Blessed are the Peacemakers (1917) by George Bellows
Christian pacifism is the theological and ethical
position that any form of violence is incompatible with the Christian
faith. Christian pacifists state that Jesus himself was a pacifist who
taught and practiced pacifism and that his followers must do likewise. Notable Christian pacifists include Martin Luther King, Jr., Leo Tolstoy, and Ammon Hennacy.
Hennacy believed that adherence to Christianity required not just
pacifism but, because governments inevitably threatened or used force to
resolve conflicts, anarchism. However, most Christian pacifists, including the peace churches, Christian Peacemaker Teams and individuals such as John Howard Yoder, make no claim to be anarchists.
Origins
Old Testament
Roots of Christian pacifism can be found in the scriptures of the Old Testament according to Baylor University professor of religion, John A. Wood.
Millard C. Lind explains the theology of warfare in ancient Israel as
God directing the people of Israel to trust in Him, not in the warring
way of the nations, and to seek peace not coercive power. Stephen B.
Chapman expresses the Old Testament describes God's divine intervention,
not human power politics, or the warring king, as key to the
preservation of Israel.
Lind asserts the Old Testament reflects that God occasionally
sanctions, even commands wars to the point of God actually fighting
utilizing the forces of nature, miraculous acts or other nations. Lind further argues God fights so that Israel doesn't have to fight wars like other nations because God delivers them. God promised to fight for Israel, to be an enemy to their enemies and oppose all that oppose them (Exodus 23:22). Pacifist, John Howard Yoder
explains God sustained and directed his community not by power politics
but by the creative power of God's word, of speaking through the law
and the prophets.
The scriptures in the Old Testament provide background of God's great
victory over evil, sin and death. Stephen Vantassel contends the Old
Testament exists to put the issue of war and killing in historical and
situational context.
Throughout the Old Testament, there is a movement in the role of
war. Stephen B. Chapman, associate professor of Old Testament at Duke
University asserts God used war to conquer and provide the Promised Land
to Israel, and then to defend that land. The Old Testament explains
that Israel does not have to fight wars like other nations because God
delivers them.
Starting with the Exodus out of Egypt, God fights for Israel as a
warrior rescuing His people from the oppressive Egyptians (Exodus 15:3).
In Exodus 14:13 Moses
instructs the Israelites, "The Lord will fight for you; you need only
to be still." The miraculous parting of the Red Sea is God being a
warrior for Israel through acts of nature and not human armies. God's promise to fight on behalf of His chosen people is affirmed in the scriptures of the Old Testament (Deuteronomy 1:30).
According to Old Testament scholar, Peter C. Craige, during the
military conquests of the Promised Land, the Israelites fought in real
wars against real human enemies, however it was God who granted them
victory in their battles.
Craige further contends God determined the outcome of human events with
His participation through those humans and their activity; essentially
God fought through the fighting of His people.
Once the Promised Land was secured, and the nation of Israel
progressed, God used war to protect or punish the nation of Israel with
His sovereign control of the nations to achieve His purposes (2 Kings
18:9–12, Jeremiah 25:8–9, Habakkuk 1:5–11). John Howard Yoder
affirms as long as Israel trusted and followed God, God would work His
power through Israel to drive occupants from lands God willed them to
occupy (Exodus 23:27–33).
The future of Israel was dependent solely on its faith and obedience to
God as mediated through the Law and prophets, and not on military
strength.
Jacob Enz explains God made a covenant with His people of Israel,
placing conditions on them that they were to worship only Him, and be
obedient to the laws of life in the Ten Commandments.
When Israel trusts and obeys God, the nation prospered; when they
rebelled, God spoke through prophets such as Ezekiel and Isaiah, telling
Israel that God would wage war against Israel to punish her (Isaiah
59:15-19).
War was used in God's ultimate purpose of restoring peace and harmony
for the whole earth with the intention towards salvation of all the
nations with the coming of the Messiah
and a new covenant. Jacob Enz describes God's plan was to use the
nation of Israel for a higher purpose, and that purpose was to be the
mediator between all the peoples and God.
