| Hugo Award | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Awarded for | Best science fiction or fantasy works of previous year |
| Presented by | World Science Fiction Society |
| First awarded | 1953 |
| Website | thehugoawards |
The Hugo Awards are a set of literary awards voted on by members of the current World Science Fiction Convention and presented annually by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The awards are named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories. Organized and overseen by the World Science Fiction Society, the awards are given each year at the annual Worldcon. They were first given in 1953 at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention, and have been awarded every year since 1955.
Over the years that the award has been given, the categories presented have changed; as of 2019 the award is given in seventeen categories and includes both written and dramatic works of various types. The Hugos are widely considered the premier award in science fiction.
The 2019 awards were presented at the 77th Worldcon, "Dublin 2019: An Irish Worldcon", in Dublin on August 18, 2019. The 2020 awards will be presented at the 78th Worldcon, "CoNZealand", in Wellington, New Zealand on August 1, 2020.
For lists of winners and nominees in each category, see the list of award categories below.
Award
Hugo Awards through the years exhibited in Helsinki, 2017.
David Hartwell, Charles N. Brown, and Connie Willis pose with the 2008 Hugo Awards
The World Science Fiction Society (WSFS) gives out the Hugo Awards each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The Hugos are widely considered the premier award in science fiction. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, who founded the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories and who is considered one of the "fathers" of the science fiction genre.
Works are eligible for an award if they were published in the prior
calendar year, or translated into English in the prior calendar year.
There are no written rules as to which works qualify as science fiction
or fantasy, and the decision of eligibility in that regard is left up to
the voters, rather than to the organizing committee. Hugo Award
nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of
the annual World Science Fiction Convention,
or Worldcon, and the presentation evening constitutes its central
event. The selection process is defined in the WSFS constitution as instant-runoff voting with six nominees per category, except in the case of a tie. The awards are split over more than a dozen categories, and include both written and dramatic works.
For each category of Hugo, the voter may rank "No Award" as one
of their choices. Voters are instructed that they should do so if they
feel that none of the nominees are worthy of the award, or if they feel
the category should be abolished entirely. A vote for "No Award" other
than as one's first choice signifies that the voter believes the
nominees ranked higher than "No Award" are worthy of a Hugo in that
category, while those ranked lower are not.
The six works on the ballot for each category are the
most-nominated by members that year, with no limit on the number of
stories that can be nominated. With the exception of 1956, the first
years of the awards did not include any recognition of runner-up novels,
but since 1959 all of the candidates have been recorded.
Initial nominations are made by members in January through March, while
voting on the ballot of six nominations is performed roughly in April
through July, subject to change depending on when that year's Worldcon
is held. Prior to 2017, the final ballot was five works in each category. Worldcons are generally held near the start of September, and take place in a different city around the world each year.
The idea of giving out awards at Worldcons was proposed by Harold Lynch for the 1953 convention. The idea was based on the Academy Awards, with the name "Hugo" being given by Robert A. Madle. The award trophy was created by Jack McKnight and Ben Jason
in 1953, based on the design of hood ornaments of 1950s cars. It
consisted of a finned rocket ship on a wooden base. Each subsequent
trophy, with the exception of the 1958 trophy, has been similar to the
original design. The rocket trophy was formally redesigned in 1984, and
since then only the base of the trophy has changed each year. There is no monetary or other remuneration associated with the Hugo, other than the trophy.
Retro-Hugos
Retrospective
Hugo Awards, or Retro-Hugos, were added to the ballot beginning in
1996. They are awards optionally given by a Worldcon for works that
would have been eligible 50, 75, or 100 years ago.
Prior to 2017, these could be awarded for the eleven years that
had a Worldcon where no Hugos were awarded: the conventions in
1939–1941, 1946–1952, and 1954.
Retro-Hugos under these rules were given times: in 1996, 2001, and
2004 for 50 years prior, and 2014 and 2016 for 75 years prior. The
Worldcons eligible in 1997–2000, 2002, and 2015 chose not to award
Retro-Hugos, and under these rules there would have been no more
opportunities to award them until 2022 (for 1947).
A 2017 rule change expanded the criteria to be any year after
1939 in which no Hugos were awarded, whether or not there was a Worldcon
that year, or fifteen years in total: 1939–1952 and 1954. Worldcon 76 and Dublin 2019 then jointly announced that Retro-Hugos would be awarded in 2018 for 1943 and in 2019 for 1944.
