Nearly all (around 97%) of the scientific community accepts evolution as the dominant scientific theory of biological diversity. Scientific associations have strongly rebutted and refuted the challenges to evolution proposed by intelligent design proponents.
There are religious sects and denominations in several countries for whom the theory of evolution is in conflict with creationism that is central to their beliefs, and who therefore reject it: in the United States, South Africa, India, South Korea, Singapore, the Philippines, and Brazil, with smaller followings in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Japan, Italy, Germany, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.
Several publications discuss the subject of acceptance, including a document produced by the United States National Academy of Sciences.
There are religious sects and denominations in several countries for whom the theory of evolution is in conflict with creationism that is central to their beliefs, and who therefore reject it: in the United States, South Africa, India, South Korea, Singapore, the Philippines, and Brazil, with smaller followings in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Japan, Italy, Germany, Israel, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.
Several publications discuss the subject of acceptance, including a document produced by the United States National Academy of Sciences.
Scientific support
The vast majority of the scientific community and academia supports evolutionary theory as the only explanation that can fully account for observations in the fields of biology, paleontology, molecular biology, genetics, anthropology, and others.
A 1991 Gallup poll found that about 5% of American scientists
(including those with training outside biology) identified themselves as
creationists.
Additionally, the scientific community considers intelligent design, a neo-creationist offshoot, to be unscientific, pseudoscience, or junk science. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences has stated that intelligent design "and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life" are not science because they cannot be tested by experiment, do not generate any predictions, and propose no new hypotheses of their own. In September 2005, 38 Nobel laureates
issued a statement saying "Intelligent design is fundamentally
unscientific; it cannot be tested as scientific theory because its
central conclusion is based on belief in the intervention of a
supernatural agent."
In October 2005, a coalition representing more than 70,000 Australian
scientists and science teachers issued a statement saying "intelligent
design is not science" and calling on "all schools not to teach
Intelligent Design (ID) as science, because it fails to qualify on every
count as a scientific theory".
In 1986, an amicus curiae brief, signed by 72 US Nobel Prize winners, 17 state academies of science and 7 other scientific societies, asked the US Supreme Court in Edwards v. Aguillard, to reject a Louisiana
state law requiring that where evolutionary science was taught in
public schools, creation science must also be taught. The brief also
stated that the term "creation science" as used by the law embodied
religious dogma, and that "teaching religious ideas mislabeled as
science is detrimental to scientific education". This was the largest collection of Nobel Prize winners to sign a petition up to that point.
According to anthropologists Almquist and Cronin, the brief is the
"clearest statement by scientists in support of evolution yet produced."
There are many scientific and scholarly organizations from around
the world that have issued statements in support of the theory of
evolution. The American Association for the Advancement of Science,
the world's largest general scientific society with more than 130,000
members and over 262 affiliated societies and academies of science
including over 10 million individuals, has made several statements and
issued several press releases in support of evolution. The prestigious United States National Academy of Sciences,
which provides science advice to the nation, has published several
books supporting evolution and criticising creationism and intelligent
design.
There is a notable difference between the opinion of scientists
and that of the general public in the United States. A 2009 poll by Pew Research Center
found that "Nearly all scientists (97%) say humans and other living
things have evolved over time – 87% say evolution is due to natural
processes, such as natural selection. The dominant position among
scientists – that living things have evolved due to natural processes –
is shared by only about a third (32%) of the public."
Votes, resolutions and statements of scientists before 1985
One of the earliest resolutions in support of evolution was issued by the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1922, and readopted in 1929.
Another early effort to express support for evolution by scientists was organized by Nobel Prize–winning American biologist Hermann J. Muller
in 1966. Muller circulated a petition entitled "Is Biological Evolution
a Principle of Nature that has been well established by Science?" in
May 1966:
There are no hypotheses, alternative to the principle of evolution with its "tree of life," that any competent biologist of today takes seriously. Moreover, the principle is so important for an understanding of the world we live in and of ourselves that the public in general, including students taking biology in high school, should be made aware of it, and of the fact that it is firmly established, even as the rotundity of the earth is firmly established.