The Old Testament reflects how God helped His people of Israel, even
after Israel's repeated lapses of faith, demonstrating God's grace, not
violence.
The Old Testament explains God is the only giver of life and God
is sovereign over human life. Man's role is to be a steward who should
take care of all of God's creation, and that includes protecting human
life. Peter Craige explains God's self-revelation through His
participating in human history is referred to as "Salvation History."
The main objective of God's participation is man's salvation. God
participates in human history by acting through people and in the world
that is both in need of salvation, and is thus imperfect. God
participates in the human activity of war through sinful human beings
for His purpose of bringing salvation to the world.
Studies conducted by scholars Friedrich Schwally, Johannes Pedersen,
Patrick D. Miller, Rudolf Smend and Gerhard von Rad maintain the wars of
Israel in the Old Testament were by God's divine command.
This divine activity took place in a world of sinful men and
activities, such as war. War is considered evil. God's participation
through evil human activity such as war, was for the sole purposes of
both redemption and judgment.
God's presence in these Old Testament wars does not justify or deem
them holy, it serves to provide hope in a situation of hopelessness.
The sixth commandment, "Thou shalt not kill" (Exodus 20:13) and the
fundamental principle it holds true is that reverence for human life
must be given the highest importance. The Old Testament points to a time
when weapons of war shall be transformed into the instruments of peace,
and the hope for the consummation of the Kingdom of God when there will
be no more war.
Wood points to the scriptures of Isaiah and Micah (Isaiah 2:2-4; 9:5;
11:1-9; and Micah 4:1-7) that express the pacifist view of God's plan to
bring peace without violence.
Ministry of Jesus
Jesus appeared to teach pacifism during his ministry when he told his disciples:
You have heard that it was said, 'An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.' But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. (Matt. 5:38-39)
Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you. (Matt. 5:43-48, Luke 6:27-28)
Put your sword back in its place… for all who draw the sword will die by the sword. (Matt. 26:52)
Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God. (Matt. 5:9)
Early Church
Several Church Fathers interpreted Jesus' teachings as advocating nonviolence. For example:
I do not wish to be a king; I am not anxious to be rich; I decline military command... Die to the world, repudiating the madness that is in it.
— Tatian's Address to the Greeks 11
Whatever Christians would not wish others to do to them, they do not to others. And they comfort their oppressors and make them their friends; they do good to their enemies…. Through love towards their oppressors, they persuade them to become Christians.
— The Apology of Aristides 15
A soldier of the civil authority must be taught not to kill men and to refuse to do so if he is commanded, and to refuse to take an oath. If he is unwilling to comply, he must be rejected for baptism. A military commander or civic magistrate must resign or be rejected. If a believer seeks to become a soldier, he must be rejected, for he has despised God.
One soul cannot be due to two masters—God and Cæsar. And yet Moses carried a rod, and Aaron wore a buckle, and John (Baptist) is girt with leather and Joshua the son of Nun leads a line of march; and the People warred: if it pleases you to sport with the subject. But how will a Christian man war, nay, how will he serve even in peace, without a sword, which the Lord has taken away? For albeit soldiers had come unto John, and had received the formula of their rule; albeit, likewise, a centurion had believed; still the Lord afterward, in disarming Peter, unbelted every soldier. No dress is lawful among us, if assigned to any unlawful action.
— Tertullian, On Idolatry Chapter 19: Concerning Military Service
For since we, a numerous band of men as we are, have learned from His teaching and His laws that evil ought not to be requited with evil, that it is better to suffer wrong than to inflict it, that we should rather shed our own blood than stain our hands and our conscience with that of another, an ungrateful world is now for a long period enjoying a benefit from Christ, inasmuch as by His means the rage of savage ferocity has been softened, and has begun to withhold hostile hands from the blood of a fellow-creature.
