Henry Welshe, Mojave tribal chairman of Colorado River Indian Reservation council, ca. 1944–6
| |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 2,000 (Golla, 2007)–967 (1990) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States ( Arizona) | |
| Languages | |
| Mojave, English | |
| Religion | |
| traditional tribal religion, Humatuve | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Maricopa, Walapai, Havasupai, and Yavapai |
Mohave or Mojave (Pronounced "Moh-ha-vee")(Mojave: 'Aha Makhav) are a Native American people indigenous to the Colorado River in the Mojave Desert. The Fort Mojave Indian Reservation includes territory within the borders of California, Arizona, and Nevada. The Colorado River Indian Reservation includes parts of California and Arizona and is shared by members of the Chemehuevi, Hopi, and Navajo peoples.
The original Colorado River and Fort Mojave reservations were established in 1865 and 1870, respectively. Both reservations include substantial senior water rights in the Colorado River; water is drawn for use in irrigated farming.
The four combined tribes sharing the Colorado River Indian Reservation function today as one geo-political unit known as the federally recognized Colorado River Indian Tribes; each tribe also continues to maintain and observe its individual traditions, distinct religions, and culturally unique identities.
Culture
Mohave ceramic figurine with red slip and earrings, pre-1912, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
In the 1930s, George Devereux,
a Hungarian-French anthropologist, did fieldwork and lived among the
Mohave for an extended period of study. He published extensively about
their culture and incorporated psychoanalytic thinking in his
interpretation of their culture.
Language
The Mojave language belongs to the River Yuman branch of the Yuman
language family. In 1994 approximately 75 people in total on the
Colorado River and Fort Mojave reservations spoke the language,
according to linguist Leanne Hinton. The tribe has published language materials, and there are new efforts to teach the language to their children.
Religion
The Mohave creator is Matevilya, who gave the people their names and their commandments. His son is Mastamho,
who gave them the River and taught them how to plant. Historically this
was an agrarian culture; they planted in the fertile floodplain of the
untamed river, following the age-old customs of the Aha cave. They have
traditionally used the indigenous plant Datura as a deliriant hallucinogen in a religious sacrament. A Mohave who is coming of age must consume the plant in a rite of passage, in order to enter a new state of consciousness.
History
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1851 drawing of Mohavi men and women made by Lorenzo Sitgreaves' topographical mission across Arizona in 1851.
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Much of early Mojave history remains unrecorded in writing, since the
Mojave language was not written in precolonial times. They depended on
oral communication to transmit their history and culture from one
generation to the next. Disease, outside cultures and encroachment on
their territory disrupted their social organization. Together with
having to adapt to a majority culture of another language, this resulted
in interrupting the Mojave transmission of their stories and songs to
the following generations.
The tribal name has been spelled in Spanish and English transliteration in more than 50 variations, such as Hamock avi, Amacava, A-mac-ha ves, A-moc-ha-ve, Jamajabs, and Hamakhav. This has led to misinterpretations of the tribal name, also partly traced to a translation error in Frederick W. Hodge's 1917 Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico (1917). This incorrectly defined the name Mohave as being derived from hamock, (three), and avi, (mountain). According to this source, the name refers to the mountain peaks known as The Needles in English, located near the Colorado River. (The city of Needles, California is located a few miles north from here). But, the Mojave call these peaks Huqueamp avi, which means "where the battle took place," referring to the battle in which the God-son, Mastamho, slew the sea serpent.
Ancestral lands
Charley-Arri-Wa-Wa (Mohave), 1872
The Mojave held lands along the river that stretched from Black Canyon, where the tall pillars of First House of Mutavilya loomed above the river, past Avi kwame or Spirit Mountain,
the center of spiritual things, to the Quechan Valley, where the lands
of other tribes began. As related to contemporary landmarks, their lands
began in the north at Hoover Dam and ended about one hundred miles below Parker Dam on the Colorado River, or aha kwahwat in Mojave.
