Lettuce and wheat grown in an aeroponic apparatus, NASA, 1998
Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium (known as geoponics). The word "aeroponic" is derived from the Greek meanings of aer (ἀήρ, "air") and ponos (πόνος, "labour"). Aeroponic culture differs from both conventional hydroponics, aquaponics, and in-vitro (plant tissue culture)
growing. Unlike hydroponics, which uses a liquid nutrient solution as a
growing medium and essential minerals to sustain plant growth; or
aquaponics which uses water and fish waste, aeroponics is conducted
without a growing medium. It is sometimes considered a type of hydroponics, since water is used in aeroponics to transmit nutrients.
Methods
The basic principle of aeroponic growing is to grow plants suspended in a closed or semi-closed environment by spraying the plant's dangling roots and lower stem with an atomized or sprayed, nutrient-rich water solution. The leaves and crown, often called the canopy, extend above. The roots of the plant are separated by the plant support structure. Often, closed-cell foam
is compressed around the lower stem and inserted into an opening in the
aeroponic chamber, which decreases labor and expense; for larger
plants, trellising is used to suspend the weight of vegetation and fruit.
Ideally, the environment is kept free from pests and disease so that the plants may grow healthier and more quickly than plants grown in a medium.
However, since most aeroponic environments are not perfectly closed
off to the outside, pests and disease may still cause a threat.
Controlled environments advance plant development, health, growth,
flowering and fruiting for any given plant species and cultivars.
Due to the sensitivity of root systems, aeroponics is often combined with conventional hydroponics, which is used as an emergency "crop saver" – backup nutrition and water supply – if the aeroponic apparatus fails.
High-pressure aeroponics is defined as delivering nutrients to
the roots via 20–50 micrometre mist heads using a high-pressure (80
pounds per square inch (550 kPa)) diaphragm pump.
Benefits and drawbacks
Many types of plants can be grown aeroponically.
Increased air exposure
Close-up
of the first patented aeroponic plant support structure (1983). Its
unrestricted support of the plant allows for normal growth in the
air/moisture environment, and is still in use today.
Air cultures optimize access to air for successful plant growth.
Materials and devices which hold and support the aeroponic grown plants
must be devoid of disease or pathogens. A distinction of a true
aeroponic culture and apparatus is that it provides plant support
features that are minimal. Minimal contact between a plant and support
structure allows for 100% of the plant to be entirely in air. Long-term
aeroponic cultivation requires the root systems to be free of
constraints surrounding the stem and root systems. Physical contact is
minimized so that it does not hinder natural growth and root expansion
or access to pure water, air exchange and disease-free conditions.
Benefits of oxygen in the root zone
Oxygen (O2) in the rhizosphere (root zone) is necessary for healthy plant growth. As aeroponics is conducted in air combined with micro-droplets of water, almost any plant can grow to maturity in air with a plentiful supply of oxygen, water and nutrients.
Some growers favor aeroponic systems over other methods of hydroponics because the increased aeration of nutrient solution delivers more oxygen to plant roots, stimulating growth and helping to prevent pathogen formation.
Clean air supplies oxygen which is an excellent purifier for
plants and the aeroponic environment. For natural growth to occur, the
plant must have unrestricted access to air. Plants must be allowed to
grow in a natural manner for successful physiological development. The
more confining the plant support becomes, the greater incidence of
increasing disease pressure of the plant and the aeroponic system.
Some researchers have used aeroponics to study the effects of
root zone gas composition on plant performance. Soffer and Burger
[Soffer et al., 1988] studied the effects of dissolved oxygen
concentrations on the formation of adventitious roots in what they
termed “aero-hydroponics.” They utilized a 3-tier hydro and aero system,
in which three separate zones were formed within the root area. The
ends of the roots were submerged in the nutrient reservoir, while the
middle of the root section received nutrient mist and the upper portion
was above the mist. Their results showed that dissolved O2 is essential to root formation, but went on to show that for the three O2
concentrations tested, the number of roots and root length were always
greater in the central misted section than either the submersed section
or the un-misted section. Even at the lowest concentration, the misted
section rooted successfully.