— Arnobius, Adversus Gentes I:VI
Consider the roads blocked up by robbers, the seas beset with pirates, wars scattered all over the earth with the bloody horror of camps. The whole world is wet with mutual blood; and murder, which in the case of an individual is admitted to be a crime, is called a virtue when it is committed wholesale.
Those soldiers were filled with wonder and admiration at the grandeur of the man's piety and generosity and were struck with amazement. They felt the force of this example of pity. As a result, many of them were added to the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ and threw off the belt of military service.
— Disputation of Archelaus and Manes
How can a man be master of another's life, if he is not even master of his own? Hence he ought to be poor in spirit, and look at Him who for our sake became poor of His own will; let him consider that we are all equal by nature, and not exalt himself impertinently against his own race[...]
— Gregory of Nyssa, Homilies on the Beatitudes
However, many early Christians also served in the army, and the presence of large numbers of Christians in his army may have been a factor in the conversion of Constantine to Christianity.
Conversion of the Roman Empire
After the Roman Emperor Constantine
converted in AD 312 and began to conquer "in Christ's name",
Christianity became entangled with the state, and warfare and violence
were increasingly justified by influential Christians. Some scholars
believe that "the accession of Constantine terminated the pacifist
period in church history." Nevertheless, the tradition of Christian pacifism was carried on by a few dedicated Christians throughout the ages, such as Martin of Tours. Martin, who was serving as a soldier, declared in 336 "I am a soldier of Christ. I cannot fight." He was jailed for this action, but later released.
Since then, many other Christians have made similar stands for pacifism as the following quotes show:
The Scriptures teach that there are two opposing princes and two opposing kingdoms : the one is the Prince of peace ; the other the prince of strife. Each of these princes has his particular kingdom and as the prince is so is also the kingdom. The Prince of peace is Christ Jesus ; His kingdom is the kingdom of peace, which is His church; His messengers are the messengers of peace; His Word is the word of peace; His body is the body of peace; His children are the seed of peace.
— Menno Simons (1494-1561), Reply to False Accusations, III
To our most bitter opponents we say: ‘We shall match your capacity to inflict suffering by our capacity to endure suffering. We shall meet your physical force with soul force. Do to us what you will, and we shall continue to love you.’
— Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968), "Loving your Enemies" in Strength to Love
Love without courage and wisdom is sentimentality, as with the ordinary church member. Courage without love and wisdom is foolhardiness, as with the ordinary soldier. Wisdom without love and courage is cowardice, as with the ordinary intellectual. Therefore one who has love, courage, and wisdom is the one in a million who moves the world, as with Jesus, Buddha, and Gandhi.
— Ammon Hennacy (1893 - 1970)
Charles Spurgeon did not explicitly identify as a pacifist but expressed very strongly worded anti-war sentiment.
Christian pacifist denominations
The first conscientious objector in the modern sense was a Quaker in 1815. The Quakers had originally served in Cromwell's New Model Army
but from the 1800s increasingly became pacifists. A number of Christian
denominations have taken pacifist positions institutionally, including
the Quakers and Mennonites.
Peace churches
The Deserter (1916) by Boardman Robinson
The term "historical peace churches" refers to three churches—the Church of the Brethren, the Mennonites
and the Quakers—who took part in the first peace church conference, in
Kansas in 1935, and who have worked together to represent the view of
Christian pacifism.
Anabaptist churches
Traditionally, Anabaptists hold firmly to the their beliefs in nonviolence. Many of these churches continue to advocate nonviolence, some of which are Mennonites, the Amish, the Hutterites, Old Order River Brethren and the Bruderhof Communities.
Quakers and Shakers
All
denominations of Quakers, also known as the Religious Society of
Friends, hold peace as a core value, including the refusal to
participate in war going as far as forming the Friends' Ambulance Unit with the aim of "co-operating with others to build up a new world rather than fighting to destroy the old", and the American Friends Service Committee during the two World Wars and subsequent conflicts. Shakers,
who emerged in part from Quakerism in 1747, did not believe that it was
acceptable to kill or harm others, even in time of war.
