Lateral thinking is a manner of solving problems using an indirect and creative approach via reasoning that is not immediately obvious. It involves ideas that may not be obtainable using only traditional step-by-step logic.
The term was first used in 1967 by Edward de Bono.
De Bono cites the Judgment of Solomon
as an example, where King Solomon resolves a dispute over the parentage
of a child by calling for the child to be cut in half, and making his
judgment according to the reactions that this order receives.
Edward de Bono also links lateral thinking with humour, arguing
there's a switch-over from a familiar pattern to a new, unexpected one.
It is this moment of surprise, generating laughter and new insight,
which facilitates the ability to see a different thought pattern which
initially was not obvious.
According to de Bono, lateral thinking deliberately distances itself from the standard perception of creativity as "vertical" logic, the classic method for problem solving.
Methods
Lateral thinking has to be distinguished from critical thinking. Critical thinking
is primarily concerned with judging the true value of statements and
seeking errors whereas lateral thinking focuses more on the "movement
value" of statements and ideas. A person uses lateral thinking to move
from one known idea to new ideas. Edward de Bono defines four types of
thinking tools:
- idea-generating tools intended to break current thinking patterns—routine patterns, the status quo
- focus tools intended to broaden where to search for new ideas
- harvest tools intended to ensure more value is received from idea generating output
- treatment tools that promote consideration of real-world constraints, resources, and support
Random Entry Idea Generating Tool
The
thinker chooses an object at random, or a noun from a dictionary and
associates it with the area they are thinking about. De Bono exemplifies
this through the randomly-chosen word, "nose", being applied to an
office photocopier, leading to the idea that the copier could produce a
lavender smell when it was low on paper.
Provocation Idea Generating Tool
A
provocation is a statement that we know is wrong or impossible but used
to create new ideas. De Bono gives an example of considering river
pollution and setting up the provocation, "the factory is downstream of
itself", causing a factory to be forced to take its water input from a
point downstream of its output, an idea which later became law in some
countries. Provocations can be set up by the use of any of the provocation techniques—wishful thinking, exaggeration,
reversal, escape, distortion, or arising. The thinker creates a list of
provocations and then uses the most outlandish ones to move their
thinking forward to new ideas.
Movement Techniques
The
purpose of movement techniques is to produce as many alternatives as
possible in order to encourage new ways of thinking about both problems
and solutions. The production of alternatives tends to produce many
possible solutions to problems that seemed to only have one possible
solution.
One can move from a provocation to a new idea through the following
methods: extract a principle, focus on the difference, moment to moment,
positive aspects or special circumstances.
Challenge
A
tool which is designed to ask the question, "Why?", in a non-threatening
way: why something exists or why it is done the way it is. The result
is a very clear understanding of "Why?", which naturally leads to new
ideas. The goal is to be able to challenge anything at all, not those
that are problematic. For example, one could challenge the handles on coffee cups: The reason for the handle seems to be that the cup is often too hot to hold directly; perhaps coffee cups could be made with insulated finger grips, or there could be separate coffee-cup holders similar to beer holders, or coffee shouldn't be so hot in the first place.
Concept Formation
Ideas
carry out concepts. This tool systematically expands the range and
number of concepts in order to end up with a very broad range of ideas
to consider.
Disproving
Based on the idea that the majority is always wrong (as suggested by Henrik Ibsen and by John Kenneth Galbraith),
take anything that is obvious and generally accepted as "goes without
saying", question it, take an opposite view, and try to convincingly
disprove it. This technique is similar to de Bono's "Black Hat" of Six Thinking Hats, which looks at identifying reasons to be cautious and conservative.
Fractionation
The
purpose of fractionation is to create alternative perceptions of
problems and solutions by taking the commonplace view of the situation
and break it into multiple alternative situations in order to break away
from the fixed view and see the situation from different angles, thus
being able to generate multiple possible solutions that can be
synthesized into more comprehensive answers.[8]
Problem solving
- Problem Solving
- When something creates a problem, the performance or the status quo of the situation drops. Problem-solving deals with finding out what caused the problem and then figuring out ways to fix the problem. The objective is to get the situation to where it should be. For example, a production line has an established run rate of 1000 items per hour. Suddenly, the run rate drops to 800 items per hour. Ideas as to why this happened and solutions to repair the production line must be thought of, such as giving the worker a pay raise. A study on engineering students' abilities to answer very open-ended questions suggests that students showing more lateral thinking were able to solve the problems much quicker and more accurately.
- Creative Problem Solving
- Using creativity, one must solve a problem in an indirect and unconventional manner. For example, if a production line produced 1000 books per hour, creative problem solving could find ways to produce more books per hour, use the production line, or reduce the cost to run the production line.
- Lateral Problem "Solving"
- Lateral thinking will often produce solutions whereby the problem appears as "obvious" in hindsight. That lateral thinking will often lead to problems that you never knew you had, or it will solve simple problems that have a huge potential. For example, if a production line produced 1000 books per hour, lateral thinking may suggest that a drop in output to 800 would lead to higher quality, and more motivated workers. Students have shown lateral thinking in their application of a variety of individual, unique concepts in order to solve complex problems.
- Lateral thinking "puzzles"
- * Lateral thinking puzzles are supposed to demonstrate what lateral thinking is about. However, any puzzle that has only one solution is "not" lateral. While lateral thinking may help you construct such puzzles, the lateral thinking tools will seldom help you solve puzzles.
