Expedition type bicycle touring Cordillera del Paine
Bicycle touring is the taking of self-contained cycling trips for pleasure, adventure or autonomy rather than sport, commuting or exercise. Touring
can range from single-day trips, to multi-day trips, to years. Tours
may be planned by the participant or organised by a holiday business, a
club, or a charity as a fund-raising venture.
Origins
Touring the countryside, 1887
Woman in bicycle clothes and buttoned on skirt that also can be used as raincoat
Historian James McGurn speaks of bets being taken in London in the 19th century for riders of hobby-horses – machines pushed by the feet rather than pedaled – outspeeding stagecoaches. "One practitioner beat a four-horse coach to Brighton by half an hour," he says. "There are various accounts of 15 to 17-year-olds draisienne-touring around France in the 1820s. On 17 February 1869 John Mayall, Charles Spencer and Rowley Turner rode from Trafalgar Square, London, to Brighton in 15 hours for 53 miles. The Times,
which had sent a reporter to follow them in a coach and pair, reported
an "Extraordinary Velocipede Feat." Three riders set off from Liverpool to London, a journey of three days and so more akin to modern cycle-touring, in March that same year. A newspaper report said:
Their bicycles caused no little astonishment on the way, and the remarks passed by the natives were almost amusing. At some of the villages the boys clustered round the machines, and, where they could, caught hold of them and ran behind until they were tired out. Many enquiries were made as to the name of 'them queer horses', some called them 'whirligigs', 'menageries' and 'valparaisons'. Between Wolverhampton and Birmingham, attempts were made to upset the riders by throwing stones.
Enthusiasm extended to other countries. The New York Times spoke of "quantities of velocipedes
flying like shuttles hither and thither". But while British interest
had less frenzy than in the United States, it lasted longer.
The expansion from a machine that had to be pushed to propelled
through pedals on a front wheel made longer distances feasible. A rider
calling himself "A Light Dragoon" told in 1870 or 1871 of a ride from Lewes to Salisbury, across southern England. The title of his book, Wheels and Woes,
suggests a less than event-free ride but McGurn says "it seems to have
been a delightful adventure, despite bad road surfaces, dust and lack of
signposts.
Journeys grew more adventurous. Thomas Stevens, a writer for the San Francisco Chronicle, set off around the world April 22, 1884 on a 50-inch Columbia
with a money belt, a revolver, two shirts and a rain cape, spending two
years on the road and writing articles which became a two-volume
1,021-page book. The feminist Annie Londonderry accomplished her around-the-globe bicycle trip as the first woman as early as in 1894–95. John Foster Fraser
and two friends set off round the world on safety bicycles in July
1896. He, Edward Lunn and F. H. Lowe rode 19,237 miles, through 17
countries, in two years and two months.
By 1878, recreational cycling was enough established in Britain to lead
to formation of the Bicycle Touring Club, later renamed Cyclists' Touring Club.
It is the oldest national tourism organisation in the world. Members,
like those of other clubs, often rode in uniform. The CTC appointed an
official tailor. The uniform was a dark green Devonshire serge jacket, knickerbockers and a "Stanley helmet with a small peak". The colour changed to grey when green proved impractical because it showed the dirt.
Groups often rode with a bugler at their head to sound changes of
direction or to bring the group to a halt. Confusion could be caused
when groups met and mistook each other's signals.
Membership of the CTC inspired the Frenchman, Paul de Vivie
(b. April 29, 1853), to found what became the Fédération Française de
Cyclotourisme, the world's largest cycling association, and to coin the
French word cyclo-tourisme. The League of American Wheelmen in the U.S. was founded in Newport, Rhode Island on May 30, 1880. It shared an interest in leisure cycling with the administration of cycle racing. Membership peaked at 103,000 in 1898. The primary national bicycle-touring organization in the U.S. is now Adventure Cycling Association. Adventure Cycling, then called Bikecentennial,
organised a mass ride in 1976 from one side of the country to the other
to mark the nation's 200th anniversary. The Bikecentennial route is
still in use as the TransAmerica Bicycle Trail.
Social significance
H. G. Wells in 1908 at the door of his house at Sandgate
The
first cyclists, often aristocratic or rich, flirted with the bicycle
and then abandoned it for the new motor car. It was the lower middle class which profited from cycling and the liberation that it brought. The Cyclist
of 13 August 1892 said: "The two sections of the community which form
the majority of 'wheelmen' are the great clerk class and the great shop
assistant class." H. G. Wells described this aspirant class liberated through cycling. Three of his heroes – in The History of Mr Polly, Kipps and The Wheels of Chance
– buy bicycles. The first two work in drapery shops. The third,
Hoopdriver, goes on a cycling holiday. The authors Roderick Watson and
Martin Gray say:
Hoopdriver is certainly liberated by his machine. It affords him not only a country holiday, in itself a remarkable event which he enjoys immensely, however ignorant of the countryside he may be, but also a brush with a society girl, riding on pneumatics and wearing some kind of Rational Dress.
