A genogram (also known as a McGoldrick–Gerson study, a Lapidus schematic or a family diagram) is a pictorial display of a person's family relationships and medical history. It goes beyond a traditional family tree by allowing the user to visualize hereditary patterns and psychological factors that punctuate relationships. It can be used to identify repetitive patterns of behavior and to recognize hereditary tendencies.
Murray Bowen invented the concept of the genogram as part of his family systems model in the 1970s. Genograms were later developed and popularized in clinical settings by Monica McGoldrick and Randy Gerson through the publication of a book titled Genograms: Assessment and Intervention in 1985. Genograms are now used by various groups of people in a variety of fields such as medicine, psychiatry, psychology, social work, genetic research, education, and many more. Some practitioners in personal and family therapy use genograms for personal records and/or to explain family dynamics to the client. Few if any genealogists use them.
Murray Bowen invented the concept of the genogram as part of his family systems model in the 1970s. Genograms were later developed and popularized in clinical settings by Monica McGoldrick and Randy Gerson through the publication of a book titled Genograms: Assessment and Intervention in 1985. Genograms are now used by various groups of people in a variety of fields such as medicine, psychiatry, psychology, social work, genetic research, education, and many more. Some practitioners in personal and family therapy use genograms for personal records and/or to explain family dynamics to the client. Few if any genealogists use them.
Symbols
A
genogram is created with simple symbols representing the gender, with
various lines to illustrate family relationships. Some genogram users
also put circles around members who live in the same living spaces.
Genograms can be prepared by using a complex word processor, or a
computer drawing program. There are also computer programs that are
custom designed for genograms.
Genogram symbols will usually have the date of birth (and date of
death if applicable) above, and the name of the individual underneath.
The inside of the symbol will hold the person's current age or various
codes for genetic diseases or user-defined properties: abortions, still-births, SIDS, cohabitations, etc.
Content
A
genogram can contain a wealth of information on the families
represented. It will not only show the names of people who belong to a
family lineage, but how these relatives relate to each other. For
example, a genogram will not only show that a person called Paul and his
wife Lily have three children, but that their eldest child was sent to
boarding school; that their middle child is always in conflict with her
mother; that their youngest has juvenile diabetes; that Paul suffered
from depression, was an alcoholic,
and a philosopher; and that Lily has not spoken to her brother for
years, has breast cancer, and has a history of quitting her jobs.
Family relationships
One of the advantages of a genogram is the ability to use colour-coded lines to define different types of relationships such as family relationships, emotional relationships and social relationships. Within family relationships, you can illustrate if a couple is married, divorced, common-law, engaged, etc.
Emotional relationships
Genograms
may also include emotional relationships. These provide an in-depth
analysis of how individuals relate to one another. Colour-coded lines
represent various emotional relationships that bond individuals
together.
Social relationships
Another
component of genograms is social relationships. These allow users to
link individuals who are not related to one another, but who have a
connection in society-at-large, such as neighbor, co-worker,
boss-employee, pastor-church member, teacher-student, etc. Social
relationships can also illustrate an individual's relation to a social
entity. The use of social relationships links allows the genogram to be
used in a business environment to create organizational charts or floor plan layouts of the employees.
A genogram looks like a family tree,
but with all the different types of relationships, it contains a
significantly more detailed and complete picture of the family or group
it illustrates.
Purpose
Genealogy
In genealogy, genograms are used to record family history through the lives of each of its members. Genograms allow the genealogist to graphically portray complex family trees that show marriages and divorces, reconstituted families,
adoptions, strained relationships, family cohesion, etc. Genealogists
can use genograms to discover and analyze interesting facts about their
family history, such as a naming pattern, sibling rivalry, or
significant events like immigration.
Medicine
In medicine, medical genograms provide a quick and useful context in which to evaluate an individual's health risks.
Knowledge of diseases and conditions that occur within a family can
give a health care team invaluable information that may aid in a swift,
accurate diagnosis and treatment of health problems. And, a knowledge
of diseases and illnesses that "run" in families can give individuals an
important head start in pursuing effective preventive measures. A
medical genogram is helpful in determining patterns of disease or
illness within a family. Medical genograms can include many
generations, however four generations may prove to be enough detail.
Sociology
Genograms are used by sociologists
to gather objective and consistent information from the clients and
their family, helping them to view the client's issues in the larger
context of their marital relationship, family relationships and culture
of origin and underlining key issues to discuss in client counseling.
Genograms portray emotional relationships, which allow Sociologists to
see and evaluate possible conflicts within the family. Psychological
patterns may be detected in the genogram which provide the basis for
precautionary and preventive measures that otherwise might not be
warranted.
Social work
In social work, genograms are used to display emotional bonds between individuals composing a family or social unit.
A genogram will help social workers to make an assessment of the level
of cohesiveness within a family or a group and to evaluate if proper
care is available within that unit. Genograms also allow displaying
social relationships that illustrate the places people attend such as
schools, churches, youth facilities, associations or retirement homes.
Family therapy
In family therapy,
genograms are used to study and record relationship patterns between
family members and the individual characteristics that make up these
patterns that occur. A genogram will help family therapists to make an
appropriate assessment of the relationship patterns and where
intervention may be needed to help the family reduce the dysfunction
and/or problematic situation that brought them into therapy.
Religion
Genograms are used in some Christian churches and conversion therapy
programs. In these instances, a person's family tree includes any sins
or misfortunes, often including early deaths, divorces, domestic
violence, incest, adultery, homosexuality, premarital sex, mental
instability, and poverty.
Research
In
research, genograms allow researchers to understand multi generational
processes within various plant and animal species, such as the
development of mutations. Genograms can also illustrate rates of
renewal, mechanisms of survival, or processes involved in the regulation
of tolerance, among other things.
Education
In
education, genograms can be used by teachers and students for
illustrating book reviews, or family trees of a famous politician,
philosopher, scientist, musician, etc. They allow them to focus their
attention on specific details and also see the big picture of the books
and individuals they are studying.
Creating genograms
Genograms can be useful in almost any profession that deals with social interaction.
Genograms can help to visualize complex interactions between
individuals and to study patterns of behaviors or diseases. Genograms
are easily created with genealogy software,
as advanced software allows the user to include tremendous amounts of
data. Genealogy software also allows the user to create detailed reports
containing analysis of the information stored in each person's
individual properties. Commercial software, such as GenoPro, Genome Analytics and iGenogram for iPad is available to produce genograms, as well as hundreds of different academic and scientific programs for specialized uses.
Genograms are often drawn by hand, sketched working right with the
client. It is also possible to create a Genogram in any graphics or word processing program.