Other benefits of air (CO2)
Plants in a true aeroponic apparatus have 100% access to the CO2 concentrations ranging from 450 ppm to 780 ppm for photosynthesis. At one mile (1.6 km) above sea level, the CO2 concentration in the air is 450 ppm during daylight. At night, the CO2
level will rise to 780 ppm. Lower elevations will have higher levels.
In any case, the air culture apparatus offers the ability for plants to
have full access to all of the available CO2 in the air for photosynthesis.
Growing under lights during the evening allows aeroponics to benefit from the natural occurrence.
Disease-free cultivation
Aeroponics
can limit disease transmission since plant-to-plant contact is reduced
and each spray pulse can be sterile. In the case of soil, aggregate, or
other media, disease can spread throughout the growth media, infecting
many plants. In most greenhouses, these solid media require
sterilization after each crop and, in many cases, they are simply
discarded and replaced with fresh, sterile media.
A distinct advantage of aeroponic technology is that if a particular plant does become diseased, it can be quickly removed from the plant support structure without disrupting or infecting the other plants.
Basil grown from seed in an aeroponic system located inside a modern greenhouse was first achieved 1986.
Due to the disease-free environment that is unique to aeroponics,
many plants can grow at higher density (plants per square meter) when
compared to more traditional forms of cultivation (hydroponics,
soil and Nutrient Film Technique [NFT]). Commercial aeroponic systems
incorporate hardware features that accommodate the crop's expanding root
systems.
Researchers have described aeroponics as a "valuable, simple, and
rapid method for preliminary screening of genotypes for resistance to
specific seedling blight or root rot.”
The isolating nature of the aeroponic system allowed them to
avoid the complications encountered when studying these infections in
soil culture.
Water and nutrient hydro-atomization
Aeroponic
equipment involves the use of sprayers, misters, foggers, or other
devices to create a fine mist of solution to deliver nutrients to plant
roots. Aeroponic systems are normally closed-looped systems providing
macro and micro-environments suitable to sustain a reliable, constant
air culture. Numerous inventions have been developed to facilitate
aeroponic spraying and misting. The key to root development in an
aeroponic environment is the size of the water droplet. In commercial
applications, a hydro-atomizing spray at 360° is employed to cover large
areas of roots utilizing air pressure misting.
A variation of the mist technique employs the use of ultrasonic foggers to mist nutrient solutions in low-pressure aeroponic devices.
Water droplet size is crucial for sustaining aeroponic growth.
Too large a water droplet means less oxygen is available to the root
system. Too fine a water droplet, such as those generated by the
ultrasonic mister, produce excessive root hair without developing a lateral root system for sustained growth in an aeroponic system.
Mineralization of the ultrasonic transducers
requires maintenance and potential for component failure. This is also a
shortcoming of metal spray jets and misters. Restricted access to the
water causes the plant to lose turgidity and wilt.
Advanced materials
NASA
has funded research and development of new advanced materials to
improve aeroponic reliability and maintenance reduction. It also has
determined that high pressure hydro-atomized mist of 5-50 micrometres
micro-droplets is necessary for long-term aeroponic growing.
For long-term growing, the mist system must have significant pressure to force the mist into the dense root system(s). Repeatability is the key to aeroponics and includes the hydro-atomized droplet size. Degradation
of the spray due to mineralization of mist heads inhibits the delivery
of the water nutrient solution, leading to an environmental imbalance in
the air culture environment.
Special low-mass polymer materials were developed and are used to eliminate mineralization in next generation hydro-atomizing misting and spray jets.
Nutrient uptake
Close-up of roots grown from wheat seed using aeroponics, 1998
The discrete nature of interval and duration aeroponics allows the
measurement of nutrient uptake over time under varying conditions.
Barak et al. used an aeroponic system for non-destructive measurement of
water and ion uptake rates for cranberries (Barak, Smith et al. 1996).
In their study, these researchers found that by measuring the concentrations and volumes of input and efflux solutions, they could accurately calculate the nutrient uptake rate (which was verified by comparing the results with N-isotope
measurements). After verification of their analytical method, Barak et
al. went on to generate additional data specific to the cranberry, such
as diurnal variation in nutrient uptake, correlation between ammonium uptake and proton
efflux, and the relationship between ion concentration and uptake.