This manifesto was signed by 177 of the leading American biologists, including George G. Simpson of Harvard University, Nobel Prize Winner Peter Agre of Duke University, Carl Sagan of Cornell, John Tyler Bonner of Princeton, Nobel Prize Winner George Beadle, President of the University of Chicago, and Donald F. Kennedy of Stanford University, formerly head of the United States Food and Drug Administration.
This was followed by the passing of a resolution by the American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS) in the fall of 1972 that stated, in part, "the theory of
creation ... is neither scientifically grounded nor capable of
performing the rules required of science theories". The United States National Academy of Sciences also passed a similar resolution in the fall of 1972. A statement on evolution called "A Statement Affirming Evolution as a Principle of Science." was signed by Nobel Prize Winner Linus Pauling, Isaac Asimov, George G. Simpson, Caltech Biology Professor Norman H. Horowitz, Ernst Mayr, and others, and published in 1977. The governing board of the American Geological Institute issued a statement supporting resolution in November 1981.
Shortly thereafter, the AAAS passed another resolution supporting evolution and disparaging efforts to teach creationism in science classes.
To date, there are no scientifically peer-reviewed research
articles that disclaim evolution listed in the scientific and medical
journal search engine Pubmed.
Project Steve
The Discovery Institute announced that over 700 scientists had expressed support for intelligent design as of February 8, 2007. This prompted the National Center for Science Education to produce a "light-hearted" petition called "Project Steve" in support of evolution.
Only scientists named "Steve" or some variation (such as Stephen,
Stephanie, and Stefan) are eligible to sign the petition. It is intended
to be a "tongue-in-cheek parody" of the lists of alleged "scientists" supposedly supporting creationist principles that creationist organizations produce. The petition demonstrates that there are more scientists who accept evolution with a name like "Steve" alone (over 1370)
than there are in total who support intelligent design. This is, again,
why the percentage of scientists who support evolution has been
estimated by Brian Alters to be about 99.9 percent.
Support for evolution by religious bodies
Many creationists act as evangelists and their organizations are registered as tax-free religious organizations. Creationists have claimed that they represent the interests of true Christians, and evolution is associated only with atheism.
However, not all religious organizations find support for
evolution incompatible with their religious faith. For example, 12 of
the plaintiffs opposing the teaching of creation science in the influential McLean v. Arkansas
court case were clergy representing Methodist, Episcopal, African
Methodist Episcopal, Catholic, Southern Baptist, Reform Jewish, and
Presbyterian groups. There are several religious organizations that have issued statements advocating the teaching of evolution in public schools. In addition, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Rowan Williams, issued statements in support of evolution in 2006. The Clergy Letter Project
is a signed statement by 12,808 (as of 28 May 2012) American Christian
clergy of different denominations rejecting creationism organized in
2004. Molleen Matsumura of the National Center for Science Education
found, of Americans in the twelve largest Christian denominations, at
least 77% belong to churches that support evolution education (and that
at one point, this figure was as high as 89.6%). These religious groups include the Catholic Church, as well as various denominations of Protestantism, including the United Methodist Church, National Baptist Convention, USA, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Presbyterian Church (USA), National Baptist Convention of America, African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Episcopal Church, and others. A figure closer to about 71% is presented by the analysis of Walter B. Murfin and David F. Beck.
Michael Shermer
argued in Scientific American in October 2006 that evolution supports
concepts like family values, avoiding lies, fidelity, moral codes and
the rule of law. Shermer also suggests that evolution gives more support
to the notion of an omnipotent creator, rather than a tinkerer with
limitations based on a human model.
Evolution and Ahmadiyya
The Ahmadiyya Movement universally accepts evolution and actively promotes it. Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Fourth Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has stated in his magnum opus Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth that evolution did occur but only through God being the One who brings it about. It does not occur itself, according to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. The Ahmadis do not believe Adam was the first human on earth, but merely the first prophet to receive a revelation of God.
