From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Schematic drawing of artificial phosphorylase
An
artificial enzyme is a synthetic, organic molecule or ion
that recreate some function of an enzyme. The area promises to deliver
catalysis at rates and selectivity observed in many enzymes.
History
Enzyme
catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and rate.
The substrate is activated in a small part of the enzyme's macromolecule
called the
active site. There, the binding of a
substrate close to
functional groups in the enzyme causes
catalysis by so-called proximity effects. It is possible to create similar catalysts from
small molecule
by combining substrate-binding with catalytic functional groups.
Classically artificial enzymes bind substrates using receptors such as
cyclodextrin,
crown ethers, and
calixarene.
[1][2]
Artificial enzymes based on
amino acids or
peptides
as characteristic molecular moieties have expanded the field of
artificial enzymes or enzyme mimics. For instance, scaffolded histidine
residues mimics certain
metalloproteins and -enzymes such as
hemocyanin,
tyrosinase, and
catechol oxidase).
[3]
Artificial enzymes have been designed from scratch via a computational strategy using
Rosetta.
[4]
In December 2014, it was announced that active enzymes had been
produced that were made from artificial molecules which do not occur
anywhere in nature.
[5] In 2017, a book chapter entitled "Artificial Enzymes: The Next Wave" was published.
[1]
Nanozymes
Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics.
[6]
They have been widely explored for various applications, such as
biosensing, bioimaging, tumor diagnosis and therapy, antibiofouling.
1990s
In 1996 and 1997, Dugan et al. discovered the
superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimicking activities of fullerene derivatives.
[12][13]
2000s
In 2004, the term "nanozymes" was coined by Flavio Manea, Florence Bodar Houillon, Lucia Pasquato, and Paolo Scrimin.
[14] In 2006, nanoceria (i.e., CeO2
nanoparticles) was used for preventing retinal degeneration induced by intracellular peroxides.
[15][16] In 2007, Xiyun Yan and coworkers reported that ferromagnetic nanoparticles possessed intrinsic
peroxidase-like activity.
[17][18] In 2008, Hui Wei and Erkang Wang developed an iron oxide nanozyme based sensing platform for bioactive molecules (such as
hydrogen peroxide and
glucose).
[19]
2010s
In 2012,
recombinant human heavy-chain ferritin coated iron oxide nanoparticle
with peroxidase-like activity was prepared and used for targeting and
visualizing tumour tissues.
[20]
In 2012, vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles with vanadium haloperoxidase
mimicking activities were used for preventing marine biofouling.
[21]
In 2014, it was demonstrated that carboxyfullerene could be used to
treat neuroprotection postinjury in Parkinsonian nonhuman primates.
[22]
In 2015, a supramolecular regulation strategy was proposed to modulate
the activity of gold-based nanozymes for imaging and therapeutic
applications.
[23][24] A nanozyme-strip for rapid local diagnosis of
Ebola was developed.
[25][26] Nanoceria nanozymes were used for DNA sensing.
[27] An integrated nanozyme has been developed for real time monitoring the dynamic changes of cerebral glucose in living
brains.
[28][29] Cu(OH)2 nanozymes with peroxidase-like activities were reported.
[30] Ionic FePt, Fe3O4, Pd, and CdSe NPs with peroxidase-like activities were reported.
[31] A book entitled "Nanozymes: Next Wave of Artificial Enzymes" was published.
[32] A book chapter entitled "Nanozymes" in the book of "Enzyme Engineering" was published (in Chinese).
[33] Oxidase-like nanoceria has been used for developing self-regulated bioassays.
[34] Multi-enzyme mimicking Prussian blue was developed for therapeutics.
[35] Histidine was used to modulate iron oxide nanoparticles' peroxidase mimicking activities.
[36] Gold nanoparticles' peroxidase mimicking activities were modulated via a
supramolecular strategy for cascade reactions.
[37] A molecular imprinting strategy was developed to improve the selectivity of Fe3O4 nanozymes with peroxidase-like activity.
[38] A new strategy was developed to enhance the peroxidase mimicking activity of gold nanoparticles by using hot electrons.
[39]
Researchers have designed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) based integrative
nanozymes with both SERS and peroxidase mimicking activities for
measuring glucose and lactate in living tissues.
[40] Cytochrome c oxidase mimicking activity of Cu2O nanoparticles was modulated by receiving electrons from cytochrome c.
[41] Fe3O4 NPs were combined with glucose oxidase for tumor therapeutics.
[42] Manganese dioxide nanozymes have been used as cytoprotective shells.
[43] Mn3O4 Nanozyme for Parkinson's Disease (cellular model) was reported.
[44] Heparin elimination in live rats has been monitored with 2D MOF based peroxidase mimics and AG73 peptide.
[45]
Glucose oxidase and iron oxide nanozymes were encapsulated within
multi-compartmental hydrogels for incompatible tandem reactions.
[46] A cascade nanozyme biosensor was developed for detection of viable Enterobacter sakazakii.
[47] An integrated nanozyme of GOx@ZIF-8(NiPd) was developed for tandem catalysis.
[48] Charge-switchable nanozymes were developed.
[49] Site-selective RNA splicing nanozyme was developed.
[50] A nanozymes special issue in Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics was published.
[51] Mn3O4 nanozymes with ROS scavenging activities have been developed for in vivo anti-inflammation.
[52] A concept entitled "A Step into the Future – Applications of Nanoparticle Enzyme Mimics" was proposed.
[53] Facet-dependent oxidase and peroxidase-like activities of Pd nanoparticles were reported.
[54] Au@Pt multibranched nanostructures as bifunctional nanozymes were developed.
[55] Ferritin coated carbon nanozymes were developed for tumor catalytic therapy.
[56] CuO nanozymes were developed to kill bacteria via a light-controlled manner.
[57] Enzymatic activity of oxygenated CNT was studied.
[58] Nanozymes were used to catalyze the oxidation of l-Tyrosine and l-Phenylalanine to dopachrome.
[59] Nanozyme as an emerging alternative to natural enzyme for biosensing and immunoassay was summarized.
[60]
Conferences
Several
conferences have focused on nanozymes. In 2015, a nanozyme workshop for
was held at the 9th Asian Biophysics Associatation (ABA) Symposium.
[61] In Pittcon 2016, a Networking entitled "Nanozymes in Analytical Chemistry and Beyond" was devoted to nanozymes.
[62] An Xiangshan Science Conference was devoted to nanozyme research.
[63][64] A scientific session was devoted to "Biomimetic Nanocatalysis" in 15th Chinese Biophysics Congress.
[65] The "Nanozymes for Bioanalysis (Oral)" section was included in the 256th ACS National Meeting (2018 Fall, Boston).
[66]
