| Cyclothymia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Cyclothymic disorder |
 | |
| Graphical representation of cyclothymia compared with bipolar disorder and major depression | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry, clinical psychology |
| Symptoms | Periods of depression and elevated mood |
| Complications | Suicide, self-harm |
| Causes | Unknown |
| Risk factors | Family history |
| Differential diagnosis | Bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, substance misuse disorder |
| Treatment | Psychotherapy, medications |
| Frequency | 0.4-1% at some point in life |
Cyclothymia, also known as cyclothymic disorder, is a mental disorder that involves numerous periods of symptoms of depression and periods of symptoms of hypomania. These symptoms, however, are not sufficient to be a major depressive episode or a hypomanic episode. Symptoms must last for more than one year in children and two years in adults.
The cause is unknown. Risk factors include a family history of bipolar disorder. Cyclothymia differs from bipolar in that major depression, mania, or hypomania have never occurred.
Treatment is generally with counselling and mood stabilizers such as lithium. It is estimated that 0.4-1% of people have cyclothymia at some point in their life. Onset is typically in late childhood to early adulthood. Males and females are affected equally often.
Symptoms
People
with cyclothymia experience both depressive phases and hypomanic phases
(which are less severe than a full hypomanic episode).
The depressive and manic symptoms in cyclothymia last for variable
amounts of time due to the unstable and reactive nature of the disorder.
The depressive phases are similar to major depressive disorder and are
characterized by dulled thoughts and sensations and the lack of
motivation for intellectual or social activities. Most people with cyclothymia are generally fatigued and tend to sleep frequently and for long periods of time. However, other people experience insomnia.
Other symptoms of cyclothymic depression include indifference toward people or activities that used to be extremely important. Cyclothymic depression also leads to difficulty making decisions. In addition, people with this condition tend to be critical and complain easily. Suicidal thoughts are common, even in mild forms of cyclothymia.
In the depressive state, people with cyclothymia also experience
physical complaints including frequent headaches, tightness in the head
and chest, an empty sensation in the head, weakness, weight loss, and
hair loss.
The distinguishing factor between typical depression and
cyclothymic depression is that in cyclothymic depression, there are
instances of hypomania.
People with cyclothymia can switch from the depressive state to the
hypomanic state without warning to them or others. The duration and
frequency of phases is unpredictable.
In the hypomanic state, people's thoughts become faster and they
become more sociable and talkative. They may engage in spending sprees,
spontaneous actions, have heightened self-esteem, and greater vanity.
In contrast to a regular manic state that would be associated with
bipolar I, symptoms in the hypomanic phase generally occur in a less
severe form.
Comorbidities
Cyclothymia commonly occurs in conjunction with other disorders. Between 20-50 percent of people with depression, anxiety, and related disorders also have cyclothymia.
When people with cyclothymia seek mental health resources it tends to
be for symptoms of their comorbid condition rather than for their
symptoms of cyclothymia. In children and adolescents, the most common
comorbidities with cyclothymia are anxiety disorders, impulse control
issues, eating disorders, and ADHD.
In adults, cyclothymia also tends to be comorbid with impulse control
issues. Sensation-seeking behaviors occur in hypomanic states. These often include gambling and compulsive sexuality in men, or compulsive buying and binge eating in women.
In addition to sensation-related disorders, cyclothymia has also been associated with atypical depression.
In one study, a connection was found between interpersonal sensitivity,
mood reactivity (i.e., responding to actual or potential positive
events with brighter mood), and cyclothymic mood swings, all of which are symptoms of atypical depression. Cyclothymia also tends to occur in conjunction with separation anxiety,
where a person has anxiety as a result of separation from a caregiver,
friend, or loved one. Other issues that tend to co-occur with
cyclothymia include social anxiety, fear of rejection and a tendency
toward hostility to those connected with past pain and rejection. People
with cyclothymia tend to seek intense interpersonal relationships when
in a hypomanic state and isolation when in a depressed state. This generally leads to short, tumultuous relationships.
Causes
The cause is unknown. Risk factors include a family history of bipolar disorder.
First-degree relatives of people with cyclothymia have major depressive disorder, bipolar I disorder, and bipolar II disorder
more often than the general population. Substance-related disorders
also may be at a higher risk within the family. First-degree relatives
of a bipolar I individuals may have a higher risk of cyclothymic
disorder than the general population.
Diagnosis
Cyclothymia is classified in DSM-5 as a subtype of bipolar disorder. The criteria are:
- Periods of elevated mood and depressive symptoms for at least half the time during the last two years for adults and one year for children and teenagers.
- Periods of stable moods last only two months at most.
- Symptoms create significant problems in one or more areas of life.
- Symptoms do not meet the criteria for bipolar disorder, major depression, or another mental disorder.
- Symptoms are not caused by substance use or a medical condition.
The DSM-5 criteria for cyclothymia are restrictive according to some researchers. This affects the diagnosis of cyclothymia because fewer people get diagnosed than potentially could.
This means that a person who has some symptoms of the disorder might
not be able to get treatment because they do not meet all of the
necessary criteria described in DSM-5.