Evolution and the Baha'i Faith
A fundamental part of `Abdul-Bahá's teachings on evolution is the belief that all life came from the same origin: "the origin of all material life is one..."
He states that from this sole origin, the complete diversity of life
was generated: "Consider the world of created beings, how varied and
diverse they are in species, yet with one sole origin" He explains that a slow, gradual process led to the development of complex entities:
- "[T]he growth and development of all beings is gradual; this is the universal divine organization and the natural system. The seed does not at once become a tree; the embryo does not at once become a man; the mineral does not suddenly become a stone. No, they grow and develop gradually and attain the limit of perfection."
Evolution and the Catholic Church
The 1950 encyclical Humani generis
advocated scepticism towards evolution without explicitly rejecting it;
this was substantially amended by Pope John-Paul II in 1996 in an
address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in which he said, "Today,
almost half a century after publication of the encyclical, new knowledge
has led to the recognition of the theory of evolution as more than a
hypothesis." Between 2000 and 2002 the International Theological Commission
found that "Converging evidence from many studies in the physical and
biological sciences furnishes mounting support for some theory of
evolution to account for the development and diversification of life on
earth, while controversy continues over the pace and mechanisms of
evolution." This statement was published by the Vatican on July 2004 by the authority of Cardinal Ratzinger (who became Pope Benedict XVI) who was the president of the Commission at the time.
The Magisterium
has not made an authoritative statement on intelligent design, and has
permitted arguments on both sides of the issue. In 2005, Cardinal Christoph Schönborn of Vienna appeared to endorse intelligent design when he denounced philosophically materialist interpretations of evolution. In an op-ed in the New York Times
he said "Evolution in the sense of common ancestry might be true, but
evolution in the neo-Darwinian sense - an unguided, unplanned process of
random variation and natural selection - is not."
This common line of reasoning among fundamentalist theologians is
flawed, as evolution by natural selection is not random at all; only
mutations occur in a stochastic manner, while natural selection
establishes genes which aid survival in a particular environment.
In the January 16–17 2006 edition of the official Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano, University of Bologna evolutionary biology Professor Fiorenzo Facchini wrote an article agreeing with the judge's ruling in Kitzmiller v. Dover and stating that intelligent design was unscientific. Jesuit Father George Coyne, former director of the Vatican Observatory, has also denounced intelligent design.
Evolution and Sikhism
The Sikh scripture
explicitly states that the Universe and its processes are created by,
and subject to, the laws of Nature. Furthermore, the name that is used
by Sikhs for God, Waheguru, is literally translated as "the Wonderful Teacher", implying that these laws are, in principle at least, at least partially discernible by human inquiry. One of the hymns
that observant Sikhs recite daily describes the orbit of the Earth as
being caused by those same laws (and not some mythological cause). Thus, the scientific world-view, which includes the Darwinian theory of evolution, is compatible with traditional Sikh belief.
Evolution and Hinduism
Hindus believe in the concept of evolution of life on Earth. The concepts of Dashavatara—different incarnations of God starting from simple organisms and progressively becoming complex beings—and Day and Night of Brahma are generally cited as instances of Hindu acceptance of evolution.
US religious denominations that dispute evolution
In
the United States, many Protestant denominations promote creationism,
preach against evolution, and sponsor lectures and debates on the
subject. Denominations that explicitly advocate creationism instead of
evolution or "Darwinism" include the Assemblies of God, the Free Methodist Church, Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, Pentecostal Churches, Seventh-day Adventist Churches, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, Christian Reformed Church, Southern Baptist Convention, and the Pentecostal Oneness churches. Jehovah's Witnesses produce gap creationism and day-age creationism literature to refute evolution but reject the "creationist" label, which they consider to apply only to Young Earth creationism.
Support for evolution in medicine and industry
A common complaint of creationists
is that evolution is of no value, has never been used for anything, and
will never be of any use. According to many creationists, nothing would
be lost by getting rid of evolution, and science and industry might
even benefit.
