Engraving of the Four Freedoms at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial in Washington, D.C.
The Four Freedoms were goals articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Monday, January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech (technically the 1941 State of the Union address), he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy:
Roosevelt delivered his speech 11 months before the surprise Japanese attack on U.S. forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
that caused the United States to declare war on Japan, December 8,
1941. The State of the Union speech before Congress was largely about
the national security of the United States and the threat to other democracies from world war that was being waged across the continents in the eastern hemisphere. In the speech, he made a break with the tradition of United States non-interventionism that had long been held in the United States. He outlined the U.S. role in helping allies already engaged in warfare.
In that context, he summarized the values of democracy behind the
bipartisan consensus on international involvement that existed at the
time. A famous quote from the speech prefaces those values: "As men do
not live by bread alone, they do not fight by armaments alone." In the
second half of the speech, he lists the benefits of democracy, which
include economic opportunity, employment, social security, and the
promise of "adequate health care". The first two freedoms, of speech and
religion, are protected by the First Amendment in the United States Constitution. His inclusion of the latter two freedoms went beyond the traditional Constitutional values protected by the U.S. Bill of Rights. Roosevelt endorsed a broader human right to economic security and anticipated what would become known decades later as the "human security" paradigm in social science and economic development. He also included the "freedom from fear" against national aggression and took it to the new United Nations he was setting up.
Historical context
In
the 1930s many Americans, arguing that the involvement in World War I
had been a mistake, were adamantly against continued intervention in
European affairs.
With the Neutrality Acts established after 1935, U.S. law banned the
sale of armaments to countries that were at war and placed restrictions
on travel with belligerent vessels.
When World War II
began in September 1939, the neutrality laws were still in effect and
ensured that no substantial support could be given to Britain and
France. With the revision of the Neutrality Act in 1939, Roosevelt
adopted a "methods-short-of-war policy" whereby supplies and armaments
could be given to European Allies, provided no declaration of war could
be made and no troops committed.
By December 1940, Europe was largely at the mercy of Adolf Hitler and
Germany's Nazi regime. With Germany's defeat of France in June 1940,
Britain and its overseas Empire stood alone against the military
alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan. Winston Churchill, as Prime
Minister of Britain, called for Roosevelt and the United States to
supply them with armaments in order to continue with the war effort.
The 1939 New York World's Fair had celebrated Four Freedoms - religion, speech, press, and assembly - and commissioned Leo Friedlander to create sculptures representing them. Mayor of New York City Fiorello La Guardia
described the resulting statues as the "heart of the fair". Later
Roosevelt would declare his own "Four Essential Freedoms" and call on Walter Russell to create a Four Freedoms Monument that was eventually dedicated at Madison Square Garden in New York City.
They also appeared on the reverse of the AM-lira,
the Allied Military Currency note issue that was issued in Italy during
WWII, by the Americans, that was in effect occupation currency,
guaranteed by the American dollar.
Declarations
The Four Freedoms Speech was given on January 6, 1941. Roosevelt's
hope was to provide a rationale for why the United States should abandon
the isolationist policies that emerged from World War I. In the
address, Roosevelt critiqued Isolationism, saying: "No realistic
American can expect from a dictator's peace international generosity, or
return of true independence, or world disarmament, or freedom of
expression, or freedom of religion–or even good business. Such a peace
would bring no security for us or for our neighbors. "Those, who would
give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve
neither liberty nor safety."
The speech coincided with the introduction of the Lend-Lease Act,
which promoted Roosevelt's plan to become the "arsenal of democracy" and support the Allies (mainly the British) with much-needed supplies.
Furthermore, the speech established what would become the ideological
basis for America's involvement in World War II, all framed in terms of
individual rights and liberties that are the hallmark of American
politics.
The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following text, known as the "Four Freedoms":
In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms.
The first is freedom of speech and expression—everywhere in the world.
The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way—everywhere in the world.
The third is freedom from want—which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants—everywhere in the world.
The fourth is freedom from fear—which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor—anywhere in the world.
That is no vision of a distant millennium.
It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation.
That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.
— Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6, 1941
The four freedoms flag or "United Nations Honor Flag" ca. 1943–1948
The declaration of the Four Freedoms as a justification for war would
resonate through the remainder of the war, and for decades longer as a
frame of remembrance.
The Freedoms became the staple of America's war aims and the center of
all attempts to rally public support for the war. With the creation of
the Office of War Information (1942), as well as the famous paintings by
Norman Rockwell, the Freedoms were advertised as values central to
American life and examples of American exceptionalism.
Opposition
The
Four Freedoms Speech was popular, and the goals were influential in
postwar politics. However, in 1941 the speech received heavy criticism
from anti-war elements. Critics argued that the Four Freedoms were simply a charter for Roosevelt's New Deal,
social reforms that had already created sharp divisions within
Congress. Conservatives who opposed social programs and increased
government intervention argued against Roosevelt's attempt to justify
and depict the war as necessary for the defense of lofty goals.