Work such as this not only shows the promise of aeroponics as a research
tool for nutrient uptake, but also opens up possibilities for the
monitoring of plant health and optimization of crops grown in closed
environments.
Atomization (>65 pounds per square inch (450 kPa)), increases
bioavailability of nutrients, consequently, nutrient strength must be
significantly reduced or leaf and root burn will develop. Note the large
water droplets in the photo to the right. This is caused by the feed
cycle being too long or the pause cycle too short; either discourages
both lateral root growth and root hair development. Plant growth and
fruiting times are significantly shortened when feed cycles are as short
as possible. Ideally, roots should never be more than slightly damp
nor overly dry. A typical feed/pause cycle is < 2 seconds on,
followed by ~1.5-2 minute pause- 24/7, however, when an accumulator
system is incorporated, cycle times can be further reduced to < ~1
second on, ~1 minute pause.
As a research tool
Soon
after its development, aeroponics took hold as a valuable research
tool. Aeroponics offered researchers a noninvasive way to examine roots
under development. This new technology also allowed researchers a larger
number and a wider range of experimental parameters to use in their
work.
The ability to precisely control the root zone moisture levels
and the amount of water delivered makes aeroponics ideally suited for
the study of water stress. K. Hubick evaluated aeroponics as a means to
produce consistent, minimally water-stressed plants for use in drought
or flood physiology experiments.
Aeroponics is the ideal tool for the study of root morphology.
The absence of aggregates offers researchers easy access to the entire,
intact root structure without the damage that can be caused by removal
of roots from soils or aggregates. It’s been noted that aeroponics
produces more normal root systems than hydroponics.
Terminology
- Aeroponic growing refers to plants grown in an air culture that can develop and grow in a normal and natural manner.
- Aeroponic growth refers to growth achieved in an air culture.
- Aeroponic system refers to hardware and system components assembled to sustain plants in an air culture.
- Aeroponic greenhouse refers to a climate controlled glass or plastic structure with equipment to grow plants in air/mist environment.
- Aeroponic conditions refers to air culture environmental parameters for sustaining plant growth for a plant species.
- Aeroponic roots refers to a root system grown in an air culture.
Types of aeroponics
Low-pressure units
In most low-pressure aeroponic gardens, the plant roots are suspended above a reservoir
of nutrient solution or inside a channel connected to a reservoir. A
low-pressure pump delivers nutrient solution via jets or by ultrasonic
transducers, which then drips or drains back into the reservoir. As
plants grow to maturity in these units they tend to suffer from dry
sections of the root systems, which prevent adequate nutrient uptake.
These units, because of cost, lack features to purify the nutrient
solution, and adequately remove incontinuities, debris, and unwanted pathogens. Such units are usually suitable for bench top growing and demonstrating the principles of aeroponics.
High-pressure devices
High-pressure
aeroponic techniques, where the mist is generated by high-pressure
pump(s), are typically used in the cultivation of high value crops and
plant specimens that can offset the high setup costs associated with
this method of horticulture.
High-pressure aeroponics systems include technologies for air and water purification, nutrient sterilization, low-mass polymers and pressurized nutrient delivery systems.
Commercial systems
Commercial aeroponic systems comprise high-pressure device hardware and biological systems. The biological systems matrix includes enhancements for extended plant life and crop maturation.
Biological subsystems and hardware components include effluent
controls systems, disease prevention, pathogen resistance features,
precision timing and nutrient solution pressurization, heating and
cooling sensors, thermal control of solutions, efficient photon-flux light arrays, spectrum filtration spanning, fail-safe sensors and protection, reduced maintenance & labor saving features, and ergonomics and long-term reliability features.
Commercial aeroponic systems, like the high-pressure devices, are used for the cultivation of high value crops where multiple crop rotations are achieved on an ongoing commercial basis.
Advanced commercial systems include data gathering, monitoring, analytical feedback and internet connections to various subsystems.
History
In 1911, V.M.Artsikhovski published in the journal "Experienced
Agronomy" an article "On Air Plant Cultures", which talks about his
method of physiological studies of root systems by spraying various
substances in the surrounding air - the aeroponics method. He designed
the first aeroponics and in practice showed their suitability for plant
cultivation.