History
1950s
The first Hugo Awards were presented at the 11th Worldcon in Philadelphia in 1953, which awarded Hugos in seven categories.
The awards presented that year were initially conceived as a one-off
event, though the organizers hoped that subsequent conventions would
also present them.[21]
At the time, Worldcons were completely run by their respective
committees as independent events and had no oversight between years.
Thus there was no mandate for any future conventions to repeat the
awards, and no set rules for how to do so.
The 1954 Worldcon chose not to, but the awards were reinstated at
the 1955 Worldcon, and thereafter became traditional. The award was
called the Annual Science Fiction Achievement Award, with "Hugo Award"
being an unofficial, but better known name.
The nickname was accepted as an official alternative name in 1958, and
since the 1992 awards the nickname has been adopted as the official name
of the award.
In 1959, though there were still no formal guidelines governing
the awards, several rules were instated which thereafter became
traditional. These included having a ballot for nominating works earlier
in the year and separate from the voting ballot; defining eligibility
to include works published in the prior calendar year, rather than the
previous rule of the "preceding year"; and allowing voters to select "no
award" as an option, which then won that year in two categories: Dramatic Presentation and Best New Author.
The eligibility change additionally sparked a separate rule,
prohibiting the nomination of works which had been nominated for the
1958 awards, as the two time periods overlapped.
1960s
In 1961,
after the formation of the WSFS to oversee each Worldcon committee,
formal rules were set down in the WSFS constitution mandating the
presenting of the awards as one of the responsibilities of each Worldcon
organizing committee. The rules restricted voting to members of the
convention at which the awards would be given, while still allowing
anyone to nominate works; nominations were restricted to members of the
convention or the previous year's convention in 1963.
The guidelines also specified the categories that would be awarded,
which could only be changed by the World Science Fiction Society board. These categories were for Best Novel, Short Fiction (short stories, broadly defined), Dramatic Presentation, Professional Magazine, Professional Artist, and Best Fanzine (fan magazine). 1963 was also the second year in which "no award" won a category, again for Dramatic Presentation.
In 1964 the guidelines were changed to allow individual
conventions to create additional categories, which was codified as up to
two categories for that year. These additional awards were officially designated as Hugo Awards, but were not required to be repeated by future conventions.
This was later adjusted to only allow one additional category; while
these extra Hugo Awards have been given out in several categories, only a
few were ever awarded for more than one year.
In 1967 categories for Novelette, Fan Writer, and Fan Artist were added, and a category for Best Novella
was added the following year; these new categories had the effect of
providing a definition for what word count qualified a work for what
category, which was previously left up to voters.
Novelettes had also been awarded prior to the codification of the
rules. The fan awards were initially conceived as separate from the Hugo
Awards, with the award for Best Fanzine losing its status, but were
instead absorbed into the regular Hugo Awards by the convention
committee.
1970s
While
traditionally five works had been selected for nomination in each
category out of the proposed nominees, in 1971 this was set down as a
formal rule, barring ties. In 1973, the WSFS removed the category for Best Professional Magazine, and a Best Professional Editor award was instated as its replacement, in order to recognize "the increasing importance of original anthologies".
After that year the guidelines were changed again to remove the
mandated awards and instead allow up to ten categories which would be
chosen by each convention, though they were expected to be similar to
those presented in the year before. Despite this change no new awards
were added or previous awards removed before the guidelines were changed
back to listing specific categories in 1977.
1971 and 1977 both saw "no award" win the Dramatic Presentation
category for the third and fourth time; "no award" did not win any
categories afterwards until 2015.
1980s and 90s
In 1980 the category for Best Non-Fiction Book (later renamed Best Related Work) was added, followed by a category for Best Semiprozine (semi-professional magazine) in 1984.[37][38] In 1983, members of the Church of Scientology were encouraged by people such as Charles Platt to nominate as a bloc Battlefield Earth, written by the organization's founder L. Ron Hubbard, for the Best Novel award; it did not make the final ballot. Another campaign followed in 1987 to nominate Hubbard's Black Genesis; it made the final ballot but finished behind "no award". 1989 saw a work—The Guardsman
by Todd Hamilton and P. J. Beese—withdrawn by its authors from the
final ballot after a fan bought numerous memberships under false names,
all sent in on the same day, in order to get the work onto the ballot.