The book suggests the new social mobility created by the bike, which
breaks the boundaries of Hoopdriver's world literally and figuratively.
Hoopdriver sets off in a spirit of freedom, finally away from his job:
Only those who toil six long days out of the seven, and all the year round, save for one brief glorious fortnight or ten days in the summer time, know the exquisite sensations of the First Holiday Morning. All the dreary, uninteresting routine drops from you suddenly, your chains fall about your feet...There were thrushes in the Richmond Road, and a lark on Putney Heath. The freshness of dew was in the air; dew or the relics of an overnight shower glittered on the leaves and grass...He wheeled his machine up Putney Hill, and his heart sang within him.
Wells puts Hoopdriver in a new brown cycling suit to show the
importance of the venture and the freedom on which he is embarking.
Hoopdriver finds the bicycle raises his social standing, at least in his
imagination, and he calls to himself as he rides that he's "a bloomin'
dook " The New Woman that he pursues wears Rational Dress of a sort that scandalised society but made cycling much easier. The Rational Dress Society was founded in 1881 in London. It said:
The Rational Dress Society protests... against crinolines or crinolettes of any kind as ugly and deforming... [It] requires all to be dressed healthily, comfortably, and beautifully, to seek what conduces to birth, comfort and beauty in our dress as a duty to ourselves and each other.
Both Hoopdriver and the Young Lady in Grey, as he refers to her, are
escaping social restraints through bicycle touring. Hoopdriver falls in
love and rescues her from a lover who says marrying him is the only way
that she, having left alone for a cycling holiday, can save her
reputation. She lowers her social status; he raises his. McGurn says:
"The shift in social perspectives, as exemplified by Wells' cyclists,
led Galsworthy
to claim, at a later date, that the bicycle had "been responsible for
more movement in manners and morals than anything since Charles the
Second."
Development
The
bicycle gained from the outdoor movement of the 1930s. The Cyclists'
Touring Club advertised a week's all-in tour, staying at hotels
recommended by cyclists, for £3 10s. The youth hostel
movement started in Germany and spread abroad, and a cycling holiday
staying at hostels in the 1930s could be had for £2. Roderick Watson and
Martin Gray estimate there were ten million bicycles in Britain to one
million cars.
A decline set in across Europe, particularly in Britain, when millions of servicemen returned from World War II
having learned to drive. Trips away were now, for the increasing number
who had one, by car. The decline in the United States came even sooner.
McGurn says:
The story of interwar cycling was characterised by lack of interest and a steady decline... Cycling had lost out to the automobile, and to some extent to the new electric transport systems. In the 1930s cumbersome, fat-tyred 'balloon bombers', bulbously streamlined in imitation of motorcycles or aeroplanes, appealed to American children: the only mass market still open to cycle manufacturers. Wartime austerity gave cycling a short reprieve in the industrial world. The post-war peace was to lay the bicycle low.
However, between 1965 and 1975 the USA experienced a bike boom.
In 1976, to celebrate the bicentennial of the founding of the United
States, Greg Siple, his wife June, and Dan and Lys Burden organized a
mass bike ride, Bikecentennial, from the Pacific to the Atlantic. Siple said:
My original thought was to send out ads and flyers saying, 'Show up at Golden Gate Park in San Francisco at 9 o'clock on June 1 with your bicycle.' And then we were going to bicycle across the country. I pictured thousands of people, a sea of people with their bikes and packs all ready to go, and there would be old men and people with balloon-tire bikes and Frenchmen who flew over just for this. Nobody would shoot a gun off or anything. At 9 o'clock everybody would just start moving. It would be like this crowd of locusts crossing America.
The ride eventually ran from Astoria, Oregon, to Yorktown, Virginia,
site of the first British settlements; 4,100 rode, with 2,000
completing the entire route. It defined a new start for cycle-touring in
the United States and led to the creation of Adventure Cycling Association. Adventure Cycling has mapped routes across America and into Canada, many of the rides taking up to three months to complete on a loaded bicycle.