Christadelphians
Although the group had already separated from the Campbellites, a part of the Restoration Movement, after 1848 for theological reasons as the "Royal Assembly of Believers", among other names, the "Christadelphians" formed as a church formally in 1863 in response to conscription in the American Civil War. They are one of the few churches to have been legally formed over the issue of Christian pacifism.
The British and Canadian arms of the group adopted the name
"Christadelphian" in the following year, 1864, and also maintained
objection to military service during the First and Second World Wars.
Unlike Quakers, Christadelphians generally refused all forms of military
service, including stretcher bearers and medics, preferring
non-uniformed civil hospital service.
Churches of God (7th day)
The different groups evolving under the name Church of God (7th day)
stand opposed to carnal warfare, based on Matthew 26:52; Revelation
13:10; Romans 12:19-21. They believe the weapons of their warfare to not
be carnal but spiritual (II Corinthians 10:3-5; Ephesians 6:11-18).
Doukhobors
The Doukhobors are a Spiritual Christian denomination that advocate pacifism.
On 29 June 1895, the Doukhobors, in what is known as the "Burning of
the Arms", "piled up their swords, guns, and other weapons and burned
them in large bonfires while they sang psalms".
Molokans
The Molokans are a Spiritual Christian denomination that advocate pacifism. They have historically been persecuted for failing to bear arms.
Seventh-day Adventists
During the American Civil War in 1864, shortly after the formation of the Seventh-day Adventist Church,
the Seventh-day Adventists declared, "The denomination of Christians
calling themselves Seventh-day Adventists, taking the Bible as their
rule of faith and practice, are unanimous in their views that its
teaching are contrary to the spirit and practice of war; hence, they
have ever been conscientiously opposed to bearing arms."
The general Adventist movement from 1867 followed a policy of conscientious objection. This was confirmed by the Seventh-day Adventist Church in 1914. The official policy allows for military service in non-combative roles such as medical corps much like Seventh-day Adventist Desmond Doss
who was the first conscientious objector to receive the Medal of Honor
and one of only three so honored, and other supportive roles which do
not require to kill or carry a weapon.
Other denominations
Calvinism
Today, the orthodox position of conservative Calvinists is Christian pacifism.
Many modern Calvinists, such as André Trocméhave been pacifists.
Lutheranism
The Lutheran Church of Australia recognises conscientious objection to war as Biblically legitimate.
Since the Second World War, many notable Lutherans have been pacifists.
Anglicanism
Lambeth
Conference 1930 Resolution 25 declares that, "The Conference affirms
that war as a method of settling international disputes is incompatible
with the teaching and example of our Lord Jesus Christ." The 1948, 1958 and 1968 conferences re-ratified this position.
The Anglican Pacifist Fellowship lobbies the various dioceses of the church to uphold this resolution and work constructively for peace.
Christian pacifism in action
From the beginning of the First World War,
Christian pacifist organizations emerged to support Christians in
denominations other than the historic peace churches. The first was the
interdenominational Fellowship of Reconciliation
("FoR"), founded in Britain in 1915 but soon joined by sister
organizations in the U.S. and other countries. Today pacifist
organizations serving specific denominations are more or less closely
allied with the FoR: they include the Methodist Peace Fellowship (established in 1933), the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship (established in 1937), Pax Christi (Roman Catholic,
established in 1945), and so forth. The Network of Christian Peace
Organisations (NCPO) is a UK-based ecumenical peace network of 28
organizations. Some of these organizations do not take strictly pacifist positions, describing themselves instead as advocating nonviolence,
and some either have members who would not consider themselves
Christians or are explicitly interfaith. However, they share historical
and philosophical roots in Christian pacifism.
In some cases Christian churches, even if not necessarily
committed to Christian pacifism, have supported particular campaigns of nonviolent resistance, also often called civil resistance. Examples include the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (a grouping of churches in the southern United States) in supporting the Civil Rights Movement; the Chilean Catholic Church's support for the civic action against authoritarian rule in Pinochet's Chile in the 1980s; and the Polish Catholic Church's support for the Solidarity movement in Poland in the 1980s.
