Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) or self-education (also self-learning and self-teaching) is education without the guidance of masters (such as teachers and professors) or institutions (such as schools). Generally, autodidacts are individuals who choose the subject they will study, their studying material, and the studying rhythm and time. Autodidacts may or may not have formal education, and their study may be either a complement or an alternative to formal education. Many notable contributions have been made by autodidacts.
Etymology
The term has its roots in the Ancient Greek words αὐτός (autós, lit. ''self'') and διδακτικός (didaktikos, lit. ''teaching''). The related term didacticism defines an artistic philosophy of education.
Terminology
Various terms are used to describe self-education. One such is heutagogy, coined in 2000 by Stewart Hase and Chris Kenyon of Southern Cross University in Australia; others are self-directed learning and self-determined learning. In the heutagogy paradigm, a learner should be at the centre of their own learning.
Modern education
Autodidacticism is sometimes a complement of modern education. As a complement to education, students would be encouraged to do more independent work. The Industrial Revolution created a new situation for self-directed learners.
Before the twentieth century, only a small minority of people received an advanced academic education. As stated by Joseph Whitworth
in his influential report on industry dated from 1853, literacy rates
were higher in the United States. However, even in the U.S., most
children were not completing high school. High school education was
necessary to become a teacher. In modern times, a larger percentage of
those completing high school also attended college, usually to pursue a
professional degree, such as law or medicine, or a divinity degree.
Collegiate teaching was based on the classics (Latin, philosophy,
ancient history, theology) until the early nineteenth century. There
were few if any institutions of higher learning offering studies in
engineering or science before 1800. Institutions such as the Royal Society
did much to promote scientific learning, including public lectures. In
England, there were also itinerant lecturers offering their service,
typically for a fee.
Prior to the nineteenth century, there were many important
inventors working as millwrights or mechanics who, typically, had
received an elementary education and served an apprenticeship. Mechanics, instrument makers and surveyors had various mathematics training. James Watt was a surveyor and instrument maker and is described as being "largely self-educated". Watt, like some other autodidacts of the time, became a Fellow of the Royal Society and a member of the Lunar Society.
In the eighteenth century these societies often gave public lectures
and were instrumental in teaching chemistry and other sciences with
industrial applications which were neglected by traditional
universities. Academies also arose to provide scientific and technical
training.
Years of schooling in the United States began to increase sharply
in the early twentieth century. This phenomenon was seemingly related
to increasing mechanization displacing child labor. The automated glass
bottle-making machine is said to have done more for education than child
labor laws because boys were no longer needed to assist.
However, the number of boys employed in this particular industry was
not that large; it was mechanization in several sectors of industry that
displaced child labor toward education. For males in the U.S. born
1886–90, years of school averaged 7.86, while for those born in 1926–30,
years of school averaged 11.46.
One of the most recent trends in education is that the classroom
environment should cater towards students' individual needs, goals, and
interests. This model adopts the idea of inquiry-based learning
where students are presented with scenarios to identify their own
research, questions and knowledge regarding the area. As a form of discovery learning,
students in today's classrooms are being provided with more opportunity
to "experience and interact" with knowledge, which has its roots in
autodidacticism.
Successful self-teaching requires self-discipline and reflective
capability. Some research suggests that being able to regulate one's own
learning is something that must be modeled to students, for it is not a
natural human tendency in the population at large.
To interact with the environment, a framework has been identified to
determine the components of any learning system: a reward function,
incremental action value functions and action selection methods.
Rewards work best in motivating learning when they are specifically
chosen on an individual student basis. New knowledge must be
incorporated into previously existing information as its value is to be
assessed. Ultimately, these scaffolding techniques, as described by Vygotsky (1978) and problem solving methods are a result of dynamic decision making.
