Phyletic gradualism, top, would consist of steady evolutionary change in small steps, in contrast to punctuated equilibrium
Apparently sudden changes can be explained either by macromutation or by relatively rapid episodes of gradual evolution, since 10,000 years barely registers in the fossil record.
Phyletic gradualism is a model of evolution which theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual. When evolution occurs in this mode, it is usually by the steady transformation of a whole species into a new one (through a process called anagenesis). In this view no clear line of demarcation exists between an ancestral species and a descendant species, unless splitting occurs. The theory is contrasted with punctuated equilibrium.
History
The word phyletic derives from the Greek φυλετικός phūletikos, which conveys the meaning of a line of descent. Phyletic gradualism contrasts with the theory of punctuated equilibrium,
which proposes that most evolution occurs isolated in rare episodes of
rapid evolution, when a single species splits into two distinct species,
followed by a long period of stasis or non-change. These models both
contrast with variable-speed evolution ("variable speedism"), which
maintains that different species evolve at different rates, and that
there is no reason to stress one rate of change over another.
Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins argues that constant-rate gradualism is not present in the professional literature, thereby the term serves only as a straw-man for punctuated-equilibrium advocates. In his book The Blind Watchmaker, Dawkins observes that Charles Darwin himself was not a constant-rate gradualist, as suggested by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould. In the first edition of On the Origin of Species,
Darwin stated that "Species of different genera and classes have not
changed at the same rate, or in the same degree. In the oldest tertiary
beds a few living shells may still be found in the midst of a multitude
of extinct forms... The Silurian Lingula differs but little from the living species of this genus".
Lingula is among the few brachiopods surviving today but also known from fossils over 500 million years old. In the fifth edition of The Origin of Species,
Darwin wrote that "the periods during which species have undergone
modification, though long as measured in years, have probably been short
in comparison with the periods during which they retain the same form"
