The ecopedagogy movement is an outgrowth of the theory and practice of critical pedagogy, a body of educational praxis influenced by the philosopher and educator Paulo Freire.
Ecopedagogy's mission is to develop a robust appreciation for the
collective potentials of humanity and to foster social justice
throughout the world. It does so as part of a future-oriented,
ecological and political vision that radically opposes the globalization
of ideologies such as neoliberalism and imperialism, while also attempting to foment forms of critical ecoliteracy. Recently, there have been attempts to integrate critical eco-pedagogy, as defined by Greg Misiaszek with Modern Stoic philosophy to create Stoic eco-pedagogy.
One of ecopedagogy's goals is the realization of culturally relevant forms of knowledge grounded in normative concepts such as sustainability, planetarity (i.e. identifying as an earthling) and biophilia (i.e. love of all life).
Early history
The ecopedagogy movement began in a Latin American educational context, growing out of discussions at the second Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.
Educators desired to present a theory and discourse about the
interrelationship between society and the environment, a statement would
eventually be ratified as the Earth Charter in 2000. In 1999 the First International Symposium on the Earth Charter in the Perspective of Education was held by the Instituto Paulo Freire, Brasil directed by Moacir Gadotti and in collaboration with the Earth Council and UNESCO.
This was soon followed by the First International Forum on Ecopedagogy.
As a result of these conferences, the Ecopedagogy Charter was also
formed, launching the spread of ecopedagogy seminars and programs around
the world.
Objectives and aims
Ecopedagogy's primary goal is to create a "planetary consciousness" through revolutionary teaching and learning.
The movement aims to create educational programs that interrogate the
intersection of social, political, economic and environmental systems.
As an outgrowth of critical pedagogy, ecopedagogy critiques environmental education and education for sustainable development
as vain attempts by mainstream forms of pedagogy seeking to appear
relevant regarding current issues of environmental degradation. It is critical of mainstream representations of nature that are potentially informed by racist, sexist, and classist values, and wary of the tendency of "greenwashing" of environmental terminology.
While members of the ecopedagogy movement recognize that
environmental education can accomplish some positive change, they
question the ways in which environmental education (especially within
global north) is often reduced to forms of experiential pedagogy and outdoor education without questioning the mainstream experience of nature as pristine wilderness. Ecopedagogy points out that environmental education is often tethered
to state and corporate-sponsored science and social studies standards or
fails to articulate the political necessity for widespread
understanding of the unsustainable nature of modern lifestyles.
However, ecopedagogy has tried to utilize the ongoing United Nations
Decade of Educational for Sustainable Development (2005–2015) to make
strategic interventions on behalf of the oppressed, using it as an
opportunity to unpack and clarify the concept of sustainable development.
Ecopedagogy scholar Richard Kahn describes the three main goals of the ecopedagogy movement to be:
- Creating opportunities for the proliferation of ecoliteracy programs, both within schools and society.
- Bridging the gap of praxis between scholars and the public (especially activists) on ecopedagogical interests.
- Instigating dialogue and self-reflective solidarity across the many groups among educational left, particularly in light of the existing planetary crisis.
Angela Antunes and Moacir Gadotti (2005) wrote:
"Ecopedagogy is not just another pedagogy among many other pedagogies. It not only has meaning as an alternative project concerned with nature preservation (Natural Ecology) and the impact made by human societies on the natural environment (Social Ecology), but also as a new model for sustainable civilization from the ecological point of view (Integral Ecology), which implies making changes on economic, social, and cultural structures."
According to social movement theorists
Ron Ayerman and Andrew Jamison, there are three broad dimensions of
environmentally related movements: cosmological, technological, and
organizational. In ecopedagogy, these dimensions are outlined by Richard Kahn (2010) as the following:
- The cosmological dimension focuses on how ecoliteracy, i.e. understanding the natural systems that sustain life, can transform people’s worldviews. For example, assumptions about society’s having the right to exploit nature can be transformed into understanding of the need for ecological balance to support society in the long term. The success of such ‘cosmological’ thinking transformations can be assessed by the degree to which such paradigm shifts are adopted by the public.
- The technological dimension is two-fold: critiquing the set of polluting technologies that have contributed to traditional development as well as some which are used or misused under the pretext of sustainable development; and promoting clean technologies that do not interfere with ecological and social balance.
- The organizational dimension emphasizes that knowledge should be of and for the people, thus academics should be in dialogue with public discourse and social movements.
Discussion of term in literature
Ecopedagogy is not the collection of theories or practices developed by any particular set of individuals. Rather, akin to the World Social Forum
and other related forms of contemporary popular education strategies,
it is a worldwide association of critical educators, theorists,
non-governmental and governmental organizations, grassroots activists
and concerned citizens who engage in ongoing dialogue and political
action. This process attempts to develop ecopedagogical praxis in
relation to the needs of particular places, groups and time periods.
The earliest use of the term "ecopedagogy" may have been by de Haan (1984) in a now little known German text.
Shortly thereafter, in the first known English use of the term,
Gronemeyer (1987) described ecopedagogy as the merging of
environmentalist politics and adult education. Ecopedagogy has also been discussed by Ahlberg (1998; Jardine (2000); Petrina (2000); Yang & Hung (2004); and Payne (2005). The work of Lummis (2002) shares some sympathies, such as a critical theory approach.