19th–20th centuries
Mosa (Mojave girl), 1903, photograph by Edward Curtis
In mid-April 1859, United States troops, led by Lieutenant Colonel William Hoffman,
on the Expedition of the Colorado, moved upriver into Mojave country
with the well-publicized objective of establishing a military post. By
this time, white immigrants and settlers had begun to encroach on Mojave
lands and the post was intended to protect east-west European-American
emigrants from attack by the Mojave. Hoffman sent couriers among the
tribes, warning that the post would be gained by force if they or their
allies chose to resist. During this period, several members of the Rose
party were massacred by the Mojave. The Mojave warriors withdrew as
Hoffman's armada approached and the army, without conflict, occupied
land near the future Fort Mojave.
Hoffman ordered the Mojave men to assemble on April 23, 1859 at the
armed stockade adjacent to his headquarters, to hear Hoffman' terms of
peace. Hoffman gave them the choice of submission or extermination and
the Mojave chose submission. At that time the Mojave population was
estimated to be about 4,000 which were comprised into 22 clans identified by totems.
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Two Mojave girls standing in front of a small dwelling with a thatched roof, 1900
Under American law the Mohave were to live on the Colorado River
Reservation after its establishment in 1865; however many refused to
leave their ancestral homes in the Mojave Valley. At this time, under
jurisdiction of the War Department, officials declined to try to force
them onto the reservation and the Mojave in the area were relatively
free to follow their tribal ways. In the midsummer of 1890, after the
end of the Indian Wars,
the War Department withdrew its troops and the post was transferred to
the Office of Indian Affairs within the Department of the Interior.
Beginning in August 1890, the Office of Indian Affairs began an
intensive program of assimilation where Mohave, and other native
children living on reservations, were forced into boarding schools in
which they learned to speak, write, and read English. This assimilation
program, which was Federal policy, was based on the belief that this
was the only way native peoples could survive. Fort Mojave was
converted into a boarding school
for local children and other "non-reservation" Indians. Until 1931,
forty-one years later, all Fort Mojave boys and girls between the ages
of six and eighteen were compelled to live at this school or to attend
an advanced Indian boarding school far removed from Fort Mojave.
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Two Mojave Indian women playing a game (fortune-telling with bones?), ca.1900
The assimilation helped to break up tribal culture and governments.
In addition to English, schools taught American culture and customs and
insisted that the children follow them; students were required to adopt
European-American hairstyles (which included hair cutting), clothing,
habits of eating, sleeping, toiletry, manners, industry, and language.
Use of their own language or customs was a punishable offense; at Fort
Mojave five lashes of the whip were issued for the first offense. Such
corporal punishment of children scandalized the Mojave, who did not
discipline their children in that way.
As part of the assimilation the administrators assigned English
names to the children and registered as members of one of two tribes,
the Mojave Tribe on the Colorado River Reservation and the Fort Mojave
Indian Tribe on the Fort Mojave Indian Reservation. These divisions did
not reflect the traditional Mojave clan and kinship system. By the late
1960s, thirty years after the end of the assimilation program 18 of the
22 traditional clans had survived.
Population
Estimates of the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Mohave at 3,000 and Francisco Garcés, a Franciscan missionary-explorer, also estimated the population at 3,000 in 1776(Garcés 1900(2):450).
A.L. Kroeber estimate of the population in 1910 was 1,050.
By 1963 Lorraine M. Sherer's research revealed the population had
shrunk to approximately 988, with 438 at Fort Mojave and 550 of the
Colorado River Reservation.
Current status
The Mohave, along with the Chemehuevi, some Hopi, and some Navajo, share the Colorado River Indian Reservation and function today as one geopolitical unit known as the federally recognized Colorado River Indian Tribes;
each tribe also continues to maintain and observe its individual
traditions, distinct religions, and culturally unique identities. The
Colorado River Indian Tribes headquarters, library and museum are in Parker, Arizona, about 40 miles (64 km) north of I-10.
The Colorado River Indian Tribes Native American Days Fair & Expo
is held annually in Parker, from Thursday through Sunday during the
first week of October. The Megathrow Traditional Bird Singing &
Dancing social event is also celebrated annually, on the third weekend
of March. RV facilities are available along the Colorado River.