It was W. Carter in 1942 who first researched air culture growing
and described a method of growing plants in water vapor to facilitate
examination of roots.
As of 2006, aeroponics is used in agriculture around the globe.
In 1944, L.J. Klotz was the first to discover vapor misted citrus
plants in a facilitated research of his studies of diseases of citrus
and avocado roots. In 1952, G.F. Trowel grew apple trees in a spray
culture.
It was F. W. Went in 1957 who first coined the air-growing
process as “aeroponics”, growing coffee plants and tomatoes with
air-suspended roots and applying a nutrient mist to the root section.
Genesis Machine, 1983
GTi’s Genesis Rooting System, 1983
The first commercially available aeroponic apparatus was manufactured and marketed by GTi in 1983. It was known then as the Genesis Machine - taken from the movie Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. The Genesis Machine was marketed as the "Genesis Rooting System".
GTi's device incorporated an open-loop water driven apparatus, controlled by a microchip, and delivered a high pressure, hydro-atomized nutrient spray inside an aeroponic chamber.
At the time, the achievement was revolutionary in terms of a developing (artificial air culture) technology. The Genesis Machine simply connected to a water faucet and an electrical outlet.
Aeroponic propagation (cloning)
GTi's apparatus cut-away of vegetative cutting propagated aeroponically, achieved 1983
Aeroponic culturing revolutionized cloning (propagation from cutting)
of plants. Firstly, aeroponics allowed the whole process to be carried
out in a single, automated unit. Numerous plants which were previously considered difficult, or impossible, to propagate from cuttings could now be replicated simply from a single stem cutting. This was a major boon to green houses attempting to propagate delicate hardwoods or cacti – plants normally propagated by seed due to the likeliness of bacterial infection in cuttings.
Aeroponics has now largely surpassed hydroponics and tissue culture as means for sterile propagation of plant species. With the Genesis Machine,
or other comparable aeroponics setup, any grower could clone plants.
Due to the automation of most parts of the process, plants could be
cloned and grown by the hundreds or even thousands. In short, cloning
became easier because the aeroponic apparatus initiated faster and
cleaner root development through a sterile, nutrient rich, highly
oxygenated, and moist environment (Hughes, 1983).
Air-rooted transplants
Cloned aeroponics transplanted directly into soil
Aeroponics significantly advanced tissue culture technology. It
cloned plants in less time and reduced numerous labor steps associated
with tissue culture techniques. Aeroponics could eliminate stage I and
stage II plantings into soil (the bane of all tissue culture growers).
Tissue culture plants must be planted in a sterile media (stage-I) and
expanded out for eventual transfer into sterile soil (stage-II). After
they are strong enough they are transplanted directly to field soil.
Besides being labor-intensive, the entire process of tissue culture is
prone to disease, infection, and failure.
With the use of aeroponics, growers cloned
and transplanted air-rooted plants directly into field soil. Aeroponic
roots were not susceptible to wilting and leaf loss, or loss due to
transplant shock (something hydroponics can never overcome). Because of
their healthiness, air-rooted plants were less likely to be infected
with pathogens. (If the RH of the root chamber gets above 70 degrees F, fungus gnats, algae, anaerobic bacteria are likely to develop.)
The efforts by GTi ushered in a new era of artificial life
support for plants capable of growing naturally without the use of soil
or hydroponics. GTi received a patent for an all-plastic aeroponic
method and apparatus, controlled by a microprocessor in 1985.
Aeroponics became known as a time and cost saver. The economic factors of aeroponic’s contributions to agriculture were taking shape.
Genesis Growing System, 1985
GTi's Aeroponic Growing System greenhouse facility, 1985
By 1985, GTi introduced second generation aeroponics hardware, known
as the "Genesis Growing System". This second generation aeroponic
apparatus was a closed-loop system. It utilized recycled effluent
precisely controlled by a microprocessor. Aeroponics graduated to the
capability of supporting seed germination, thus making GTi's the world's
first plant and harvest aeroponic system.
Many of these open-loop unit and closed-loop aeroponic systems are still in operation today.