Furthermore, it also leads to more attention being placed on
depression and other bipolar-spectrum disorders because if a person does
not meet all the criteria for cyclothymia they are often given a
depression or bipolar spectrum diagnosis.
Improper diagnosis may lead some people with cyclothymia to be treated
for a comorbid disorder rather than having their cyclothymic tendencies
addressed.
Cyclothymia is often not recognized by the affected individual or
medical professionals due to its ostensibly mild symptoms. In addition,
it is difficult to identify and classify. Due to disagreement and
misconceptions among health and mental health professionals, cyclothymia
is often diagnosed as "bipolar not otherwise specified". Cyclothymia is
also often confused with borderline personality disorder due to their
similar symptoms, especially in older adolescents and young adults.
Most people with the disorder present in a depressive state, not realizing that their hypomanic states are abnormal.
Mild manic episodes tend to be interpreted as part of the person's
personality or simply a heightened mood. In addition, the disorder often
manifests during childhood or adolescence, making it even more
difficult for the person to distinguish between symptoms of the disorder
and their personality. For example, people may think that they just
suffer from mood swings and not realize that these are a result of a
psychiatric condition.
Management
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered potentially effective for people diagnosed with cyclothymia.
Medication can be used in addition to behavioral approaches. However, mood stabilizers should be used before antidepressants, and if antidepressants are used they should be used with caution. Antidepressants are a concern due to the possibility of inducing hypomanic switches or rapid cycling.
History
In 1883, Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum
identified a disorder characterized by recurring mood cycles. The
disorder contained both melancholic and manic episodes that occurred in a
milder form than in bipolar disorder. This condition was coined "cyclothymia" by Kahlbaum and his student Ewald Hecker.
Kahlbaum developed his theory of cyclothymia through his work with
people presenting with these symptoms at the Kahlbaum Sanitarium in
Goerlitz, Silesia (Germany). He was recognized as a leading hypnotherapist and psychotherapist of his day.
He was a progressive in the field of mental health, believing that
mental illness should not carry a stigma and that people dealing with
mental health issues should be treated humanely.
Kalhbaum was the first to recognize that people with cyclothymia often
do not seek help for the disorder due to its mild symptoms.
Cyclothymia has been conceptualized in a variety of ways,
including as a subtype of bipolar disorder, a temperament, a personality
trait, and a personality disorder. There is also an argument that cyclothymia should be considered a neurodevelopmental disorder. The two defining features of the disorder, according to DSM-5,
are the presence of depressive episodes and hypomania. Cyclothymia is
also classified as a subtype of bipolar disorder in DSM-5, but some
researchers disagree with this classification and argue that it should
be primarily defined as an exaggeration of mood and emotional
instability.
In the past, cyclothymia has been conceptualized to include other
characteristics in addition to the flux between depression and
hypomania, such as mood reactivity, impulsivity, and anxiety.
Epidemiology
Cyclothymia, known today as cyclothymic disorder, tends to be underdiagnosed due to its low intensity. The exact rates for cyclothymia have not been widely studied.
Some studies estimate that between 5 and 8% are affected at some point
in their life whereas other studies suggest a rate ranging from 0.4 to
2.5%.
Males appear to be affected equally often, though women are more likely to receive treatment.
Cyclothymia is diagnosed in around fifty percent of people with
depression who are evaluated in psychiatric outpatient settings.
Etymology
Cyclothymia is derived from the Greek word κυκλοθυμία (from κῦκλος kyklos, "circle" and θυμός thymos, "mood, emotion"). Therefore, it means "to cycle or circle between moods or emotions".
Research
Whether subtypes of bipolar disorder, such as cyclothymia, truly represent separate disorders or are part of a unique bipolar spectrum
is debated in research. Cyclothymia is typically not described in
research studies or diagnosed in clinical settings, making it less
recognizable and less understood by professionals. This absence of
cyclothymia in research and clinical settings suggests that cyclothymia
is either being diagnosed as another mood disorder or as a non-affective
psychiatric disorder or not coming to scientific or clinical attention
due to a lack of diagnostic clarity or because the nature of
cyclothymia is still highly contested. Additionally, the current
diagnostic criterion for cyclothymia emphasizes that symptoms are
persistent, which suggests that they are enduring traits rather than a
psychological state, thus, it has been argued that it should be
diagnosed as a personality disorder. Since the symptoms tend to overlap
with personality disorders, the validity and distinction between these
two diagnostic categories has been debated.
Lastly, the tendency of cyclothymia to be comorbid with other mental disorders makes diagnosis difficult.
These issues prevent consensus on the definition of cyclothymia and its
relationship with other mental disorders among researchers and
clinicians. This lack of consensus on an operational definition and
symptom presentation is especially pronounced with children and
adolescents because the diagnostic criteria have not been adequately
adapted to take into account their developmental level.
Society and culture
Actor Stephen Fry has spoken about his experience with cyclothymia, which was depicted in the documentary Stephen Fry: The Secret Life of the Manic Depressive.
Singer Charlene Soraia had cyclothymia and wrote a song about her experiences with the disorder.
