Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using force or by taking advantage of another. When force is immediate, of short duration, or infrequent, it is called sexual assault. The offender is referred to as a sexual abuser or (often pejoratively) molester.
The term also covers any behavior by an adult or older adolescent
towards a child to stimulate any of the involved sexually. The use of a
child, or other individuals younger than the age of consent, for sexual stimulation is referred to as child sexual abuse or statutory rape.
Victims
Spouses
Spousal sexual abuse is a form of domestic violence.
When the abuse involves threats of unwanted sexual contact or forced
sex by a woman's husband or ex-husband, it may constitute rape, depending on the jurisdiction, and may also constitute an assault.
Children
Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent. It includes direct sexual contact,
the adult or otherwise older person engaging indecent exposure (of the
genitals, female nipples, etc.) to a child with intent to gratify their
own sexual desires or to intimidate or groom the child, asking or
pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities, displaying pornography to a child, or using a child to produce child pornography.
Effects of child sexual abuse include shame, self-blame, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, self-esteem issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pelvic pain, addiction, self-injury, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, and propensity to re-victimization in adulthood. Child sexual abuse is a risk factor for attempting suicide.
Additionally, some studies have shown childhood sexual abuse to be a
risk factor of the perpetration of intimate partner violence in men.
Much of the harm caused to victims becomes apparent years after the
abuse happens. With specific regard to addiction, a study by Reiger et
al. supports previous findings that adverse life events increase
sensitivity to drug rewards and bolster drug reward signaling by
exposing an association between heightened limbic response to cocaine
cues.
Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest, which can result in severe long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest.
Globally, approximately 18–19% of women and 8% of men disclose being sexually abused during their childhood. The gender gap may be caused by higher victimization of girls, lower willingness of men to disclose abuse, or both.
Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims;
approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often fathers,
uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of
the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in
approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases. Most child sexual abuse
is committed by men; women commit approximately 14% of offenses reported
against boys and 6% of offenses reported against girls. Child sexual abuse offenders are not pedophiles unless they have a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children.
People with developmental disabilities
People with developmental disabilities are often victims of sexual
abuse. According to research, people with disabilities are at a greater
risk for victimization of sexual assault or sexual abuse because of lack of understanding (Sobsey & Varnhagen, 1989).
People with dementia
Elderly people, especially those with dementia, can be at risk of
abuse. There were over 6,000 "safeguarding concerns and alerts" at UK
care homes from 2013 to 2015. These included alleged inappropriate
touching and worse allegations. Offenders were most often other
residents but staff also offended. It is suspected some care homes may
deliberately overlook these offenses.
Sometimes abuse victims are not believed because they are not
seen as credible witnesses due to their dementia. Perpetrators
frequently target victims who they know are unlikely to be believed.
Spouses and partners sometimes continue to pursue sexual relations,
without realising they no longer have this right, because the person
with dementia can no longer consent.
Elders
Sex abuse is one of the most common forms of abuse in nursing homes.
If a nursing home fails to do proper background checks on an employee
who subsequently abuses residents, the home can be liable for
negligence. If nursing homes fail to supervise staff or train staff to
recognise signs of abuse, the home can also be liable for negligence.
Sexual activity by care givers may be a crime. Victims may not report
abuse or cooperate with investigations due to associated stigma and/or
reluctance to mention body parts.
Treatment
In the emergency department, contraceptive medications are offered to women raped by men because about 5% of such rapes result in pregnancy. Preventative medication against sexually transmitted infections are given to victims of all types of sexual abuse (especially for the most common diseases like chlamydia, gonorhea, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis) and a blood serum is collected to test for STIs (such as HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis). Any survivor with abrasions are immunized for tetanus if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization. Short-term treatment with a benzodiazepine may help with acute anxiety and antidepressants may be helpful for symptoms of PTSD, depression and panic attacks.
Sexual abuse has been linked to the development of psychotic
symptoms in abused children. Treatment for psychotic symptoms may also
be involved in sexual abuse treatment.
In regards to long term psychological treatment, prolonged exposure therapy has been tested as a method of long-term PTSD treatment for victims of sexual abuse.
Prevention
Child sexual abuse prevention programmes were developed in the United
States of America during the 1970s and originally delivered to
children. Programmes delivered to parents were developed in the 1980s
and took the form of one-off meetings, two to three hours long. In the last 15 years, web-based programmes have been developed.
Survivor
The term survivor is sometimes used for a living victim,
including victims of usually non-fatal harm, to honor and empower the
strength of an individual to heal, in particular a living victim of
sexual abuse or assault. For example, there are the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests and The Survivors Trust.
Positions of power
Sexual misconduct
can occur where one person uses a position of authority to compel
another person to engage in an otherwise unwanted sexual activity. For
example, sexual harassment in the workplace might involve an employee being coerced into a sexual situation out of fear of being dismissed. Sexual harassment in education
might involve a student submitting to the sexual advances of a person
in authority in fear of being punished, for example by being given a
failing grade.
Several sexual abuse scandals have involved abuse of religious authority and often cover-up among non-abusers, including cases in the Southern Baptist Convention, Catholic Church, Episcopalian religion, Islam, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran church, Methodist Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Orthodox Judaism, other branches of Judaism, and various cults.
Minorities
Sexual abuse is a problem in some minority communities. In 2007, a
number of Hispanic victims were included in the settlement of a massive sexual abuse case involving the Los Angeles archdiocese of the Catholic Church.
A qualitative study by Kim et al. discusses the experiences of sexual
abuse in the US population of Mexican immigrant women, citing
immigration, acculturation, and several other social elements as risk
factors for abuse. To address the issue of sexual abuse in the African-American community, the prestigious Leeway Foundation sponsored a grant to develop www.blacksurvivors.org,
a national online support group and resource center for
African-American sexual abuse survivors. The non-profit group was
founded in 2008 by Sylvia Coleman, an African-American sexual abuse survivor and national sexual abuse prevention expert.
Other animals
Sexual abuse has been identified among animals as well; for example, among the Adélie penguins.