Walter Wink
writes that "There are three general responses to evil: (1) passivity,
(2) violent opposition, and (3) the third way of militant nonviolence
articulated by Jesus. Human evolution has conditioned us for only the
first two of these responses: fight or flight." This understanding typifies Walter Wink's book, Jesus and Nonviolence: A Third Way.
First World War
Ben Salmon was an American Catholic pacifist and outspoken critic of just war theory, as he believed all war to be unjust. During the First World War, Salmon was arrested for refusing to complete a Selective Service and report for induction. He was court-martialed at Camp Dodge, Iowa on July 24, 1918, and sentenced to death. This was later revised to 25 years hard labor. Salmon's steadfast pacifism has since been cited as an inspiration for other Catholics, such as Fathers Daniel Berrigan and John Dear.
The Episcopal bishop Paul Jones, who had associated himself with the Fellowship of Reconciliation and had been quite outspoken in his opposition to the war, was forced to resign his Utah see in April 1918.
In 1918, four Hutterite brothers from South Dakota,
Jacob Wipf and David, Joseph and Michael Hofer were imprisoned at
Alcatraz for refusing to fight in military or put on a military uniform;
Joseph and Michael Hofer died in late 1918 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, due to the harsh conditions of the imprisonment
In the Remembering Muted Voices symposium in October 2017, the lives
and witness of World War I peace activists, including the four Hutterite brothers, were remembered. The symposium was sponsored by the American Civil Liberties Union, Peace History Society, Plough Publishing House, and the Vaughan Williams Charitable Trust.
Second World War
The French Christian pacifists André and Magda Trocmé helped conceal hundreds of Jews fleeing the Nazis in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. After the war, the Trocmés were declared Righteous Among the Nations.
The radical Christian pacifist John Middleton Murry, changed his opinions on Christian pacifism in light of the Holocaust. In his early years as a writer of The Necessity of Pacifism (1937) and as editor of the weekly London newspaper, Peace News,
he argued that Nazi Germany, should be allowed retain control of
mainland Europe, arguing Nazism was a lesser evil compared to the
horrors of a total war. Later, he recanted his pacifism in 1948 and promoted a preventative war against the Soviet Union.
Vera Brittain was another British Christian pacifist. She worked as a fire warden and by travelling around the country raising funds for the Peace Pledge Union's food relief campaign. She was vilified for speaking out against the saturation bombing of German cities through her 1944 booklet Massacre by Bombing. Her principled pacifist position was vindicated somewhat when, in 1945, the Nazi's Black Book of 2000 people to be immediately arrested in Britain after a German invasion was shown to include her name. After the war, Brittain worked for Peace News magazine, "writing articles against apartheid and colonialism and in favour of nuclear disarmament" from a Christian perspective.
Post–Second World War
Having been inspired by the Sermon on the Mount, Thomas launched the White House Peace Vigil in 1981; the longest running peace vigil in US history. Over the years, he was joined by numerous anti-war activists including those from the Catholic Worker Movement and Plowshares Movement.
In 2017, the Methodist minister Dan Woodhouse and the Quaker Sam Walton entered the British Aerospace Warton Aerodrome site to try to disarm Typhoon fighter jets bound for Saudi Arabia. They targeted these jets because they would be used in Saudi Arabia's bombing campaign of Yemen. They were arrested before they were able to do any damage. This was the same BAE systems site in which the Seeds of Hope group of the Plowshares movement damaged a Hawk fighter jet in 1996. They appeared in court facing charges of criminal damage in October 2017 and were both found not guilty.
War tax resistance
Opposition to war has led some, like Ammon Hennacy, to a form of tax resistance in which they reduce their income below the tax threshold by taking up a simple living lifestyle.
These individuals believe that their government is engaged in immoral,
unethical or destructive activities such as war, and paying taxes
inevitably funds these activities.