In fact, evolution is being put to practical use in industry and widely used on a daily basis by researchers in medicine, biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics
to both formulate hypotheses about biological systems for the purposes
of experimental design, as well as to rationalise observed data and
prepare applications. As of May 2019 there are 554,965 scientific papers in PubMed that mention 'evolution'.
Pharmaceutical companies utilize biological evolution in their
development of new products, and also use these medicines to combat
evolving bacteria and viruses.
Because of the perceived value of evolution in applications,
there have been some expressions of support for evolution on the part of
corporations. In Kansas,
there has been some widespread concern in the corporate and academic
communities that a move to weaken the teaching of evolution in schools
will hurt the state's ability to recruit the best talent, particularly
in the biotech industry. Paul Hanle of the Biotechnology Institute warned that the United States risks falling behind in the biotechnology race with other nations if it does not do a better job of teaching evolution. James McCarter of Divergence Incorporated stated that the work of 2001 Nobel Prize winner Leland Hartwell
relied heavily on the use of evolutionary knowledge and predictions,
both of which have significant implications for the treatment of
cancers. Furthermore, McCarter concluded that 47 of the last 50 Nobel
Prizes in medicine or physiology depended on an understanding of
evolutionary theory (according to McCarter's unspecified personal
criteria).
Other support for evolution
There are also many educational organizations that have issued statements in support of the theory of evolution.
Repeatedly, creationists and intelligent design advocates have lost suits in US courts. Here is a list of important court cases in which creationists have suffered setbacks:
- 1968 Epperson v. Arkansas, United States Supreme Court
- 1981 Segraves v. State of California, Supreme Court of California
- 1982 McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education, U.S. Federal Court
- 1987 Edwards v. Aguillard, United States Supreme Court
- 1990 Webster v. New Lenox School District, Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals
- 1994 Peloza v. Capistrano Unified School District, Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
- 1997 Freiler v. Tangipahoa Parish Board of Education, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana
- 2000 Rodney LeVake v Independent School District 656, et al., District Court for the Third Judicial District of the State of Minnesota
- 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, US Federal Court
- 2006 Hurst v. Newman US District Court Eastern District of California
Public support
Acceptance of human evolution in various countries.
There does not appear to be significant correlation between believing in evolution and understanding evolutionary science.
In some countries, creationist beliefs (or a lack of support for
evolutionary theory) are relatively widespread, even garnering a
majority of public opinion. A study published in Science compared attitudes about evolution in the United States, 32 European countries (including Turkey) and Japan. The only country where acceptance of evolution was lower than in the United States was Turkey (25%). Public acceptance of evolution was most widespread (at over 80% of the population) in Iceland, Denmark and Sweden.
Afghanistan
According
to the PEW research center, Afghanistan has the lowest acceptance of
evolution in the Muslim countries. Only 26% of people in Afghanistan accept evolution. 62% deny human evolution and believe that humans have always existed in their present form..
Argentina
According to a 2014 poll produced by the Pew Research Center,
71% of people in Argentina believe "humans and other living things
evolved over time" while 23% believe they have "always existed in the
present form."
Armenia
According
to the PEW research, 56 percent of Armenians deny human evolution &
claim that humans have always existed in their present and only 34
percent of Armenians accept human evolution.
Australia
A 2009 Nielsen
poll showed that 23% of Australians believe "the biblical account of
human origins," 42% believe in a "wholly scientific" explanation for
the origins of life, while 32% believe in an evolutionary process
"guided by God".
A 2013 survey conducted by Auspoll and the Australian Academy of Science
found that 80% of Australians believe in evolution (70% believe it is
currently occurring, 10% believe in evolution but do not think it is
currently occurring), 12% were not sure and 9% stated they do not
believe in evolution.
Belarus
According
to the PEW research center, 63 percent of respondents in Belarus accept
the theory of evolution while 23 percent of them deny evolution and
claim that "humans have always existed their present form."
