From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Characteristics of a traditional system (left) versus the smart grid (right)
A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operation and energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficient resources.
Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and
distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid.
Smart grid policy is organized in Europe as Smart Grid European Technology Platform. Policy in the United States is described in 42 U.S.C. ch. 152, subch. IX § 17381.
Roll-out of smart grid technology also implies a fundamental
re-engineering of the electricity services industry, although typical
usage of the term is focused on the technical infrastructure.
Background
Historical development of the electricity grid
The first alternating current power grid system was installed in 1886 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. At that time, the grid was a centralized unidirectional system of electric power transmission, electricity distribution, and demand-driven control.
In the 20th century local grids grew over time, and were
eventually interconnected for economic and reliability reasons. By the
1960s, the electric grids of developed countries had become very large,
mature and highly interconnected, with thousands of 'central' generation
power stations delivering power to major load centres via high capacity
power lines which were then branched and divided to provide power to
smaller industrial and domestic users over the entire supply area. The
topology of the 1960s grid was a result of the strong economies of
scale: large coal-, gas- and oil-fired power stations in the 1 GW (1000
MW) to 3 GW scale are still found to be cost-effective, due to
efficiency-boosting features that can be cost effective only when the
stations become very large.
Power stations were located strategically to be close to fossil
fuel reserves (either the mines or wells themselves, or else close to
rail, road or port supply lines). Siting of hydro-electric dams in
mountain areas also strongly influenced the structure of the emerging
grid. Nuclear power plants were sited for availability of cooling water.
Finally, fossil fuel-fired
power stations were initially very polluting and were sited as far as
economically possible from population centres once electricity
distribution networks permitted it. By the late 1960s, the electricity
grid reached the overwhelming majority of the population of developed
countries, with only outlying regional areas remaining 'off-grid'.
Metering of electricity consumption was necessary on a per-user
basis in order to allow appropriate billing according to the (highly
variable) level of consumption of different users. Because of limited
data collection and processing capability during the period of growth of
the grid, fixed-tariff arrangements were commonly put in place, as well
as dual-tariff arrangements where night-time power was charged at a
lower rate than daytime power. The motivation for dual-tariff
arrangements was the lower night-time demand. Dual tariffs made possible
the use of low-cost night-time electrical power in applications such as
the maintaining of 'heat banks' which served to 'smooth out' the daily
demand, and reduce the number of turbines that needed to be turned off
overnight, thereby improving the utilisation and profitability of the
generation and transmission facilities. The metering capabilities of the
1960s grid meant technological limitations on the degree to which price signals could be propagated through the system.
From 1970s to the 1990s, growing demand led to increasing numbers
of power stations. In some areas, supply of electricity, especially at
peak times, could not keep up with this demand, resulting in poor power quality including blackouts, power cuts, and brownouts.
Increasingly, electricity was depended on for industry, heating,
communication, lighting, and entertainment, and consumers demanded ever
higher levels of reliability.
Towards the end of the 20th century, electricity demand patterns were established: domestic heating and air-conditioning
led to daily peaks in demand that were met by an array of 'peaking
power generators' that would only be turned on for short periods each
day. The relatively low utilisation of these peaking generators
(commonly, gas turbines
were used due to their relatively lower capital cost and faster
start-up times), together with the necessary redundancy in the
electricity grid, resulted in high costs to the electricity companies,
which were passed on in the form of increased tariffs.
In the 21st century, some developing countries like China, India, and Brazil were seen as pioneers of smart grid deployment.
Modernization opportunities
Since
the early 21st century, opportunities to take advantage of improvements
in electronic communication technology to resolve the limitations and
costs of the electrical grid have become apparent. Technological
limitations on metering no longer force peak power prices to be averaged
out and passed on to all consumers equally. In parallel, growing
concerns over environmental damage from fossil-fired power stations has
led to a desire to use large amounts of renewable energy. Dominant forms such as wind power and solar power
are highly variable, and so the need for more sophisticated control
systems became apparent, to facilitate the connection of sources to the
otherwise highly controllable grid. Power from photovoltaic cells (and to a lesser extent wind turbines)
has also, significantly, called into question the imperative for large,
centralised power stations. The rapidly falling costs point to a major
change from the centralised grid topology to one that is highly
distributed, with power being both generated and consumed right at the limits of the grid. Finally, growing concern over terrorist
attack in some countries has led to calls for a more robust energy grid
that is less dependent on centralised power stations that were
perceived to be potential attack targets.
Definition of "smart grid"
The first official definition of Smart Grid was provided by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA-2007), which was approved by the US Congress in January 2007, and signed to law by President George W. Bush
in December 2007. Title XIII of this bill provides a description, with
ten characteristics, that can be considered a definition for Smart Grid,
as follows:
"It is the policy of the United States to
support the modernization of the Nation's electricity transmission and
distribution system to maintain a reliable and secure electricity
infrastructure that can meet future demand growth and to achieve each of
the following, which together characterize a Smart Grid: (1) Increased
use of digital information and controls technology to improve
reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric grid. (2) Dynamic
optimization of grid operations and resources, with full cyber-security.
