Art of Feeling", and the "Art of Sight Recognition".
Classes can be distinguished by the sound of one's voice, but the lower
classes have more developed vocal organs, enabling them to feign the
voice of a Polygon or even a Circle. Feeling, practised by the lower
classes and women, determines the configuration of a person by feeling
one of its angles. The "Art of Sight Recognition", practised by the
upper classes, is aided by "Fog", which allows an observer to determine
the depth of an object. With this, polygons with sharp angles relative
to the observer will fade more rapidly than polygons with more gradual
angles. Colour of any kind is banned in Flatland after Isosceles workers
painted themselves to impersonate noble Polygons. The Square describes
these events, and the ensuing class war at length.
The population of Flatland can "evolve" through the "Law of
Nature", which states: "a male child shall have one more side than his
father, so that each generation shall rise (as a rule) one step in the
scale of development and nobility. Thus the son of a Square is a
Pentagon, the son of a Pentagon, a Hexagon; and so on".
This rule is not the case when dealing with isosceles triangles (Soldiers and Workmen) with only two congruent
sides. The smallest angle of an Isosceles Triangle gains thirty arc
minutes (half a degree) each generation. Additionally, the rule does not
seem to apply to many-sided Polygons. For example, the sons of several
hundred-sided Polygons will often develop fifty or more sides more than
their parents. Furthermore, the angle of an Isosceles Triangle or the
number of sides of a (regular) Polygon may be altered during life by
deeds or surgical adjustments.
An equilateral triangle
is a member of the craftsman class. Squares and Pentagons are the
"gentlemen" class, as doctors, lawyers, and other professions. Hexagons
are the lowest rank of nobility, all the way up to (near) Circles, who
make up the priest class. The higher-order Polygons have much less of a
chance of producing sons, preventing Flatland from being overcrowded
with noblemen.
Only regular Polygons are considered until chapter seven of the
book when the issue of irregularity, or physical deformity, became
considered. In a two dimensional world a regular polygon can be
identified by a single angle and/or vertex.
To maintain social cohesion, irregularity is to be abhorred, with moral
irregularity and criminality cited, "by some" (in the book), as
inevitable additional deformities, a sentiment with which the Square
concurs. If the error of deviation is above a stated amount, the
irregular Polygon faces euthanasia;
if below, he becomes the lowest rank of civil servant. An irregular
Polygon is not destroyed at birth, but allowed to develop to see if the
irregularity can be "cured" or reduced. If the deformity remains, the
irregular is "painlessly and mercifully consumed."
As a social satire
In Flatland
Abbott describes a society rigidly divided into classes. Social ascent
is the main aspiration of its inhabitants, apparently granted to
everyone but strictly controlled by the top of the hierarchy. Freedom is
despised and the laws are cruel. Innovators are imprisoned or
suppressed. Members of lower classes who are intellectually valuable,
and potential leaders of riots, are either killed, or promoted to the
higher classes. Every attempt for change is considered dangerous and
harmful. This world is not prepared to receive "Revelations from another
world".
The satirical part is mainly concentrated in the first part of the book,
"This World", which describes Flatland. The main points of interest are
the Victorian concept of women's roles in the society and in the
class-based hierarchy of men. Abbott has been accused of misogyny due to his portrait of women in Flatland.
In his Preface to the Second and Revised Edition, 1884, he answers such
critics by emphasizing that the description of women was satirizing the
viewpoints held, stating that the Square:
was writing as a Historian, he has identified himself (perhaps too closely) with the views generally adopted by Flatland and (as he has been informed) even by Spaceland, Historians; in whose pages (until very recent times) the destinies of Women and of the masses of mankind have seldom been deemed worthy of mention and never of careful consideration.
— the Editor
Critical reception
Although Flatland was not ignored when it was published, it did not obtain a great success. In the entry on Edwin Abbott in the Dictionary of National Biography, Flatland is not even mentioned.
The book was discovered again after Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity was published, which brought to prominence the concept of a fourth dimension. Flatland was mentioned in a letter entitled "Euclid, Newton and Einstein" published in Nature on 12 February 1920. In this letter Abbott is depicted, in a sense, as a prophet due to his intuition of the importance of time to explain certain phenomena:
Some thirty or more years ago a little jeu d'esprit was written by Dr. Edwin Abbott entitled Flatland. At the time of its publication it did not attract as much attention as it deserved... If there is motion of our three-dimensional space relative to the fourth dimension, all the changes we experience and assign to the flow of time will be due simply to this movement, the whole of the future as well as the past always existing in the fourth dimension.
— from a "Letter to the Editor" by William Garnett. in Nature on February 12, 1920.
The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography now contains a reference to Flatland.
Adaptations and parodies
Numerous imitations or sequels to Flatland have been created. Examples include:
In film
- Flatland (1965), an animated short film based on the novella, was directed by Eric Martin and based on an idea by John Hubley.
- Flatland (2007), a 98-minute animated independent feature film version directed by Ladd Ehlinger Jr, updates the satire from Victorian England to the modern-day United States.
- Flatland: The Movie (2007), by Dano Johnson and Jeffrey Travis, is a 34-minute animated educational film. Its sequel was Flatland 2: Sphereland (2012), inspired by the novel Sphereland by Dionys Burger.
In literature
Books and short stories inspired by Flatland include:
- An Episode on Flatland: Or How a Plain Folk Discovered the Third Dimension by Charles Howard Hinton (1907)
- The Dot and the Line: A Romance in Lower Mathematics by Norton Juster (1963)
- Sphereland by Dionys Burger (1965)
- The Incredible Umbrella by Marvin Kaye (1980)
- "Message Found in a Copy of Flatland" by Rudy Rucker (1983)
- The Planiverse by A. K. Dewdney (1984)
- Flatterland by Ian Stewart (2001)
- Spaceland by Rudy Rucker (2002)
- VAS: An Opera in Flatland (2002) by Steve Tomasula, which uses the two-dimensional world to critique contemporary society
Popular culture
Physicists and science popularizers Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking have both commented on and postulated about the effects of Flatland. Sagan recreates the thought experiment as a set-up to discussing the possibilities of higher dimensions of the physical universe in both the book and television series Cosmos,
whereas Hawking notes the impossibility of life in two-dimensional
space, as any inhabitants would necessarily be unable to digest their
own food.
Flatland features in The Big Bang Theory episode "The Psychic Vortex", when Sheldon Cooper declares it one of his favourite imaginary places to visit.
It also features in the Futurama episode "2-D Blacktop", when Professor Farnsworth's adventures in drag racing lead to a foray of drifting in and out of inter-dimensional spaces.
The main antagonist of Gravity Falls, Bill Cipher, is hinted to hail from a world like Flatland, describing the inhabitants of his dimension as "flat minds in a flat world with flat dreams" and responding to inquiries about his origins on Reddit that "EDWIN ABBOTT ABBOTT HAS A DECENT IDEA."
On the series The Orville,
episode "New Dimensions", Captain Ed Mercer references Flatland and its
theme of social hierarchy in response to both the discovery of a
two-dimensional anomaly in space, as well as his and another colleague's
questionable promotions through the ranks.
In the episode of the series The Problem Solverz "Zoo Cops", Flatland is described by Dorkface as A 2-Dimensional world where everyone is flat like a sticker. The world is also home to TuxDog's 2D Doppelgänger FlatDog.