Commercialization
Aeroponics
eventually left the laboratories and entered into the commercial
cultivation arena. In 1966, commercial aeroponic pioneer B. Briggs
succeeded in inducing roots on hardwood cuttings by air-rooting. Briggs
discovered that air-rooted cuttings were tougher and more hardened than
those formed in soil and concluded that the basic principle of
air-rooting is sound. He discovered air-rooted trees could be
transplanted to soil without suffering from transplant shock or setback
to normal growth. Transplant shock is normally observed in hydroponic transplants.
In Israel in 1982, L. Nir developed a patent for an aeroponic
apparatus using compressed low-pressure air to deliver a nutrient
solution to suspended plants, held by styrofoam, inside large metal containers.
In summer 1976, British researcher John Prewer carried out a series of aeroponic experiments near Newport, Isle of Wight, U.K., in which lettuces (variety Tom Thumb) were grown from seed to maturity in 22 days in polyethylene film tubes made rigid by pressurized air supplied by ventilating fans. The equipment used to convert the water-nutrient into fog droplets was supplied by Mee Industries of California.
"In 1984 in association with John Prewer, a commercial grower on the
Isle of Wight - Kings Nurseries - used a different design of aeroponics
system to grow strawberry
plants. The plants flourished and produced a heavy crop of strawberries
which were picked by the nursery's customers. The system proved
particularly popular with elderly
customers who appreciated the cleanliness, quality and flavor of the
strawberries, and the fact they did not have to stoop when picking the
fruit."
In 1983, R. Stoner filed a patent for the first microprocessor
interface to deliver tap water and nutrients into an enclosed aeroponic
chamber made of plastic. Stoner has gone on to develop numerous
companies researching and advancing aeroponic hardware, interfaces,
biocontrols and components for commercial aeroponic crop production.
The first commercial aeroponic greenhouse for aeroponic food production – 1986
In 1985, Stoner's company, GTi, was the first company to manufacture,
market and apply large-scale closed-loop aeroponic systems into
greenhouses for commercial crop production.
In the 1990s, GHE or General Hydroponics [Europe] thought to try
to introduce aeroponics to the hobby hydroponics market and finally came
to the Aerogarden system. However, this could not be classed as 'true'
aeroponics because the Aerogarden produced tiny droplets of solution
rather than a fine mist of solution; the fine mist was meant to
reproduce true Amazon rain. In any case, a product was introduced to
the market and the grower could broadly claim to be growing their
hydroponic produce aeroponically. A demand for aeroponic growing in the
hobby market had been established and moreover it was thought of
as the ultimate hydroponic growing technique. The difference between
true aeroponic mist growing and aeroponic droplet growing had become
very blurred in the eyes of many people.
At the end of the nineties, a UK firm, Nutriculture, was encouraged
enough by industry talk to trial true aeroponic growing; although these
trials showed positive results compared with more traditional growing
techniques such as NFT and Ebb & Flood there were drawbacks, namely
cost and maintenance. To accomplish true mist aeroponics a special pump
had to be used which also presented scalability problems.
Droplet-aeroponics was easier to manufacture, and as it produced
comparable results to mist-aeroponics, Nutriculture began development of
a scalable, easy to use droplet-aeroponic system. Through trials they
found that aeroponics was ideal for plant propagation;
plants could be propagated without medium and could even be grown-on.
In the end, Nutriculture acknowledged that better results could be
achieved if the plant was propagated in their branded X-stream aeroponic
propagator and moved on to a specially designed droplet-aeroponic
growing system - the Amazon.
Aeroponically grown food
In
1986, Stoner became the first person to market fresh aeroponically
grown food to a national grocery chain. He was interviewed on NPR and discussed the importance of the water conservation features of aeroponics for both modern agriculture and space.
Aeroponics in space
Space plants
NASA
life support GAP technology with untreated beans (left tube) and
biocontrol treated beans (right tube) returned from the Mir space
station aboard the space shuttle – September 1997
Plants were first taken into Earth's orbit in 1960 on two separate missions, Sputnik 4 and Discoverer 17. On the former mission, wheat, pea, maize, spring onion, and Nigella damascena seeds were carried into space, and on the latter mission Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells were brought into orbit.
Plant experiments were later performed on a variety of Bangladesh, China, and joint Soviet-American missions, including Biosatellite II (Biosatellite program), Skylab 3 and 4, Apollo-Soyuz, Sputnik, Vostok, and Zond. Some of the earliest research results showed the effect of low gravity on the orientation of roots and shoots (Halstead and Scott 1990).
