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Youngest Toba eruption
Tobaeruption.png
Artist's impression of the eruption from about 42 kilometres (26 mi) above Northern Sumatra
VolcanoToba Caldera Complex
Date75,000 ± 900 years BP
TypeUltra-Plinian
LocationSumatra, Indonesia
2.6845°N 98.8756°ECoordinates: 2.6845°N 98.8756°E
VEI8
ImpactSecond-most recent supervolcanic eruption; impact disputed

Toba zoom.jpg
Lake Toba is the resulting crater lake

The Youngest Toba eruption was a supervolcanic eruption that occurred around 75,000 years ago at the site of present-day Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia. It is one of the Earth's largest known explosive eruptions. The Toba catastrophe theory holds that this event caused a global volcanic winter of six to ten years and possibly a 1,000-year-long cooling episode.

In 1993, science journalist Ann Gibbons posited that a population bottleneck occurred in human evolution about 70,000 years ago, and she suggested that this was caused by the eruption. Geologist Michael R. Rampino of New York University and volcanologist Stephen Self of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa support her suggestion. In 1998, the bottleneck theory was further developed by anthropologist Stanley H. Ambrose of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Both the link and global winter theories are controversial. The Youngest Toba eruption is the most closely studied supervolcanic eruption.

Supervolcanic eruption