Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. The global industrial economy can be modelled as a network of industrial processes that extract resources from the Earth and transform those resources into commodities which can be bought and sold to meet the needs of humanity. Industrial ecology seeks to quantify the material flows and document the industrial processes that make modern society function. Industrial ecologists are often concerned with the impacts that industrial activities have on the environment, with use of the planet's supply of natural resources, and with problems of waste disposal. Industrial ecology is a young but growing multidisciplinary field of research which combines aspects of engineering, economics, sociology, toxicology and the natural sciences.
Industrial ecology has been defined as a "systems-based,
multidisciplinary discourse that seeks to understand emergent behaviour
of complex integrated human/natural systems".[1] The field approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives, usually involving aspects of sociology, the environment, economy and technology.
The name comes from the idea that the analogy of natural systems
should be used as an aid in understanding how to design sustainable
industrial systems.
Overview
Example of Industrial Symbiosis. Waste steam from a waste incinerator (right) is piped to an ethanol plant (left) where it is used as in input to their production process.
Industrial ecology is concerned with the shifting of industrial
process from linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital
investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop
system where wastes can become inputs for new processes.
Much of the research focuses on the following areas:
- material and energy flow studies ("industrial metabolism")
- dematerialization and decarbonization
- technological change and the environment
- life-cycle planning, design and assessment
- design for the environment ("eco-design")
- extended producer responsibility ("product stewardship")
- eco-industrial parks ("industrial symbiosis")
- product-oriented environmental policy
- eco-efficiency
Industrial ecology seeks to understand the way in which industrial systems (for example a factory, an ecoregion, or national or global economy) interact with the biosphere.
Natural ecosystems provide a metaphor for understanding how different
parts of industrial systems interact with one another, in an "ecosystem"
based on resources and infrastructural capital rather than on natural capital. It seeks to exploit the idea that natural systems do not have waste in them to inspire sustainable design.
Along with more general energy conservation and material conservation goals, and redefining commodity markets and product stewardship relations strictly as a service economy, industrial ecology is one of the four objectives of Natural Capitalism. This strategy discourages forms of amoral purchasing arising from ignorance of what goes on at a distance and implies a political economy that values natural capital highly and relies on more instructional capital to design and maintain each unique industrial ecology.
History
View of Kalundborg Eco-industrial Park
Industrial ecology was popularized in 1989 in a Scientific American article by Robert Frosch and Nicholas E. Gallopoulos. Frosch and Gallopoulos' vision was "why would not our industrial system behave like an ecosystem, where the wastes of a species may be resource to another species? Why would not the outputs of an industry be the inputs of another, thus reducing use of raw materials, pollution, and saving on waste treatment?" A notable example resides in a Danish industrial park in the city of Kalundborg. Here several linkages of byproducts and waste heat
can be found between numerous entities such as a large power plant, an
oil refinery, a pharmaceutical plant, a plasterboard factory, an enzyme
manufacturer, a waste company and the city itself.
Another example is the Rantasalmi EIP in Rantasalmi, Finland. While
this country has had previous organically formed EIP's, the park at
Rantasalmi is Finland's first planned EIP.
The scientific field Industrial Ecology has grown quickly in recent years. The Journal of Industrial Ecology (since 1997), the International Society for Industrial Ecology
(since 2001), and the journal Progress in Industrial Ecology (since
2004) give Industrial Ecology a strong and dynamic position in the
international scientific community. Industrial Ecology principles are
also emerging in various policy realms such as the concept of the Circular Economy
that is being promoted in China. Although the definition of the
Circular Economy has yet to be formalized, generally the focus is on
strategies such as creating a circular flow of materials, and cascading
energy flows. An example of this would be using waste heat from one
process to run another process that requires a lower temperature. The
hope is that strategy such as this will create a more efficient economy
with fewer pollutants and other unwanted by-products.
Principles
One of the central principles of Industrial Ecology is the view that societal and technological systems are bounded within the biosphere, and do not exist outside it. Ecology is used as a metaphor
due to the observation that natural systems reuse materials and have a
largely closed loop cycling of nutrients. Industrial Ecology approaches
problems with the hypothesis that by using similar principles as natural systems, industrial systems can be improved to reduce their impact on the natural environment as well. The table shows the general metaphor.
| Biosphere | Technosphere |
|---|---|
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IE examines societal issues and their relationship with both technical systems and the environment. Through this holistic view ,
IE recognizes that solving problems must involve understanding the
connections that exist between these systems, various aspects cannot be
viewed in isolation. Often changes in one part of the overall system
can propagate and cause changes in another part. Thus, you can only
understand a problem if you look at its parts in relation to the whole.