Bolivia
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 44% of people in Bolivia
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 39%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Brazil
In a 2010 poll, 59% of respondents said they believe in theistic evolution,
or evolution guided by God. A further 8% believe in evolution without
divine intervention, while 25% were creationists. Support for
creationism was stronger among the poor and the least educated.
According to a 2014 poll produced by the Pew Research Center, 66% of
Brazilians agree that humans evolved over time and 29% think they have
always existed in the present form.
Canada
In a 2012
poll, 61% of Canadians believe that humans evolved from less advanced
life forms, while 22% believe that God created human beings in their
present form within the last 10,000 years.
Chile
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 69% of people in Chile
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 26%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Colombia
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 59% of people in Colombia
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 35%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Costa Rica
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 56% of people in Costa Rica
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 38%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Czech Republic
According to the PEW research center,the Czech Republic has the highest acceptance of evolution in Eastern Europe. 83 percent people in the Czech Republic believe that humans evolved over time.
Dominican Republic
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 41% of people in Dominican
Republic believe "humans and other living things evolved over time"
while 56% believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Ecuador
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 50% of people in Ecuador
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 44%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
El Salvador
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 46% of people in El Salvador
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 45%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Estonia
According
to the PEW research center,74 percent of Estonians accept the theory of
evolution while 21 percent of Estonians deny the theory of evolution
and claim that "humans have always existed their present form."
Georgia
According
to the PEW research center, 58 percent of Georgians accept the theory
of evolution while 34 percent of Georgians accept deny the theory of
evolution.
Guatemala
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 55% of people in Guatemala
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 38%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Honduras
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 49% of people in Honduras
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 45%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Hungary
According
to the PEW RESEARCH poll, 69 percent of Hungarians accept the theory of
evolution and 21 percent of Hungarians deny human evolution.
Kazakhstan
According to the PEW research center, Kazakhstan has the highest acceptance of evolution in the Muslim countries. 79% of
people in Kazakhstan accept the theory of evolution.
India
Among those
who had heard of Charles Darwin and knew something about the theory of
evolution, 77% of people in India agree that enough scientific evidence
exists to support Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.
Also, 85% of God believing Indians who know about evolution agree that
life on earth evolved over time as a result of natural selection.
In a survey carried among 10 major nations, the highest
proportion that agreed that evolutionary theories alone should be taught
in schools was in India, at 49%.
In a recent survey conducted across 12 states in India,
public acceptence of evolution stood at 65.5% across Indian population.
Highest acceptence was found in Delhi, Maharashtra and Kerala (all
above 78%) while the least was found to be in Haryana (41.3%). Males
were marginally more likely to accept the evolution compared with
females (72% vs. 69%), and non-religious people compared with religious
people (74% vs. 67%). Surprisingly people who identified as ‘rightists’
accepted the evolution more than those who identified themselves as
‘leftists’ (66% vs. 61%) in political spectra. The study also identified
teachers and students (over 73%) as most likely to accept evolution
while employed adults (59%) least. While at the international level, the
trend is quite clear that religiosity is inversely proportional to
public acceptance of evolution, situation in India was strikingly
opposite. Lead author, Dr. Felix Bast from Central University of Punjab
conjectured possible reason for high public acceptance of evolution in
India despite the fact of high religiosity is that Hinduism does not
conflict Darwin’s theory of evolution to a large extent. According to 2011 census,
Hindus encompass 80.3% of Indian population. Many concepts of Vedas and
Hinduism support the scientific consensus of geology, climate science
and evolution to a large extent. For example, according to Rigveda, the
age of earth is 1.97 billion years, which is very old compared with that
of creation myth propounded by Abrahamic religions (according to
creationism-also called Intelligent Design, the age of earth is around
6000 years). Current scientific consensus of the age of earth is 4.543
billion years. A number of evolutionary biologists in the past as well
were baffled about the surprising similarity between evolutionary theory
and Hinduism. British evolutionary biologist JBS Haldane, for instance,
suggested that Hindu concept of dashavatara- the ten
incarnations of lord Vishnu- is a rough idea of vertebrate evolution
(fish-the vertebrate to tortoise-reptile to boar-mammal to man). Vedic
concepts of pralaya and mahapralaya too surprisingly capture the cyclic nature of global climate (glacial-interglacial cycles).