The secular and modern societies gave foundations for a new
system of education and a new kind of autodidacts. While the number of
schools and students rose from one century to the other, so did the
number of autodidacts. The industrial revolution produced new
educational tools used in schools, universities and outside academic
circles to create a post-modern era that gave birth to the World Wide
Web and encyclopaedic data banks such as Wikipedia. As this concept becomes more widespread and popular, web locations such as Udacity and Khan Academy
are developed as learning centers for many people to actively and
freely learn together. The Alliance for Self-Directed Education (ASDE)
is also formed to publicize and provide guidance or support for
self-directed education.
In history, philosophy, literature, and television
The first philosophical claim supporting an autodidactic program to the study of nature and God was in the philosophical novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Alive Son of the Vigilant), whose titular hero is considered the archetypal autodidact.
The story is a medieval autodidactic utopia, a philosophical treatise
in a literary form, which was written by the Andalusian philosopher Ibn Tufail
in the 1160s in Marrakesh. It is a story about a feral boy, an
autodidact prodigy who masters nature through instruments and reason,
discovers laws of nature by practical exploration and experiments, and
gains summum bonum through a mystical mediation and communion with God. The hero rises from his initial state of tabula rasa
to a mystical or direct experience of God after passing through the
necessary natural experiences. The focal point of the story is that
human reason, unaided by society and its conventions or by religion, can
achieve scientific knowledge, preparing the way to the mystical or
highest form of human knowledge.
Commonly translated as "The Self-Taught Philosopher" or "The
Improvement of Human Reason", Ibn-Tufayl's story Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan
inspired debates about autodidacticism in a range of historical fields
from classical Islamic philosophy through Renaissance humanism and the
European Enlightenment. In his book Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: a Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism,
Avner Ben-Zaken showed how the text traveled from late medieval
Andalusia to early modern Europe and demonstrated the intricate ways in
which autodidacticism was contested in and adapted to diverse cultural
settings.
Autodidacticism apparently intertwined with struggles over Sufism in
twelfth-century Marrakesh; controversies about the role of philosophy in
pedagogy in fourteenth-century Barcelona; quarrels concerning astrology
in Renaissance Florence in which Pico della Mirandola pleads for
autodidacticism against the strong authority of intellectual
establishment notions of predestination; and debates pertaining to
experimentalism in seventeenth-century Oxford. Pleas for autodidacticism
echoed not only within close philosophical discussions; they surfaced
in struggles for control between individuals and establishments.
In the story of African American self-education, Heather Andrea
Williams presents a historical account to examine African American's
relationship to literacy during slavery, the Civil War and the first decades of freedom. Many of the personal accounts tell of individuals who have had to teach themselves due to racial discrimination in education.
The working-class protagonist of Jack London's Martin Eden
(1909) embarks on a path of self-learning to win the affections of
Ruth, a member of cultured society. By the end of the novel, Eden has
surpassed the intellect of the bourgeois class, leading him to a state
of indifference and ultimately suicide.
Jean-Paul Sartre's Nausea (1938) depicts, as a secondary character, an autodidact.
Comic-book superhero Batman
is frequently depicted as an autodidactic polymath who has acquired a
vast range of skills over the years either by various trainers or having
trained himself, and his expertise in various disciplines is virtually
unmatched in the DC comics universe.
In The Ignorant Schoolmaster (1987), Jacques Rancière describes the emancipatory education of Joseph Jacotot, a post-Revolutionary philosopher
of education who discovered that he could teach things he did not know.
The book is both a history and a contemporary intervention in the
philosophy and politics of education, through the concept of
autodidacticism; Rancière chronicles Jacotot's "adventures", but he
articulates Jacotot's theory of "emancipation" and "stultification" in
the present tense.
The 1997 drama film Good Will Hunting follows the story of autodidact Will Hunting, played by Matt Damon.
Hunting demonstrates his breadth and depth of knowledge throughout the
film but especially to his therapist and in a heated discussion in a Harvard bar.
One of the main characters in The Elegance of the Hedgehog (2006), by Muriel Barbery,
is an autodidact. The story is told from the viewpoint of Renee, a
middle-aged autodidact concierge in a Paris upscale apartment house and
Paloma, a 12-year-old daughter of one of the tenants who is unhappy with
her life. These two people find they have much in common when they both
befriend a new tenant, Mr. Ozu, and their lives change forever.