Subsequent research went on to investigate the effect of low
gravity on plants at the organismic, cellular, and subcellular levels.
At the organismic level, for example, a variety of species, including pine, oat, mung bean, lettuce, cress, and Arabidopsis thaliana,
showed decreased seedling, root, and shoot growth in low gravity,
whereas lettuce grown on Cosmos showed the opposite effect of growth in
space (Halstead and Scott 1990). Mineral uptake seems also to be
affected in plants grown in space. For example, peas grown in space
exhibited increased levels of phosphorus and potassium and decreased levels of the divalent cations calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and iron (Halstead and Scott 1990).
Biocontrols in space
In
1996, NASA sponsored Stoner’s research for a natural liquid biocontrol,
known then as ODC (organic disease control), that activates plants to
grow without the need for pesticides as a means to control pathogens in a
closed-loop culture system. ODC is derived from natural aquatic
materials.
By 1997, Stoner’s biocontrol experiments were conducted by NASA.
BioServe Space Technologies’s GAP technology (miniature growth
chambers) delivered the ODC solution unto bean seeds. Triplicate ODC
experiments were conducted in GAP’s flown to the MIR by the space
shuttle; at the Kennedy Space Center; and at Colorado State University
(J. Linden). All GAPS were housed in total darkness to eliminate light
as an experiment variable. The NASA experiment was to study only the
benefits of the biocontrol.
NASA's experiments aboard the MIR space station and shuttle
confirmed that ODC elicited increased germination rate, better
sprouting, increased growth and natural plant disease mechanisms when
applied to beans in an enclosed environment. ODC is now a standard for pesticide-free aeroponic growing and organic farming. Soil and hydroponics growers can benefit by incorporating ODC into their planting techniques. ODC meets USDA NOP standards for organic farms.
Aeroponics for space and Earth
NASA aeroponic lettuce seed germination. Day 30.
In 1998, Stoner received NASA funding to develop a high performance
aeroponic system for earth and space. Stoner demonstrated that a dry
bio-mass of lettuce can be significantly increased with aeroponics. NASA
utilized numerous aeroponic advancements developed by Stoner. Due to
this advancement we can use as a reference to space aeroponics.
Abstract: The purpose of the research conducted was to identify
and demonstrate technologies for high-performance plant growth in a
variety of gravitational environments. A low-gravity environment, for
example, poses the problems of effectively bringing water and other
nutrients to the plants and effecting recovery of effluents. Food
production in the low-gravity environment of space provides further
challenges, such as minimization of water use, water handling, and
system weight. Food production on planetary bodies such as the Moon or
Mars also requires dealing with a hypogravity environment. Because of
the impacts to fluid dynamics in these various gravity environments, the
nutrient delivery system has been a major focus in plant growth system
optimization.
There are a number of methods currently utilized (both in low
gravity and on Earth) to deliver nutrients to plants. Substrate
dependent methods include traditional soil cultivation, zeoponics, agar,
and nutrient-loaded ion exchange resins. In addition to substrate
dependent cultivation, many methods using no soil have been developed
such as nutrient film technique, ebb and flow, aeroponics, and many
other variants. Many hydroponic systems can provide high plant
performance but nutrient solution throughput is high, necessitating
large water volumes and substantial recycling of solutions, and the
control of the solution in hypogravity conditions is difficult at best.
Aeroponics, with its use of a hydro-atomized spray to deliver
nutrients, minimizes water use, increases oxygenation of roots, and
offers excellent plant growth, while at the same time approaching or
bettering the low nutrient solution throughput of other systems
developed to operate in low gravity. Aeroponics’ elimination of
substrates and the need for large nutrient stockpiles reduces the amount
of waste materials to be processed by other life support systems.
Furthermore, the absence of substrates simplifies planting and
harvesting (providing opportunities for automation), decreases the
volume and weight of expendable materials, and eliminates a pathway for
pathogen transmission. These many advantages combined with the results
of this research that prove the viability of aeroponics in microgravity
makes aeroponics a logical choice for efficient food production in
space.]
