But
there was always one obvious exception to this generality: Venus.
Venus too has no magnetic field but easily possesses the densest
atmosphere of the inner worlds, much denser than Earth’s. Part of this is probably due to the carbon
dioxide composition of Venus’ atmosphere; CO2 is a large, heavy
molecule that is no doubt easier to retain than Earth-like gasses of oxygen,
nitrogen, argon, and water vapor.
Furthermore, the active (though periodic) heavy volcanism on Venus means
that this gas is being regularly generated and introduced into the planet’s
atmosphere (the early loss of heavy volcanism is probably why the same hasn’t
occurred on Mars), perhaps as fast or even faster than the solar wind can strip
it away.
But
I wonder if there is another reason. Venus is topped by a thick layer of
sulfuric acid clouds, which largely (I think) overlays the carbon dioxide
nearer the surface. This layer could act
as a shield against incoming electrons and protons from the sun. Sulfuric acid is a very heavy molecule which
would probably fracture into smaller radicals and ions when struck by such
particles. Possible reactions could be:
H2SO4
+ e- ® OH- + HSO3·
H2SO4
+ p+ ® H2O2 + SO22+
If
OH- ions are formed they are probably to weak to be helped by Venus’
gravity, but they might recombine with other radicals/ions first. The other species will probably also hang
around long enough to recreate sulfuric acid, while scattering the electrons
and protons at lower energies. Bear in
mind, this is probably a very small sampling of the kind of chemistry that
occurs at Venus’ cloud levels. If it is happening
then Venus protects its atmosphere with chemistry instead of magnetism. Similar chemistry could be going on at Saturn’s
moon Titan’s cloud tops, although the solar wind is much weaker there.