In Britain, the Cyclists Touring Club grew to 70,000 members by 2011
and is now the biggest body campaigning for cycling and cyclists'
rights in the UK. It continues to organise group touring events
including day rides through its local groups and CTC holidays in many
countries led by experienced CTC members. Since 1983, Sustrans has created a National Cycle Network
of long-distance cycle routes including back roads and traffic-free
tracks built, signed, and mapped in partnership with local
organisations.
Supported bicycle touring holidays, such as the nine-day Great Victorian Bike Ride in Australia, can attract thousands of riders
Since 1980, there has been a growth of organised cycling holidays
provided by commercial organisations in many countries. Some companies
provide accommodation and route information to cyclists travelling
independently; others focus on a group experience, including guides and
support for a large number of riders cycling together. A variation on
this is holidays, often in exotic locations, organised in partnership
with a charity, in which participants are expected to raise donation as
well as cover their costs. Due to the rise of hospitality exchange services
from the nineties on, cycle travelers like other travelers got the
means to better organize their stays at local hosts. The hospitality
exchange website Warm Showers, which is specialized for cycle travelers started in 2005 and has over 100000 members worldwide today.
The scale of bicycle touring and its economic effects are
difficult to estimate, given the activity's informal nature. Market
research indicates that in 2006 British cyclists spent £120m on 450,000
organised cycling holidays, and a further 2.5 million people included
some cycling activity in their annual holiday that year. The total economic benefit to communities visited during the nine-day long Great Victorian Bike Ride was estimated at about AU$2 million in 2011, which does not include costs paid directly to ride organisers and ongoing benefits to towns.
Sustrans estimate that the total value of cycle tourism in the UK in
1997 was £635m and they forecast £14bn for the whole EU by 2020.
Among examples of current activity given by Sustrans are 1.5m cyclists
using the 250 kilometres (160 mi) Danube Cycle Route each year and 25%
of holiday visitors in Germany using bicycles during their visit.
Voyages
Bicycle touring can be of any distance and time. The French tourist
Jacques Sirat speaks in lectures of how he felt proud riding round the
world for five years – until he met an Australian who had been on the
road for 27 years. The German rider, Walter Stolle, lost his home and living in the Sudetenland in the aftermath of World War II, settled in Britain and set off from Essex on 25 January 1959, to cycle round the world. He rode through 159 countries in 18 years, denied only those with sealed borders. He paid his way by giving slide shows in seven languages. He gave 2,500 at US$100 each. In 1974, he rode through Nigeria, Dahomey, Upper Volta, Ghana, Leone, Ivory Coast, Liberia and Guinea. He was robbed 231 times, wore out six bicycles and had five more stolen.
Heinz Stücke in Paris, 1999
Heinz Stücke
left his job as a die-maker in North Rhine-Westphalia in 1962 when he
was 22 — three years after Stolle and is still riding. By 2006 he had
cycled more than 539,000 km (335,000 mi) and visited 192 countries. He
pays his way by selling photographs to magazines. From Asia, Gua Dahao
left China in May 1999 to ride across Siberia, the Middle East, Turkey,
western Europe, Scandinavia, then another 100,000 km across Africa,
Latin America and Australia.
Others attempt long voyages in exceptionally short time periods. The current circumnavigation record by bicycle is just 91 days, 18 hours, by Mike Hall.
Noted writers have combining cycling with travel writing include Dervla Murphy, who made her first documented journey
in 1963, from London to India, on a single speed bicycle with little
more than a revolver and a change of underwear. In 2006, she described how, aged 74, she was held up at gunpoint and robbed while cycling in Russia. Eric Newby, Bettina Selby, and Anne Mustoe
have all used cycling as a means to a literary end, valuing the way
that cycling brings the traveller closer to people and places. Selby
said,
- (the bicycle) makes me independent in a way no other form of transport can - it needs no fuel, no documents and very little maintenance. Most importantly it goes along at the right speed for seeing everything, and as it doesn't cut me off from my surroundings, it also makes me a lot of friends.
In more recent years, British adventurers Alastair Humphreys (Moods of Future Joys), Mark Beaumont (The Man who Cycled the World), and Rob Lilwall (Cycling Home From Siberia)
have all been on epic bicycle expeditions and written popular books
about their exploits. But most bicycle tourists are ordinary people out
of the spotlight.
One economic implication of bicycling is that it liberates the cyclist from oil consumption. The bicycle is an inexpensive, fast, healthy and environmentally friendly mode of transport. Ivan Illich
said that bicycling extends the usable physical environment for people,
while alternatives such as cars and motorways degrade and confined
people's environment and mobility.
Types
Trio of cyclists with panniers on a tour in Slovenia.