Indonesia
A
2009 survey conducted by the McGill researchers and their international
collaborators found that 85% of Indonesian high school students agreed
with the statement, "Millions of fossils show that life has existed for
billions of years and changed over time."
Israel
The theory of evolution is a 'hard sell' in schools in Israel. More than half of Israeli Jews accept the human evolution while more than 40% deny human evolution & claim that humans have always existed in their present form.
Latvia
According
to the PEW research center, 66 percent of Latvians accept the theory of
evolution while 25 percent of Latvians deny evolution and claim that
"humans have always existed their present form."
Lithuania
According
to the PEW research center 54 percent of Lithuanians accept the theory
of evolution while 34 percent of them deny evolution and claim that
"humans have always existed their present form."
Mexico
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 64% of people in Mexico
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 32%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Moldova
According
to the PEW research center, 49 percent of Moldovans accept the theory
of evolution while 42 percent of Moldovan deny the theory of evolution
and claim that "humans have always existed."
Nicaragua
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 47% of people in Nicaragua
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 48%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Norway
According to a 2008 Norstat poll for NRK,
59% of the Norwegian population fully accept evolution, 24% somewhat
agree with the theory, 4% somewhat disagree with the theory while 8% do
not accept evolution. 4% did not know.
Pakistan
A
2009 survey conducted by the McGill researchers and their international
collaborators found that 86% of Pakistani high school students agreed
with the statement, "Millions of fossils show that life has existed for
billions of years and changed over time."
Panama
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 61% of people in Panama
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 34%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Paraguay
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 59% of people in Paraguay
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 30%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Peru
According to a
2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 51% of people in Peru believe
"humans and other living things evolved over time" while 39% believe
they have "always existed in the present form."
Poland
According
to the PEW research center, 61 percent of Poles accept the theory of
evolution while 23 percent of Poles deny the theory of evolution and
claim that "humans have always existed their present form."
Russia
According
to the PEW research center, 65 percent of Russians accept the theory of
evolution while 26 percent of Russians deny the theory of evolution and
claim that "humans have always existed their present form."
Serbia
According
to the PEW research center, 61 percent of Serbian accept the theory of
evolution while 29 percent of respondents in Serbia deny the theory of
evolution while and claim that "humans have always existed their present
form."
United Kingdom
A
2006 UK poll on the "origin and development of life" asked participants
to choose between three different explanations for the origin of life:
22% chose (Young Earth) creationism, 17% opted for intelligent design ("certain features of living things are best explained by the intervention of a supernatural being, e.g. God"), 48% selected evolution theory (with a divine role explicitly excluded) and the rest did not know. A 2009 poll found that only 38% of Britons believe God played no role in evolution.
In a 2012 poll, 69% of Britons believe that humans evolved from less
advanced life forms, while 17% believe that God created human beings in
their present forms within the last 10,000 years.
United States
US
courts have ruled in favor of teaching evolution in science classrooms,
and against teaching creationism, in numerous cases such as Edwards v. Aguillard, Hendren v. Campbell, McLean v. Arkansas and Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District.
A prominent organization in the United States behind the intelligent design movement is the Discovery Institute, which, through its Center for Science and Culture, conducts a number of public relations and lobbying campaigns aimed at influencing the public and policy makers in order to advance its position in academia. The Discovery Institute claims that because there is a significant lack of public support for evolution, that public schools should, as their campaign states, "Teach the Controversy", although there is no controversy over the validity of evolution within the scientific community.