In 1990 the Best Original Art Work award was given as an extra
Hugo Award, and was listed again in 1991, though not actually awarded,
and established afterward as an official Hugo Award. It was then removed from this status in 1996, and has not been awarded since. The Retro Hugos were created in the mid-1990s, and were first awarded in 1996.
Since 2000
In 2003, the Dramatic Presentation award was split into two categories, Long Form and Short Form. This was repeated with the Best Professional Editor category in 2007. 2009 saw the addition of the Best Graphic Story category, and in 2012 an award for Best Fancast was added.
In 2015, two groups of science fiction writers, the "Sad Puppies" led by Brad R. Torgersen and Larry Correia, and the "Rabid Puppies" led by Vox Day, each put forward a similar slate of suggested nominations which came to dominate the ballot.
The Sad Puppies campaign had run for two years prior on a smaller
scale, with limited success. The leaders of the campaigns characterized
them as a reaction to "niche, academic, overtly [leftist]" nominees and
the Hugo becoming "an affirmative action award" that preferred female
and non-white authors and characters. In response, five nominees declined their nomination before and, for the first time, two after the ballot was published. Multiple-Hugo-winner Connie Willis declined to present the awards. The slates were characterized by The Guardian as a "right wing", "orchestrated backlash" and by The A.V. Club as a "group of white guys", and were linked with the Gamergate controversy. Multiple Hugo winner Samuel R. Delany
characterized the campaigns as a response to "socio-economic" changes
such as minority authors gaining prominence and thus "economic heft".
In all but the Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form category, "no
award" placed above all nominees that were on either slate, and it won
all five categories that only contained slate nominees.
The two campaigns were repeated in 2016 with some changes to the
campaigns, and the "Rabid Puppy" slate again dominated the ballot in
several categories, with all five nominees in Best Related Work, Best
Graphic Story, Best Professional Artist, and Best Fancast.
In response to the campaigns, a set of new rules, called "E
Pluribus Hugo", were passed in 2015 and ratified in 2016 to modify the
nominations process. Intended to ensure that organized minority groups
cannot dominate every finalist position in a category, the new rules
define a voting system
in which nominees are eliminated one by one, with each vote for an
eliminated work then spread out over the uneliminated works they
nominated, until only the final shortlist remains. These rules were
ratified in 2016 to be used for the first time in 2017. A rule mandating
that the final nominees must appear on at least five percent of ballots
was also eliminated, to ensure that all categories could reach a full
set of nominees even when the initial pool of works was very large.
Each nominator is limited to five works in each category, but the final
ballot was changed to six in each; additionally, no more than two works
by a given author or group, or in the same dramatic series, can be in
one category on the final ballot.
In 2018 the newest permanent category, Best Series, was begun; it was run the year prior as a special Hugo Award prior to being ratified at the business meeting.
Categories
| Current categories | Year started | Current description |
|---|---|---|
| Best Novel | 1953 | Stories of 40,000 words or more |
| Best Novella | 1968 | Stories of between 17,500 and 40,000 words |
| Best Novelette | 1955 | Stories of between 7,500 and 17,500 words |
| Best Short Story | 1955 | Stories of less than 7,500 words |
| Best Series | 2017 | Series of works |
| Best Related Work | 1980 | Works which are either non-fiction or noteworthy for reasons other than the fictional text |
| Best Graphic Story | 2009 | Stories told in graphic form |
| Best Dramatic Presentation (Long and Short Forms) |
1958 | Dramatized productions, divided since 2003 between works longer or shorter than 90 minutes |
| Best Semiprozine | 1984 | Semi-professional magazines |
| Best Fanzine | 1955 | Non-professional magazines |
| Best Professional Editor (Long and Short Forms) |
1973 | Editors of written works, divided since 2007 between editors of novels or editors of magazines and anthologies |
| Best Professional Artist | 1953 | Professional artists |
| Best Fan Artist | 1967 | Fan artists |
| Best Fan Writer | 1967 | Fan writers |
| Best Fancast | 2012 | Audiovisual fanzines |
| Former repeating categories | Years active | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Best Professional Magazine | 1953–1972 | Professional magazines |
| Short Fiction | 1960–1966 | Stories of shorter than novel length. This category is generally treated as the same award as Best Short Story, but it also included works of novella and novelette length. |
| Best Original Art Work | 1990, 1992–1996 | Works of art |
| Former categories awarded by individual Worldcons | Years active | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Best Cover Artist | 1953 | Artists of covers for books and magazines |
| Best Interior Illustrator | 1953 | Artists of works inside magazines |
| Excellence in Fact Articles | 1953 | Authors of factual articles |
| Best New SF Author or Artist | 1953 | New authors or artists |
| #1 Fan Personality | 1953 | Favorite fan |
| Best Feature Writer | 1956 | Writers of magazine features |
| Best Book Reviewer | 1956 | Writers of book reviews |
| Most Promising New Author | 1956 | New authors |
| Outstanding Actifan | 1958 | Favorite fan |
| Best New Author | 1959 | New authors |
| Best SF Book Publisher | 1964, 1965 | Book publishers |
| Best All-Time Series | 1966 | Series of works |
| Other Forms | 1988 | Printed fictional works which were not novels, novellas, novelettes, or short stories |
| Best Web Site | 2002, 2005 | Websites |
| Best Art Book | 2019 | Books of artwork |
Worldcon committees may also give out special awards during the Hugo
ceremony, which are not voted on. Unlike the additional Hugo categories
which Worldcons may present, these awards are not officially Hugo Awards
and do not use the same trophy, though they once did. Two additional awards, the Astounding Award for Best New Writer and the Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult Book, are presented at the Hugo Award ceremony and voted on by the same process, but are not formally Hugo Awards.
