The Man in the Moon is struck by a spacecraft in the 1902 fantasy film Le Voyage dans la Lune
The Man in the Moon refers to any of several pareidolic images of a human face, head or body that certain traditions recognize in the disc of the full moon. The images are composed of the dark areas of the lunar maria, or "seas" and the lighter highlands of the lunar surface.
Origin
Germanic woodcutter
There are various explanations for how the Man in the Moon came to be.
A longstanding European tradition holds that the man was banished
to the Moon for some crime. Christian lore commonly held that he is the
man caught gathering sticks on the Sabbath and sentenced by God to
death by stoning in the book of Numbers XV.32–36. Some Germanic cultures thought he was a woodcutter found working on the Sabbath. There is a Roman legend that he is a sheep-thief.
One medieval Christian tradition claims him to be Cain, the Wanderer, forever doomed to circle the Earth. Dante's Inferno alludes to this:
For now doth Cain with fork of thorns confine
On either hemisphere, touching the wave
Beneath the towers of Seville. Yesternight
The moon was round.
Possible interpretations of the Man in the Moon
This is mentioned again in his Paradise:
But tell, I pray thee, whence the gloomy spots
Upon this body, which below on earth
Give rise to talk of Cain in fabling quaint?
There is also a Mediaeval Jewish tradition that the image of Jacob is engraved on the Moon.
John Lyly says in the prologue to his Endymion (1591), "There liveth none under the sunne, that knows what to make of the man in the moone."
In Norse mythology, Máni
is the male personification of the Moon who crosses the sky in a
horse-drawn carriage. He is continually pursued by the Great Wolf Hati who catches him at Ragnarök. Máni simply means "Moon".
In Chinese mythology, the goddess Chang'e is stranded upon the Moon after foolishly consuming a double dose of an immortality potion. In some versions of the myth she is accompanied by Yu Tu, a Moon rabbit.
In Haida mythology,
the figure represents a boy gathering sticks. The boy's father had told
him the Moon's light would brighten the night, allowing the chore to be
completed. Not wanting to gather sticks, the boy complained and
ridiculed the Moon. As punishment for his disrespect, the boy was taken
from Earth and trapped on the Moon.
In Japanese mythology, it is said that a tribe of human-like spiritual beings live on the Moon. This is especially explored in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter.
Traditions
There is a traditional European belief that the Man in the Moon enjoyed drinking, especially claret. An old ballad runs (original spelling):
Our man in the moon drinks clarret,
With powder-beef, turnep, and carret.
If he doth so, why should not you
Drink until the sky looks blew?
In the English Middle Ages and renaissance, the Moon was held to be
the god of drunkards, and at least three London taverns were named "The
Man in the Moone".
The man in the Moon is named in an early dated English nursery rhyme:
The man in the moon came tumbling down
And asked his way to Norwich;
He went by the south and burnt his mouth
With supping cold pease porridge.
Examples and occurrence globally
One tradition sees a figure of a man carrying a wide burden on his back. He is sometimes seen as accompanied by a small dog. Various cultures recognise other examples of lunar pareidolia, such as the Moon rabbit.
In the Northern Hemisphere, a common Western perception of the face has it that the figure's eyes are Mare Imbrium and Mare Serenitatis, its nose is Sinus Aestuum, and its open mouth is Mare Nubium and Mare Cognitum. This particular human face can also be seen in tropical regions on both sides of the equator.
However, the Moon orientation associated with the face is observed less
frequently—and eventually not at all—as one moves toward the South Pole.
Conventionalized illustrations of the Man in the Moon seen in
Western art often show a very simple face in the full moon, or a human
profile in the crescent moon, corresponding to no actual markings. Some
depict a man with a face turned away from the viewer on the ground, for
example when viewed from North America, with Jesus Christ's crown shown as the lighter ring around Mare Imbrium. Another common one is a cowled Death's head
looking down at Earth, with the black lava rock 'hood' around the white
dust bone of the skull, and also forming the eye sockets.
"The Man in the Moon" can also refer to a mythological character
said to live on or in the Moon, but who is not necessarily represented
by the markings on the face of the Moon. An example is Yue-Laou, from Chinese tradition; another is Aiken Drum from Scotland.
The Man in the Moone by Francis Godwin, published in 1638, is one of the earliest novels thought of as containing several traits prototypical of science fiction.
Scientific explanation
The
Man in the Moon is made up of various lunar maria (which ones depend on
the pareidolic image seen). These vast, flat spots on the Moon are
called "maria" or "seas" because, for a long time, astronomers believed
they were large bodies of water. They are large areas formed by lava
that covered up old craters and then cooled, becoming smooth, basalt rock.
The near side of the Moon, containing these maria that make up the man, is always facing Earth. This is due to a tidal locking
or synchronous orbit. Thought to have occurred because of the
gravitational forces partially caused by the Moon's oblong shape, its
rotation has slowed to the point where it rotates exactly once on each
trip around the Earth. This causes the near side of the Moon to always
turn its face toward Earth.
Gallery
Near full moon over Berlin, Germany, in December 2015, approximately 30 minutes after moonrise
Common interpretation of the Man in the Moon as seen from the Northern Hemisphere
Modeled appearance for same longitude 30 minutes after moonrise