| US Group | Young Earth Creationism | Belief in evolution guided by supreme being | Belief in evolution due to natural processes | NA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public | 31% | 22% | 32% | 15% |
| Scientists | 2% | 8% | 87% | 3% |
| Religious Institution Attendance | Young Earth Creationism | Belief in God-guided evolution | Belief in evolution without God |
|---|---|---|---|
| Attend Church Weekly | 69% | 24% | 1% |
| Attend Church Nearly Weekly/Monthly | 47% | 39% | 9% |
| Seldom/Never Attend Church | 23% | 32% | 34% |
The US has one of the highest levels of public belief in biblical or
other religious accounts of the origins of life on earth among
industrialized countries. However according to the PEW research center, 62 percent of adults in the United States
accept human evolution and while 34 percent of adults believe that
humans have always existed in their present form. The poll involved over
35,000 adults in the United States. However acceptance of evolution varies per state. For example the State of Vermont has the highest acceptance of evolution of any other State in the United States. 79% people in Vermont accept human evolution. While Mississippi with 43% has the lowest acceptance of evolution of any US state.
A 2017 Gallup
creationism survey found that 38% of adults in the United States
inclined to the view that "God created humans in their present form at
one time within the last 10,000 years" when asked for their views on the
origin and development of human beings, which was noted as being at the
lowest level in 35 years.
19% believed that "human beings have developed over millions of years
from less advanced forms of life, but God had no part in this process",
despite 49% of respondents indicating they believed in evolution.
Belief in creationism is inversely correlated to education; only 22% of
those with post-graduate degrees believe in strict creationism.
(The level of support for strict creationism could be even lower when
poll results are adjusted after comparison with other polls with
questions that more specifically account for uncertainty and
ambivalence.A 2000 poll for People for the American Way found 70% of the American public felt that evolution was compatible with a belief in God.
| Political identification | Do not believe in evolution | Believe in evolution | NA |
|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | 68% | 30% | 2% |
| Democrat | 40% | 57% | 3% |
| Independent | 37% | 61% | 2% |
| Political identification | Creationist | Believe in evolution | NA |
|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | 60% | 11% | 29% |
| Democrat | 29% | 44% | 27% |
A 2005 Pew Research Center poll found that 70% of evangelical
Christians believed that living organisms have not changed since their
creation, but only 31% of Catholics and 32% of mainline Protestants
shared this opinion. A 2005 Harris Poll estimated that 63% of liberals and 37% of conservatives agreed that humans and other primates have a common ancestry.
Ukraine
According
to the PEW research center, 54 percent of respondents in Ukraine accept
the theory of evolution while 34 percent deny the theory of evolution
and claim that "humans have always existed their present form."
Uruguay
According
to a 2014 poll produced by the Pew Research Center, 74% of people in
Uruguay believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while
20% believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Venezuela
According
to a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 63% of people in Venezuela
believe "humans and other living things evolved over time" while 33%
believe they have "always existed in the present form."
Trends
The level of assent that evolution garners has changed with time. The trends in acceptance of evolution can be estimated.
Early impact of Darwin's theory
The level of support for evolution in different communities has varied with time. Darwin's
theory had convinced almost every naturalist within 20 years of its
publication in 1858, and was making serious inroads with the public and
the more liberal clergy. It had reached such extremes, that by 1880, one
American religious weekly publication estimated that "perhaps a quarter,
perhaps a half of the educated ministers in our leading Evangelical
denominations" felt "that the story of the creation and fall of man,
told in Genesis, is no more the record of actual occurrences than is the
parable of the Prodigal Son."
By the late 19th century, many of the most conservative Christians accepted an ancient earth, and life on earth before Eden. Victorian Era Creationists were more akin to people who subscribe to theistic evolution today. Even fervent anti-evolutionist Scopes Trial prosecutor William Jennings Bryan interpreted the "days" of Genesis as ages of the earth, and acknowledged that biochemical evolution took place, drawing the line only at the story of Adam and Eve's creation. Prominent pre-World War II creationist Harry Rimmer allowed an Old Earth by slipping millions of years into putative gaps in the Genesis account, and claimed that the Noachian Flood was only a local phenomenon.