NASA inflatable aeroponics
In
1999, Stoner, funded by NASA, developed an inflatable low-mass
aeroponic system (AIS) for space and earth for high performance food
production.This advancements are very useful in space aeroponics.
Abstract: Aeroponics International’s (AI’s) innovation is a
self-contained, self-supporting, inflatable aeroponic crop production
unit with integral environmental systems for the control and delivery of
a nutrient/mist to the roots. This inflatable aeroponic system
addresses the needs of subtopic 08.03 Spacecraft Life Support
Infrastructure and, in particular, water and nutrient delivery systems
technologies for food production. The inflatable nature of our
innovation makes it lightweight, allowing it to be deflated so it takes
up less volume during transportation and storage. It improves on AI’s
current aeroponic system design that uses rigid structures, which use
more expensive materials, manufacture processes, and transportation. As a
stationary aeroponic system, these existing high-mass units perform
very well, but transporting and storing them can be problematic.
On Earth, these problems may hinder the economic feasibility of
aeroponics for commercial growers. However, such problems become
insurmountable obstacles for using these systems on long-duration space
missions because of the high cost of payload volume and mass during
launch and transit.
The NASA efforts lead to developments of numerous advanced materials for aeroponics for earth and space.
Benefits of aeroponics for earth and space
NASA aeroponic lettuce seed germination- Day 3
Aeroponics possesses many characteristics that make it an effective and efficient means of growing plants.
Less nutrient solution throughout
NASA aeroponic lettuce seed germination- Day 12
Plants grown using aeroponics spend 99.98% of their time in air and
0.02% in direct contact with hydro-atomized nutrient solution. The time
spent without water allows the roots to capture oxygen more efficiently.
Furthermore, the hydro-atomized mist also significantly contributes to
the effective oxygenation of the roots. For example, NFT has a
nutrient throughput of 1 liter per minute compared to aeroponics’
throughput of 1.5 milliliters per minute.
The reduced volume of nutrient throughput results in reduced amounts of nutrients required for plant development.
Another benefit of the reduced throughput, of major significance
for space-based use, is the reduction in water volume used. This
reduction in water volume throughput corresponds with a reduced buffer
volume, both of which significantly lighten the weight needed to
maintain plant growth. In addition, the volume of effluent from the
plants is also reduced with aeroponics, reducing the amount of water
that needs to be treated before reuse.
The relatively low solution volumes used in aeroponics, coupled
with the minimal amount of time that the roots are exposed to the
hydro-atomized mist, minimizes root-to-root contact and spread of
pathogens between plants.
Greater control of plant environment
NASA aeroponic lettuce seed germination (close-up of root zone environment)- Day 19
Aeroponics allows more control of the environment around the root
zone, as, unlike other plant growth systems, the plant roots are not
constantly surrounded by some medium (as, for example, with hydroponics,
where the roots are constantly immersed in water).
Improved nutrient feeding
A
variety of different nutrient solutions can be administered to the root
zone using aeroponics without needing to flush out any solution or
matrix in which the roots had previously been immersed. This elevated
level of control would be useful when researching the effect of a varied
regimen of nutrient application to the roots of a plant species of
interest.
In a similar manner, aeroponics allows a greater range of growth
conditions than other nutrient delivery systems. The interval and
duration of the nutrient spray, for example, can be very finely attuned
to the needs of a specific plant species.
The aerial tissue can be subjected to a completely different environment
from that of the roots.
More user-friendly
The
design of an aeroponic system allows ease of working with the plants.
This results from the separation of the plants from each other, and the
fact that the plants are suspended in air and the roots are not
entrapped in any kind of matrix. Consequently, the harvesting of
individual plants is quite simple and straightforward. Likewise,
removal of any plant that may be infected with some type of pathogen is
easily accomplished without risk of uprooting or contaminating nearby
plants.
More cost effective
Close-up of aeroponically grown corn and roots inside an aeroponic (air-culture) apparatus, 2005
Aeroponic systems are more cost effective than other systems.
Because of the reduced volume of solution throughput (discussed above),
less water and fewer nutrients are needed in the system at any given
time compared to other nutrient delivery systems. The need for
substrates is also eliminated, as is the need for many moving parts .