A loaded touring bicycle, with drop bars, 700c wheels, racks panniers and bar bag.
Distances vary considerably. Depending on fitness, speed and the
number of stops, the rider usually covers between 50–150 kilometres
(30–90 mi) per day. A short tour over a few days may cover as little as
200 kilometres (120 mi) and a long tour may go right across a country
or around the world.
There are many different types of bicycle touring:
- Lightweight touring
- Informally called credit-card touring, a rider carries a minimum of equipment and a lot of money. Overnight accommodation is in youth hostels, hotels, pensions or B&Bs. Food is bought at cafes, restaurants or markets.
- Ultralight touring
- Differs from credit card touring in that the rider is self-sufficient but carries only the bare essentials and no frills.
- Fully loaded touring
- Also known as self-supported touring, cyclists carry everything they need, including food, cooking equipment, and a tent for camping. Some cyclists minimize their load, carrying only basic supplies, food, and a Bivouac shelter or lightweight tent.
- Expedition touring
- Cyclists travel extensively, often through developing nations or remote areas. The bicycle is loaded with food, spares, tools, and camping equipment so that the traveller is largely self-supporting.
- Mixed Terrain Cycle-Touring / Bikepacking
- Also called rough riding, cyclists travel over a variety of surfaces and topography on a single route, with a single bicycle. Focusing on freedom of travel and efficiency over varied surfaces, cyclists often adopt an ultralight camping approach and carry their own minimal gear (bikepacking).
- Supported touring
- Cyclists are supported by a motor vehicle, which carries most equipment. This can be organized independently by groups of cyclists or commercial holiday companies. These companies sell places on guided tours, including booked lodging, luggage transfers, route planning and often meals and rental bikes.
- Day touring
- These rides vary highly in their size of the group, length, purpose, and methods of support. They may involve solo cyclists, group rides, or large organized rides with hundreds to thousands of riders. Their length can range from a few miles to century rides of 100 miles (160 km) or longer. Their purpose can range from riding for pleasure or fitness, to raising money for a charitable organization. Methods of support can include self-supported day rides, rides supported by friends or small groups, and organized rides where cyclists pay for support and accommodation provided by event organizers, including rest and refreshment stops, marshalling to aid safety, and sag services.
- S24O
- The Sub-24-hour Overnight, or S24O, is focused less on cycling and more on camping. Typically, one would depart on their bicycle in the late afternoon or evening, ride to a campsite in a few hours, make camp, sleep, and then ride home or even to work the next morning. This type can require very little planning or time commitment. If one lives in a large urban metropolis, this sort of trip might also be extended, taking a train or coach to get to a more convenient starting point, and may in fact take a lot longer than 24 hours, making it a weekend tour, otherwise still works on the same planning principles. As a term, "S240" was coined by Grant Petersen of Rivendell Bicycle Works.
Touring bike
Fully loaded touring recumbent
Two-wheel trailer
Cycle touring beyond the range of a day trip may need a bike capable of carrying heavy loads. Although many different bicycles can be used, specialist touring bikes
are built to carry appropriate loads and to be ridden more comfortably
over long distances. A typical bicycle would have a longer wheelbase for
stability and heel clearance, frame fittings for front and rear pannier racks,
additional water bottle mounts, frame fittings for front and rear
mudguards/fenders, a broader range of gearing to cope with the increased
weight, and touring tires which are wider to provide more comfort on backroads.
"Ultralight tourers" choose traditional road bicycles or "Audax" or randonneur
bicycles for speed and simplicity. However, these bikes are harder to
ride on unmade roads, which may limit route options. For some, the
advantages of a recumbent bicycle are particularly relevant to touring.
To lessen the weight carried on the bicycle, or increase luggage capacity, touring cyclists may use bicycle trailers.
For a "supported" rider, luggage carrying is not important and a
wider range of bicycle types may be suitable depending on the terrain.
There many navigation apps and websites
available for bicycle touring. Sometimes GPS routes lead to a dead
trail, in this case most bicycle tourers simply backtrack and try
another route.
Noted bicycle tourists
Female bicycle tourists
Male bicycle tourists
- Alastair Humphreys
- Algirdas Gurevičius
- Heinz Stucke
- Ian Hibell
- Mark Beaumont
- Mikael Strandberg
- Pushkar Shah
- Rob Lilwall
- Thomas Stevens
In fiction
Examples of fictional works featuring bicycle tours include:
- The Bike Tour Mystery (2002) by Carolyn Keene, Nancy Drew Mystery Stories #168
- The Wheels of Chance (1896) by H.G. Wells