In the decades of the 20th century, George McCready Price and a tiny group of Seventh-day Adventist followers were among the very few believers in a Young Earth and a worldwide flood, which Price championed in his "new catastrophism" theories. It was not until the publication of John C. Whitcomb, Jr., and Henry M. Morris’s book Genesis Flood
in 1961 that Price's idea was revived. In the last few decades, many
creationists have adopted Price's beliefs, becoming progressively more
strict biblical literalists.
Recent public beliefs
In a 1991 Gallup poll, 47% of the US population, and 25% of college
graduates agreed with the statement, "God created man pretty much in his
present form at one time within the last 10,000 years."
Fourteen years
later, in 2005, Gallup found that 53% of Americans expressed the belief
that "God created human beings in their present form exactly the way the
Bible describes it." About 2/3 (65.5%) of those surveyed thought that
creationism was definitely or probably true. In 2005 a Newsweek
poll discovered that 80 percent of the American public thought that
"God created the universe." and the Pew Research Center reported that
"nearly two-thirds of Americans say that creationism should be taught
alongside evolution in public schools." Ronald Numbers
commented on that with "Most surprising of all was the discovery that
large numbers of high-school biology teachers — from 30% in Illinois and
38% in Ohio to a whopping 69% in Kentucky — supported the teaching of
creationism."
The National Center for Science Education
reports that from 1985 to 2005, the number of Americans unsure about
evolution increased from 7% to 21%, while the number rejecting evolution
declined from 48% to 39%.
Jon Miller of Michigan State University has found in his polls that the
number of Americans who accept evolution has declined from 45% to 40%
from 1985 to 2005.
In light of these somewhat contradictory results, it is difficult
to know for sure what is happening to public opinion on evolution in
the US. It does not appear that either side is making unequivocal
progress. It does appear that uncertainty about the issue is increasing,
however.
Anecdotal evidence is that creationism is becoming more of an
issue in the UK as well. One report in 2006 was that UK students are
increasingly arriving ill-prepared to participate in medical studies or
other advanced education.
Recent scientific trends
The level of support for creationism among relevant scientists is minimal. In 2007 the Discovery Institute reported that about 600 scientists signed their A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism list, up from 100 in 2001.
The actual statement of the Scientific Dissent from Darwinism is a
relatively mild one that expresses skepticism about the absoluteness of
'Darwinism' (and is in line with the falsifiability required of scientific theories) to explain all features of life, and does not in any way represent an absolute denial or rejection of evolution. By contrast, a tongue-in-cheek response known as Project Steve,
a list restricted to scientists named Steve, Stephanie etc. who agree
that evolution is "a vital, well-supported, unifying principle of the
biological sciences," has 1,382 signatories as of November 24, 2015. People with these names make up approximately 1% of the total U.S. population.
The United States National Science Foundation
statistics on US yearly science graduates demonstrate that from 1987 to
2001, the number of biological science graduates increased by 59% while
the number of geological science graduates decreased by 20.5%. However,
the number of geology graduates in 2001 was only 5.4% of the number of
graduates in the biological sciences, while it was 10.7% of the number
of biological science graduates in 1987.
The Science Resources Statistics Division of the National Science
Foundation estimated that in 1999, there were 955,300 biological
scientists in the US (about 1/3 of who hold graduate degrees). There
were also 152,800 earth scientists in the US as well.
A large fraction of the Darwin Dissenters have specialties
unrelated to research on evolution; of the dissenters, three-quarters
are not biologists. As of 2006, the dissenter list was expanded to include non-US scientists.
Some researchers are attempting to understand the factors that
affect people's acceptance of evolution. Studies have yielded
inconsistent results, explains associate professor of education at Ohio
State University, David Haury. He recently performed a study that found
people are likely to reject evolution if they have feelings of
uncertainty, regardless of how well they understand evolutionary theory.
Haury believes that teachers need to show students that their intuitive
feelings may be misleading (for example, using the Wason selection task), and thus to exercise caution when relying on them as they judge the rational merits of ideas.