While the Freedoms did become a forceful aspect of American
thought on the war, they were never the exclusive justification for the
war. Polls and surveys conducted by the United States Office of War Information (OWI) revealed that "self-defense", and vengeance for the attack on Pearl Harbor were still the most prevalent reasons for war.
Limitations
In
a 1942 radio address, President Roosevelt declared the Four Freedoms
embodied "rights of men of every creed and every race, wherever they
live."
On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt authorized Japanese American internment and internment of Italian Americans with Executive Order 9066,
which allowed local military commanders to designate "military areas"
as "exclusion zones," from which "any or all persons may be excluded."
This power was used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were
excluded from the entire Pacific coast, including all of California and
much of Oregon, Washington, and Arizona, except for those in internment
camps.
By 1946, the United States had incarcerated 120,000 individuals of
Japanese descent, of whom about 80,000 had been born in the United
States.
United Nations
The concept of the Four Freedoms became part of the personal mission undertaken by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt regarding her inspiration behind the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights,
General Assembly Resolution 217A. Indeed, these Four Freedoms were
explicitly incorporated into the preamble to the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights which reads, "Whereas disregard and contempt for
human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the
conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings
shall enjoy the freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and
want has been proclaimed the highest aspiration of the common
people...."
Disarmament
FDR
called for "a world-wide reduction of armaments" as a goal for "the
future days, which we seek to make secure" but one that was "attainable
in our own time and generation." More immediately, though, he called for
a massive build-up of U.S. arms production:
Every realist knows that the democratic way of life is at this moment being directly assailed in every part of the world... The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarily—almost exclusively—to meeting this foreign peril. ...[T]he immediate need is a swift and driving increase in our armament production. ...I also ask this Congress for authority and for funds sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds, to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war with aggressor nations. ...Let us say to the democracies...
— Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park
The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park is a park designed by the architect Louis Kahn for the south point of Roosevelt Island. The Park celebrates the famous speech, and text from the speech is inscribed on a granite wall in the final design of the Park.
Awards
The Roosevelt Institute honors outstanding individuals who have demonstrated a lifelong commitment to these ideals. The Four Freedoms Award medals are awarded at ceremonies at Hyde Park, New York and Middelburg, Netherlands
during alternate years. The awards were first presented in 1982 on the
centenary of President Roosevelt's birth as well as the bicentenary of
diplomatic relations between the United States and the Netherlands.
Among the laureates have been:
- William Brennan
- H.M. Juan Carlos of Spain
- Jimmy Carter
- Bill Clinton
- The Dalai Lama
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Averell Harriman
- Václav Havel
- H.R.H. Princess Juliana of the Netherlands
- John F. Kennedy
- Mike Mansfield
- Paul Newman
- Tip O'Neill
- Shimon Peres
- Coretta Scott King
- Brent Scowcroft
- Harry S. Truman
- Liv Ullmann
- Elie Wiesel
- Joanne Woodward
In popular culture
- John Crowley's novel Four Freedoms (2009) is largely based on the themes of Roosevelt's speech.
- FDR commissioned sculptor Walter Russell to design a monument to be dedicated to the first hero of the war. The Four Freedoms Monument was created in 1941 and dedicated at Madison Square Garden, in New York City, in 1943.
- Artist Kindred McLeary painted America the Mighty (1941), also known as Defense of Human Freedoms, in the State Department's Harry S. Truman Building.
- Artist Hugo Ballin painted The Four Freedoms mural (1942) in the Council Chamber of the City Hall of Burbank, California.
- New Jersey muralist Michael Lenson (1903–1972) painted The Four Freedoms mural (1943) for the Fourteenth Street School in Newark, New Jersey.
- Muralist Anton Refregier painted the History of San Francisco (completed 1948) in the Rincon Center in San Francisco, California; panel 27 depicts the four freedoms.
- Artist Mildred Nungester Wolfe painted a four-panel Four Freedoms mural (complete 1959) depicting the four freedoms for a country store in Richton, Mississippi. Those panels now hang in the Mississippi Museum of Art.
- Allyn Cox painted four Four Freedoms murals (completed 1982) which hang in the Great Experiment Hall in the United States House of Representatives; each of the four panels depicts allegorical figures representing the four freedoms.
- Since 1986, the fictional Four Freedoms Plaza has served as the headquarters for Marvel Comics superhero team Fantastic Four.
- In the early 1990s, artist David McDonald reproduced Rockwell's Four Freedoms paintings as four large murals on the side of an old grocery building in downtown Silverton, Oregon.
- In 2008, Florida International University's Wolfsonian museum hosted the Thoughts on Democracy exhibition that displayed posters created by 60 leading contemporary artists and designers, invited to create a new graphic design inspired by American illustrator Norman Rockwell's Four Freedoms posters.