Recognition
The Hugo Award is highly regarded by observers. The Los Angeles Times has termed it "among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing", a claim echoed by Wired, who said that it was "the premier award in the science fiction genre". Justine Larbalestier, in The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction (2002), referred to the awards as "the best known and most prestigious of the science fiction awards", and Jo Walton, writing for Tor.com, said it was "undoubtedly science fiction's premier award". The Guardian
similarly acknowledged it as "a fine showcase for speculative fiction"
as well as "one of the most venerable, democratic and international"
science fiction awards "in existence". James Gunn, in The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (1988), echoed The Guardian's
statement of the award's democratic nature, saying that "because of its
broad electorate" the Hugos were the awards most representative of
"reader popularity". Camille Bacon-Smith, in Science Fiction Culture
(2000), said that at the time fewer than 1000 people voted on the final
ballot; she held, however, that this is a representative sample of the
readership at large, given the number of winning novels that remain in
print for decades or become notable outside of the science fiction
genre, such as The Demolished Man or The Left Hand of Darkness.
The 2014 awards saw over 1900 nomination submissions and over 3500
voters on the final ballot, while the 1964 awards received 274 votes.
The 2019 awards saw 1800 nominating ballots and 3097 votes, which was
described as less than in 2014–2017 but more than any year before then.
Brian Aldiss, in his book Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction,
claimed that the Hugo Award was a barometer of reader popularity,
rather than artistic merit; he contrasted it with the panel-selected Nebula Award, which provided "more literary judgment", though he did note that the winners of the two awards often overlapped.
Along with the Hugo Award, the Nebula Award is also considered one of
the premier awards in science fiction, with Laura Miller of Salon.com terming it "science fiction's most prestigious award".
The official logo of the Hugo Awards is often placed on the winning books' cover as a promotional tool. Gahan Wilson, in First World Fantasy Awards (1977), claimed that noting that a book had won the Hugo Award on the cover "demonstrably" increased sales for that novel, though Orson Scott Card said in his 1990 book How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy that the award had a larger effect on foreign sales than in the United States. Spider Robinson,
in 1992, claimed that publishers were very interested in authors that
won a Hugo Award, more so than for other awards such as the Nebula
Award. Literary agent Richard Curtis said in his 1996 Mastering the Business of Writing
that having the term Hugo Award on the cover, even as a nominee, was a
"powerful inducement" to science fiction fans to buy a novel, while Jo Walton claimed in 2011 that the Hugo is the only science fiction award "that actually affects sales of a book".
There have been several anthologies of Hugo-winning short fiction. The series The Hugo Winners, edited by Isaac Asimov,
was started in 1962 as a collection of short story winners up to the
previous year, and concluded with the 1982 Hugos in Volume 5. The New Hugo Winners, edited originally by Asimov, later by Connie Willis and finally by Gregory Benford, has four volumes collecting stories from the 1983 to the 1994 Hugos. The most recent anthology is The Hugo Award Showcase (2010), edited by Mary Robinette Kowal. It contains most of the short stories, novelettes, and novellas that were nominated for the 2009 award.