Ironically, at the same time it was coined by Freire's friend-cum-critic Ivan Illich
(1988) to describe an educational process in which educators and
educands become inscribed in abstract pedagogical systems, resulting in
pedagogy as an end and not a means.
As used by Illich, ecopedagogy is represented by forms of education
that seek the total administration of life through mandatory pedagogical
experiences of systemization. As such, he believed that the movements
for lifelong education and the creation of global classrooms (Illich
& Verne, 1981) by bureaucratic educational institutions exemplified
such approaches. However, he was also critical of popular
environmentalist pedagogy attempting to mobilize people's sentiments for
solutions to problems such as global warming, hunger, and rainforest
destruction. Illich's point was that such an ecopedagogy works on a problems/solutions axis that implies a global managerialism
that is abhorrent to truly sustainable living in the world. This is a
different idea from the way the term and concept is being defined and
utilized in critical education circles today, though it is potentially
of great importance for the future development of the ecopedagogy
movement on the whole.
Paulo Freire was himself at work on a book of ecopedagogy upon his death in 1997, parts of which are included in his posthumous Pedagogy of Indignation (2004). Other influential books include: Francisco Gutierrez and Cruz Prado's Ecopedagogy and Planetary Citizenship (1999), Moacir Gadotti's Pedagogy of the Earth (2000), and Richard Kahn's Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, and Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement.
Criticisms
Both
supporters and critics of ecopedagogy agree that historically, critical
educators in the West have been largely unsuccessful at addressing
environmental issues in their classrooms.
However, much disagreement still exists between critics and supporters
of ecopedagogy on the ethics, theoretical approach, and methodology of
this pedagogical style.
The strongest criticisms of ecopedagogy begins with the idea that
Paulo Freire, critical pedagogy's founding figure, was unconscious of
ecological challenges. The well-known collection, Rethinking Freire,
includes strong criticisms of many aspects of critical pedagogy by Illichan and eco-literacy teachers, criticisms that necessarily include the ecopedagogy movement.
One critic, C.A. Bowers, argues that if ecopedagogy (and the larger
critical pedagogy of Freire and Gadotti) were universally adopted, it
would contribute to the hegemonic spread of Western culture and systems,
thereby choking out non-Western ways of thinking, viewing, and
interacting with the human and built environments. Bowers further argues
that adoption of Freirean ecopedagogy would hasten the existence of a
world monoculture and would fail to address the systemic roots of the
current ecological crisis and fail to protect the commons from further
exploitation.
In this view, ecopedagogy is akin to an educational Trojan horse that
is little more than a vehicle for transmitting Western culture and
domination.
Moderate critics of ecopedagogy argue that the critical lens of
ecopedagogy can be useful, but that its adherents must be actively
critical of ecopedagogy itself. They argue that without a constant focus
on understanding and fostering diversity in thought, culture, and
ecosystem, ecopedagogy is meaningless and could be counter-productive to
its aims.
Ecopedagogy (and critical pedagogy) has also been heavily criticized
for not being critical of the categories that underlie its work. Here,
critics argue that in valuing individualism, ecopedagogy fails to attend
to traditional eco-centered cultures' already deep connection to the
non-human world.
Moreover, some scholars from the eco- and critical pedagogical
traditions fail to recognize how the "primary categories in classical
liberal thought may operate in the discourse of critical pedagogy".
Ecopedagogy in action
Ecopedagogy emphasizes the necessity of praxis alongside theory. Besides the specific ecopedagogy degree programs and Paulo Freire
Institutes, there are many instances of ecological education that not
only teach people the critical thinking of ecopedagogy but also engage
them in learning through action. For example, a study conducted with
10-year-old children in West Scotland concluded that interactive
dramatic education was successful in engaging students in ecological,
social, and political dimensions of global problems such as solid waste
and deforestation.
The dramatic exercises required to make a decision or take a stance,
thus strengthening their understanding and conviction of the issues. And ecopedagogy is not limited to formal students; in Turkey, for
example, participatory action research showed that an outdoor
community-based ecopedagogy program for university professors was
successful in the "promotion of public participation, the engagement of
students, teacher and parents in local environmental issues, and the
development of social capital to achieve environmental sustainability. By situating local knowledge within critical pedagogy and social
activism, these projects can help universities to bridge the gap between
academia and society."
Greta Gaard outlines the necessity for children's environmental
literature to encompass the following core aspects of ecopedagogy:
- praxis
- teaching ABOUT the social and natural environment
- teaching IN the social and natural environment
- teaching THROUGH the social and natural environment
- teaching the connections of sustainability
- urgency
The question of technology had become increasingly pertinent. While the production and consumption of technology largely has a
negative effect on the environment and certain aspects of
society-environment relations, technology still provides certain new
avenues in ecopedagogy. For example, more people have access to
information and collaboration through the internet and thus can engage
in informal ecological education faster and in wider spheres. Similarly, community projects to install solar panels or wind turbines
or simple technology that help farms to transition to agroecology are
examples of the uses of technology in ecopedagogy.