Use of seed stocks
With
aeroponics, the deleterious effects of seed stocks that are infected
with pathogens can be minimized. As discussed above, this is due to the
separation of the plants and the lack of shared growth matrix. In
addition, due to the enclosed, controlled environment, aeroponics can be
an ideal growth system in which to grow seed stocks that are
pathogen-free. The enclosing of the growth chamber, in addition to the
isolation of the plants from each other discussed above, helps to both
prevent initial contamination from pathogens introduced from the
external environment and minimize the spread from one plant to others of
any pathogens that may exist.
21st century aeroponics
Modern
aeroponics allows high density companion planting of many food and
horticultural crops without the use of pesticides - due to unique
discoveries aboard the space shuttle
Aeroponics is an improvement in artificial life support for
non-damaging plant support, seed germination, environmental control and
rapid unrestricted growth when compared with hydroponics and drip
irrigation techniques that have been used for decades by traditional
agriculturalists.
Contemporary aeroponics
Contemporary aeroponic techniques have been researched at NASA's research and commercialization center
BioServe Space Technologies
located on the campus of the University of Colorado in Boulder,
Colorado. Other research includes enclosed loop system research at Ames Research Center, where scientists were studying methods of growing food crops in low gravity situations for future space colonization.
In 2000, Stoner was granted a patent for an organic disease
control biocontrol technology that allows for pesticide-free natural
growing in an aeroponic systems.
In 2004, Ed Harwood, founder of AeroFarms, invented an aeroponic system that grows lettuces on micro fleece cloth.
AeroFarms, utilizing Harwood's patented aeroponic technology, is now
operating the largest indoor vertical farm in the world based on annual
growing capacity in Newark, New Jersey. By using aeroponic technology
the farm is able to produce and sell up to two million pounds of
pesticide-free leafy greens per year.
Aeroponic bio-pharming
Aeroponically grown biopharma corn, 2005
Aeroponic bio-pharming is used to grow pharmaceutical medicine inside
of plants. The technology allows for completed containment of allow
effluents and by-products of biopharma crops to remain inside a
closed-loop facility.
As recently as 2005, GMO research at South Dakota State University by Dr. Neil Reese applied aeroponics to grow genetically modified corn.
According to Reese it is a historical feat to grow corn in an aeroponic apparatus for bio-massing. The university’s past attempts to grow all types of corn using hydroponics ended in failure.
Using advanced aeroponics techniques to grow genetically modified
corn Reese harvested full ears of corn, while containing the corn
pollen and spent effluent water and preventing them from entering the
environment. Containment of these by-products ensures the environment
remains safe from GMO contamination.
Reese says, aeroponics offers the ability to make bio-pharming economically practical.
Large scale integration of aeroponics
Aeroponic Graduate Program: Hanoi Agricultural University, Hanoi, Vietnam
In 2006, the Institute of Biotechnology at Vietnam National University of Agriculture,
in joint efforts with Stoner, established a postgraduate doctoral
program in aeroponics. The university's Agrobiotech Research Center,
under the direction of Professor Nguyen Quang Thach, is using aeroponic laboratories to advance Vietnam's minituber potato production for certified seed potato production.
Aeroponic potato explants on day 3 after insertion in the aeroponic system, Hanoi
The historical significance for aeroponics is that it is the first
time a nation has specifically called out for aeroponics to further an
agricultural sector, stimulate farm economic goals, meet increased
demands, improve food quality and increase production.
"We have shown that aeroponics, more than any other form of
agricultural technology, will significantly improve Vietnam's potato
production. We have very little tillable land, aeroponics makes complete
economic sense to us”, attested Thach.
Aeroponic greenhouse for potato minituber product Hanoi 2006
Vietnam joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in January 2007. The impact of aeroponics in Vietnam will be felt at the farm level.
Aeroponic integration in Vietnamese agriculture will begin by
producing a low cost certified disease-free organic minitubers, which in
turn will be supplied to local farmers for their field plantings of
seed potatoes and commercial potatoes. Potato farmers will benefit from
aeroponics because their seed potatoes will be disease-free and grown
without pesticides. Most importantly for the Vietnamese farmer, it will
lower their cost of operation and increase their yields, says Thach.
