From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Allergy
Hives2010.JPG
Hives are a common allergic symptom
SpecialtyImmunology
SymptomsRed eyes, itchy rash, runny nose, shortness of breath, swelling, sneezing
TypesHay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, anaphylaxis
CausesGenetic and environmental factors
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms, skin prick test, blood test
Differential diagnosisFood intolerances, food poisoning
PreventionEarly exposure to potential allergens
TreatmentAvoiding known allergens, medications, allergen immunotherapy
MedicationSteroids, antihistamines, epinephrine, mast cell stabilizers, antileukotrienes
FrequencyCommon

Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include red eyes, an itchy rash, sneezing, a runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling. Food intolerances and food poisoning are separate conditions.

Common allergens include pollen and certain foods. Metals and other substances may also cause such problems. Food, insect stings, and medications are common causes of severe reactions. Their development is due to both genetic and environmental factors. The underlying mechanism involves immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binding to an allergen and then to a receptor on mast cells or basophils where it triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine. Diagnosis is typically based on a person's medical history. Further testing of the skin or blood may be useful in certain cases. Positive tests, however, may not mean there is a significant allergy to the substance in question.

Early exposure to potential allergens may be protective. Treatments for allergies includes avoidance of known allergens, and the use of medications such as steroids and antihistamines. In severe reactions, injectable adrenaline (epinephrine) is recommended. Allergen immunotherapy, which gradually exposes people to larger and larger amounts of allergen, is useful for some types of allergies such as hay fever and reactions to insect bites. Its use in food allergies is unclear.

Allergies are common. In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis, about 6% of people have at least one food allergy, and about 20% have atopic dermatitis at some point in time. Depending on the country about 1–18% of people have asthma. Anaphylaxis occurs in between 0.05–2% of people. Rates of many allergic diseases appear to be increasing. The word "allergy" was first used by Clemens von Pirquet in 1906.