Based on this framework, IE looks at environmental issues with a systems thinking approach. A good IE example with these societal impacts can be found at the Blue Lagoon
in Iceland. The Lagoon uses super-heated water from a local geothermal
power plant to fill mineral-rich basins that have become recreational
healing centers. In this sense the industrial process of energy
production uses its wastewater to provide a crucial resource for the
dependent recreational industry.
Take a city for instance. A city can be divided into commercial
areas, residential areas, offices, services, infrastructures, and so
forth. These are all sub-systems of the 'big city’ system. Problems can
emerge in one sub-system, but the solution has to be global. Let’s say
the price of housing is rising dramatically because there is too high a
demand for housing. One solution would be to build new houses, but this
will lead to more people living in the city, leading to the need for
more infrastructure like roads, schools, more supermarkets, etc. This
system is a simplified interpretation of reality whose behaviors can be
‘predicted’.
In many cases, the systems IE deals with are complex systems. Complexity
makes it difficult to understand the behavior of the system and may
lead to rebound effects. Due to unforeseen behavioral change of users or
consumers, a measure taken to improve environmental performance does
not lead to any improvement or may even worsen the situation.
Moreover, life cycle thinking is also a very important
principle in industrial ecology. It implies that all environmental
impacts caused by a product, system, or project during its life cycle
are taken into account. In this context life cycle includes
- Raw material extraction
- Material processing
- Manufacture
- Use
- Maintenance
- Disposal
The transport necessary between these stages is also taken into account as well as, if relevant, extra stages such as reuse, remanufacture, and recycle.
Adopting a life cycle approach is essential to avoid shifting
environmental impacts from one life cycle stage to another. This is
commonly referred to as problem shifting. For instance, during the
re-design of a product, one can choose to reduce its weight, thereby
decreasing use of resources. However, it is possible that the lighter
materials used in the new product will be more difficult to dispose of.
The environmental impacts of the product gained during the extraction
phase are shifted to the disposal phase. Overall environmental
improvements are thus null.
A final important principle of IE is its integrated approach or multidisciplinarity.
IE takes into account three different disciplines: social sciences
(including economics), technical sciences and environmental sciences.
The challenge is to merge them into a single approach.
Examples
The Kalundborg
industrial park is located in Denmark. This industrial park is special
because companies reuse each other's waste (which then becomes
by-products). For example, the Energy E2 Asnæs Power Station produces gypsum
as a by-product of the electricity generation process; this gypsum
becomes a resource for the BPB Gyproc A/S which produces plasterboards.
This is one example of a system inspired by the biosphere-technosphere
metaphor: in ecosystems, the waste from one organism is used as inputs
to other organisms; in industrial systems, waste from a company is used
as a resource by others.
Apart from the direct benefit of incorporating waste into the
loop, the use of an eco-industrial park can be a means of making
renewable energy generating plants, like Solar PV, more economical and environmentally friendly. In essence, this assists the growth of the renewable energy industry and the environmental benefits that come with replacing fossil-fuels.
Additional examples of industrial ecology include:
- Substituting the fly ash byproduct of coal burning practices for cement in concrete production
- Using second generation biofuels. An example of this is converting grease or cooking oil to biodiesels to fuel vehicles.
- South Africa's National Cleaner Production Center (NCPC) was created in order to make the region's industries more efficient in terms of materials. Results of the use of sustainable methods will include lowered energy costs and improved waste management. The program assesses existing companies to implement change.
Tools
| People | Planet | Profit | Modeling |
|---|---|---|---|
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Future directions
The ecosystem metaphor popularized by Frosch and Gallopoulos
has been a valuable creative tool for helping researchers look for
novel solutions to difficult problems. Recently, it has been pointed
out that this metaphor is based largely on a model of classical ecology,
and that advancements in understanding ecology based on complexity science have been made by researchers such as C. S. Holling, James J. Kay, and further advanced in terms of contemporary ecology by others. For industrial ecology, this may mean a shift from a more mechanistic view of systems, to one where sustainability is viewed as an emergent property of a complex system. To explore this further, several researchers are working with agent based modeling techniques.
Exergy analysis is performed in the field of industrial ecology to use energy more efficiently. The term exergy was coined by Zoran Rant in 1956, but the concept was developed by J. Willard Gibbs. In recent decades, utilization of exergy has spread outside physics and engineering to the fields of industrial ecology, ecological economics, systems ecology, and energetics.
Other examples
Another great example of industrial ecology both in practice and in potential is the Burnside Cleaner Production Centre in Burnside, Nova Scotia.
They play a role in facilitating the 'greening' of over 1200 businesses
that are located in Burnside, Eastern Canada's largest industrial park.
The creation of waste exchange is a big part of what they work towards,
which will promote strong industrial ecology relationships.
