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Thirty Years' War
Part of the European wars of religion
Map showing geographical extent of the Holy Roman Empire in 1600
The Holy Roman Empire in 1600, against modern borders
Date1618 to 1648
Location
Europe, mainly present-day Germany
Result Peace of Westphalia
Territorial
changes
Belligerents
Anti-Imperial alliance: prior to 1635 Imperial alliance prior to 1635
Post-1635 Peace of Prague Post-1635 Peace of Prague
Commanders and leaders
Strength

Maximum Actual

  • 50,000 Swedes 
  • 27,000 Danes (1626) 
  • 70,000–80,000 French
  • 60,000 Dutch 
Maximum Actual
  • 80,000–90,000 Imperial
  • 90,000 Spanish
  • 20,500 Bavarians
  • 20,000 Hungarian light cavalry
Casualties and losses
Combat deaths:
110,000 in Swedish service
80,000 in French service  
30,000 in Danish service 
50,000 other 
Combat deaths
120,000 in Imperial service 
30,000 in Bavarian service 
30,000 other 
Military deaths from disease: 700,000–1,350,000 
Total civilian dead: 3,500,000–6,500,000
Total dead: 4,500,000–8,000,000