In the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata, Ekalavya
is depicted as a tribal boy who was denied education in the science of
arms from royal teachers from the house of Kuru. Ekalavya went to the
forest, where he taught himself archery in front of an image of the Kuru
teacher, Drona, that he had built for himself. Later, when the royal
family found that Ekalavya had practiced with the image of Drona as his
teacher, Drona asked for Ekalavya's thumb as part of his tuition.
Ekalavya complied with Drona's request, thus ending his martial career.
In Suits,
the protagonist (Mike Ross) possesses a highly competent knowledge of
the law despite not receiving any formal education in any law school.
His knowledge is attributable to both his affinity for reading
(autodidacticism), in addition to his eidetic memory.
Dr. Spencer Reid in Criminal Minds, played by Matthew Gray Gubler, is an autodidact with an eidetic memory.
In architecture
Tadao Ando is a famous autodidact architect of the twenty-first century
Many successful and influential architects, such as Mies Van Der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, Violet-Le-Duc, and Tadao Ando were self-taught.
There are very few countries allowing autodidacticism in architecture today. The practice of architecture or the use of the title "architect", are now protected in most countries.
Self-taught architects have generally studied and qualified in other fields such as engineering or arts and crafts. Jean Prouvé was first a structural engineer. Le Corbusier had an academic qualification in decorative arts. Tadao Ando started his career as a draftsman, and Eileen Gray studied fine arts.
When a political state
starts to implement restrictions on the profession, there are issues
related to the rights of established self-taught architects. In most
countries the legislation includes a grandfather clause, authorising established self-taught architects to continue practicing. In the UK, the legislation, allowed self-trained architects with 2 years of experience to register. In France, it allowed self-trained architects with 5 years of experience to register. In Belgium, the law allowed experienced self-trained architects in practice to register. In Italy, it allowed self-trained architects with 10 years of experience to register. In The Netherlands, the "wet op de architectentitel van 7 juli 1987"
along with additional procedures, allowed architects with 10 years of
experience and architects aged 40 years old or over, with 5 years of
experience, to access the register.
However, other sovereign states chose to omit such a clause, and many established and competent practitioners were stripped of their professional rights. In the Republic of Ireland, a group named "Architects' Alliance of Ireland" is defending the interests of long-established self-trained architects who were recently deprived from their rights to practice as per Part 3 of the Irish Building Control Act 2007.
Theoretical research such as "Architecture of Change, Sustainability and Humanity in the Built Environment" or older studies such as "Vers une Architecture" from Le Corbusier
describe the practice of architecture as an environment changing with
new technologies, sciences, and legislation. All architects must be
autodidacts to keep up to date with new standards, regulations, or methods.
Self-taught architects such as Eileen Gray, Luis Barragán,
and many others, created a system where working is also learning, where
self-education is associated with creativity and productivity within a
working environment.
While he was primarily interested in naval architecture, William Francis Gibbs learned his profession through his own study of battleships and ocean liners.
Through his life he could be seen examining and changing the designs of
ships that were already built, that is, until he started his firm Gibbs and Cox.
Future role
The
role of self-directed learning continues to be investigated in learning
approaches, along with other important goals of education, such as
content knowledge, epistemic practices and collaboration. As colleges and universities offer distance learning degree programs and secondary schools provide cyber school
options for K-12 students, technology provides numerous resources that
enable individuals to have a self-directed learning experience. Several
studies show these programs function most effectively when the "teacher"
or facilitator is a full owner of virtual space to encourage a broad
range of experiences to come together in an online format.
This allows self-directed learning to encompass both a chosen path of
information inquiry, self-regulation methods and reflective discussion
among experts as well as novices in a given area. Furthermore, massive open online courses (MOOCs) make autodidacticism easier and thus more common.
A 2016 Stack Overflow poll reported that due to the rise of autodidacticism, 69.1% of software developers appear to be self-taught.
