Healthy building refers to an emerging area of interest that supports the physical, psychological, and social health and well-being of people in buildings and the built environment. Buildings can be key promoters of health and well-being since most people spend a majority of their time indoors.
According to the National Human Activity Pattern Survey, Americans
spend “an average of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about
6% of their time in enclosed vehicles.”
Healthy building can be seen as the next generation of Green building
that not only includes environmentally responsible and
resource-efficient building concepts, but also integrates “health,
wellness, and human experience in buildings.” These benefits can include “reducing absenteeism and presenteeism,
lowering health care costs, and improving individual and organizational
performance.” Healthy building encompasses a wide range of concepts and
applications that promote human health which include but are not
limited to: site selection and construction, occupant engagement,
personal control, indoor environmental quality, daylighting, biophilic design, access to potable water, healthy dining options, exercise in the workplace, and smoking restrictions.
Integrated design
Healthy building involves many different concepts, fields of interest, and disciplines. As such, taking an integrative or integrated design
approach is essential to successfully creating a healthy building.
Forming a diverse and interdisciplinary team early in the process can
generate integrated or complementary strategies for improved performance
or health impact considerations.
An integrated design team can consist of stakeholders and specialists
such as facility managers, architects, building engineers, health and
wellness experts, and public health partners. Conducting charrettes with an integrated design team can foster collaboration and help the team develop goals, plans, and solutions.
Buildings and health components
There are many different components that can support health and well-being in buildings.
Site selection
Site selection is an important factor in designing a building and ensuring positive health and environmental impacts. Creating a walkable
environment that connects people to workplaces, green spaces, public
transportation, fitness centers, and other basic needs and services can
influence daily physical activity, “the distances people travel to work,
the convenience of purchasing healthy foods, and the safety and
attractiveness of neighborhoods for walking.”
In particular, proximity to green spaces (e.g., parks, walking trails,
gardens, and etc.) or therapeutic landscapes can reduce absenteeism and
improve well-being.
Building design
There
are many aspects of a building that can be designed to support positive
health and well-being. For example, creating well-placed collaboration
and social areas (e.g., break rooms, open collaboration areas, cafe
spaces, courtyard gardens) can encourage social interaction and
well-being. Quiet and wellness rooms can provide quiet zones or rooms
that help improve well-being and mindfulness. Specifically, a designated
lactation room can support nursing mothers by providing privacy and
helping them return to work more easily. A lactation room is required
for offices with more than 50 employees and recommended for all other
offices. Another design aspect to consider is biophilic design,
which focuses on reconnecting people to the natural environment.
Biophilic design has been linked to health outcomes such as stress
reduction, enhanced mood, improved cognitive performance, enhanced
social engagement, enhanced sleep, and enhanced movement. Ergonomics can also minimize stress and strain on the body by providing ergonomically designed workstations.
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ)
According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH), "Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a
building’s environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those
who occupy space within it." IEQ is determined by many factors including indoor air quality (IAQ), temperature, lighting, and selection of building materials. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends three strategies to improve indoor air quality: source control, improved ventilation, and air cleaners. Selecting low-emitting products and materials that reduce volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions is one way prevent indoor air pollution. Product
characteristics to consider include durability, indoor air quality
effects, material transparency, and health impact on building occupants. Other aspects of IEQ that can improve health and well-being include thermal comfort, acoustic comfort, and integrated pest management (IPM).
Daylighting
Daylighting
refers to providing access to natural daylight, which can be
aesthetically pleasing and can reduce energy use. Light has a direct
effect on human health because of how it affects circadian rhythms. If daylighting is not available, supplemental electric lighting can help ensure occupants receive enough light for the entrainment of circadian rhythms.
Diet
Providing
access to water and healthy, nutritional food is essential to promoting
health and a quality environment. The design of a building should take
into consideration proximity to water and nutritional foods via
cafeterias, vending machines, local stores and restaurants or farmers’
markets.
Exercise
Site
selection and building design can promote increased physical activity
and exercise. Well-lit and accessible stairwells can provide building
occupants the opportunity to increase regular physical activity. Fitness
centers or an exercise room can encourage exercise during the work day,
which can improve mood and performance, leading to improved focus and
better work-based relationships.
Exercise can also be promoted by encouraging alternative means of
transportation (e.g., cycling, walking, running) to and from the
building. Providing facilities such as bicycle storage and
locker/changing rooms can increase the appeal of cycling, walking, or
running. Active workstations, such as of sit/stand desks, treadmill
desks, or cycle desks, can encourage increased movement and exercise as
well.
Occupant engagement
While
some components of healthy buildings are inherently designed into the
built environment, other components rely on the behavioral change of
occupants, users, or organizations residing within the building.
“Behavioral measures” can be taken to “encourage better public health
outcomes: e.g., reducing sedentary behaviors by increasing access to
stairways, using more active transportation options, and working at
sit-to-stand desks.” Other examples that can promote health and well-being include establishing workplace wellness programs, health promotion campaigns, and encouraging activity and collaboration.
Health and well-being in standards and rating systems
There
are several international and governmental standards, guidelines, and
building rating systems that incorporate health and well-being concepts:
- Fitwel
- WELL Building Standard
- Green Building Initiative (GBI) Green Globes
- Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
- ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings
- United States Department of Defense Unified Facilities Criteria Program
- General Services Administration Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service (P-100)
