Bitcoin
has steadily grown in popularity since its inception in 2009. We hear
about how many people are getting rich quick from it, and how much energy it’s consuming, and how complex it is to mine.
But what we haven’t heard much about is how Bitcoin can play a role
in human rights, and can give people who use it more financial and
political freedom.
“It’s the
first time that humans have ever had the ability to send money around
the world globally without anyone being able to stop it,” he said. “You
can argue that it’s the first time in our history that we have real
censorship resistance.”
Gladstein
feels we’re at a crossroads as a society—we’ll either go down a
centralized path where our interactions are surveilled and censored, or
we’ll go down a decentralized one that preserves our essential freedoms
and rights.
Technology’s
role is somewhat paradoxical in this crossroads; some forms can serve
as a tool of control for governments or companies, while other forms put
more power in the hands of citizens.
The
Chinese government, Gladstein pointed out, keeps close tabs on its
citizens’ behavior, location, finances, and communications. Facial recognition
tech, smartphone apps, surveillance drones, and smart glasses are all
used to gather information as people go about their daily lives, and
this information is fed into the country’s social credit system.
Obedient citizens gain privileges and praise, while dissidents,
intellectuals, criminals, and other non-conformants can be denied access
to services.
And
that’s not all. “Predictive policing is real in China today. If the
regime thinks your social credit score is indicative that you might do
something wrong, they can come arrest you before you’ve committed a
crime,” Gladstein said.
Less
drastic examples exist in the West, he added, but should also be cause
for concern, whether we’re talking about our data being sold without our
knowledge or consent, our elections being influenced through online
platforms, or a reputation score being assigned to Facebook users in an attempt to combat fake news.
Bitcoin, Gladstein believes, can help—and is already doing so. “Until Bitcoin,
there was no way to globally transact other than to trust a third
party,” he said. “Unstoppable money simply didn’t exist. I posit to you
that Bitcoin is a revolutionary upgrade in how humans can network.”
The fact that it’s owner-less and
decentralized gives Bitcoin some uniquely resilient properties. It can’t
be changed, stopped, or interrupted. You don’t need to know or trust
the party on the other end to transact with them. And even within the Bitcoin community, power is distributed; its ‘government’ works like so, Gladstein said: Alex Gladstein at Singularity University’s Global SummitMiners are the executive branch, because they work to win the right to add another block to the Bitcoin blockchain. Coders
write the script that allows the language to upgrade; they’re the
legislative branch. And users decide whether or not to install new
blocks on their full nodes, making them comparable to the judicial
branch.
“No one entity can control Bitcoin,” Gladstein said. “You have to have consensus among three very different groups, which makes it very hard to change.”
In fact, a clue about why Bitcoin was built was left in the code of the first Bitcoin block. It was a criticism of
governments printing more money when financial crises take place.
Bitcoin could do to financial monopolies what the internet did to
information monopolies (that is, disrupt or destroy them).
As an example, Gladstein spoke about Venezuela’s current crisis
and syrocketing inflation. The International Monetary Fund predicted
the country’s inflation will reach 1,000,000 percent by the end of this
year, and consumer prices have already risen 46,305 percent this year by
one estimate.
“Bitcoin
is an escape valve for people in Venezuela,” he said. “It gives them a
way to store their money that their government can’t vaporize or inflate
to nothing. It gives them a way to transact value with their relatives
overseas. It upgrades the ability of remittances to be permanent.”
Bitcoin
and other decentralized networks are most useful in countries where
people can’t trust the government or the banking system. Gladstein said
the most recent estimate of the number of people who have used a
cryptocurrency is around 75 million, or 1 percent of the world’s
population. “But 4 billion people, or almost half of the world’s
population, live under an authoritarian regime,” he said. “That’s a
massive opportunity.Whether it’s an opportunity for human impact or
business impact, that’s up to you.”
He pointed out that it’s important to
differentiate between open blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum, and
private or enterprise blockchains, which are
closed, centralized, usually permissioned, and censorable. Open
blockchains are the new cash—they give users privacy and free speech, a
way to use money without being tracked.
Gladstein shared a relevant quote from essayist and risk analyst Nassim Nicholas Taleb:
“Bitcoin’s mere existence is an insurance policy that will remind
governments that the last object the establishment could control, namely
the currency, is no longer a monopoly. This gives us, the crowd, an
insurance policy against an Orwellian future.”
Though Bitcoin’s been around for almost
a decade now, we’re really still at its beginning. Cell phones were
expensive and hard to use at first too (poor design, low battery life,
bad signal), but now people all over the world are using cell phones for
cheap and doing much more than just making calls on them. Gladstein
sees Bitcoin following a similar cycle of lowered barriers, increased
user-friendliness, and wider adoption.
The problem is that Bitcoin
was designed to be slow; its creators traded scalability and efficiency
for security and censorship resistance. “If we’re going to think
exponentially and get Bitcoin into the hands of a billion people instead of just a million people, we have to find another solution,” Gladstein said.
His proposal? Lighting Network,
or systems like it. Lightning is a decentralized network that uses
blockchain smart contracts to enable instant payments between
participants, but transactions are settled off-blockchain, which makes
for faster speeds and lower fees. Lightning can do millions of
transactions per second.
Even if
Lightning Network fails, Gladstein said, it’s useful as a blueprint for
scaling decentralized technology. And in his eyes, the future of freedom
depends on decentralized tech.
“I think
we want to do everything we can to go down a path that has some sort of
decentralization,” he concluded. “Where we preserve our freedoms and
rights, and our privacy. We are going to want that for the future of our
planet and for the future of our species.”
Vanessa
is senior editor of Singularity Hub. She's interested in renewable
energy, health and medicine, international development, and countless
other topics. When she's not reading or writing you can usually find her
outdoors, in water, or on a plane.