(3) Deployment and integration of distributed resources and generation,
including renewable resources. (4) Development and incorporation of
demand response, demand-side resources, and energy-efficiency resources.
(5) Deployment of 'smart' technologies (real-time, automated,
interactive technologies that optimize the physical operation of
appliances and consumer devices) for metering, communications concerning
grid operations and status, and distribution automation. (6)
Integration of 'smart' appliances and consumer devices. (7) Deployment
and integration of advanced electricity storage and peak-shaving
technologies, including plug-in electric and hybrid electric vehicles,
and thermal storage air conditioning. (8) Provision to consumers of
timely information and control options. (9) Development of standards for
communication and interoperability of appliances and equipment
connected to the electric grid, including the infrastructure serving the
grid. (10) Identification and lowering of unreasonable or unnecessary
barriers to adoption of smart grid technologies, practices, and
services."
The European Union Commission Task Force for Smart Grids also provides smart grid definition as:
"A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can cost efficiently
integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to it –
generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to ensure
economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses and
high levels of quality and security of supply and safety. A smart grid
employs innovative products and services together with intelligent
monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies in
order to:
- • Better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and technologies.
- • Allow consumers to play a part in optimising the operation of the system.
- • Provide consumers with greater information and options for how they use their supply.
- • Significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system.
- • Maintain or even improve the existing high levels of system reliability, quality and security of supply.
- • Maintain and improve the existing services efficiently."
A common element to most definitions is the application of digital
processing and communications to the power grid, making data flow and information management
central to the smart grid. Various capabilities result from the deeply
integrated use of digital technology with power grids. Integration of
the new grid information is one of the key issues in the design of smart
grids. Electric utilities now find themselves making three classes of
transformations: improvement of infrastructure, called the strong grid in China; addition of the digital layer, which is the essence of the smart grid;
and business process transformation, necessary to capitalize on the
investments in smart technology. Much of the work that has been going on
in electric grid modernization, especially substation and distribution
automation, is now included in the general concept of the smart grid.
Early technological innovations
Smart grid technologies emerged from earlier attempts at using electronic control, metering, and monitoring. In the 1980s, automatic meter reading was used for monitoring loads from large customers, and evolved into the Advanced Metering Infrastructure of the 1990s, whose meters could store how electricity was used at different times of the day. Smart meters add continuous communications so that monitoring can be done in real time, and can be used as a gateway to demand response-aware devices and "smart sockets" in the home. Early forms of such demand side management technologies were dynamic demand
aware devices that passively sensed the load on the grid by monitoring
changes in the power supply frequency. Devices such as industrial and
domestic air conditioners, refrigerators and heaters adjusted their duty
cycle to avoid activation during times the grid was suffering a peak
condition. Beginning in 2000, Italy's Telegestore Project was the first
to network large numbers (27 million) of homes using smart meters
connected via low bandwidth power line communication. Some experiments used the term broadband over power lines (BPL), while others used wireless technologies such as mesh networking
promoted for more reliable connections to disparate devices in the home
as well as supporting metering of other utilities such as gas and
water.
Monitoring and synchronization of wide area networks were revolutionized in the early 1990s when the Bonneville Power Administration expanded its smart grid research with prototype sensors
that are capable of very rapid analysis of anomalies in electricity
quality over very large geographic areas. The culmination of this work
was the first operational Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) in 2000.
Other countries are rapidly integrating this technology — China started
having a comprehensive national WAMS when the past 5-year economic plan
completed in 2012.
The earliest deployments of smart grids include the Italian system Telegestore (2005), the mesh network of Austin, Texas (since 2003), and the smart grid in Boulder, Colorado (2008). See Deployments and attempted deployments below.
Features of the smart grid
The
smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed responses
to the challenges of electricity supply. Because of the diverse range of
factors there are numerous competing taxonomies and no agreement on a
universal definition. Nevertheless, one possible categorization is given
here.
Reliability
The smart grid makes use of technologies such as state estimation, that improve fault detection and allow self-healing
of the network without the intervention of technicians. This will
ensure more reliable supply of electricity, and reduced vulnerability to
natural disasters or attack.
Although multiple routes are touted as a feature of the smart
grid, the old grid also featured multiple routes. Initial power lines in
the grid were built using a radial model, later connectivity was
guaranteed via multiple routes, referred to as a network structure.
However, this created a new problem: if the current flow or related
effects across the network exceed the limits of any particular network
element, it could fail, and the current would be shunted to other
network elements, which eventually may fail also, causing a domino effect. See power outage. A technique to prevent this is load shedding by rolling blackout or voltage reduction (brownout).
Flexibility in network topology
Next-generation transmission and distribution infrastructure will be better able to handle possible bidirectional energy flows, allowing for distributed generation
such as from photovoltaic panels on building roofs, but also charging
to/from the batteries of electric cars, wind turbines, pumped
hydroelectric power, the use of fuel cells, and other sources.
Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of electricity, but
if a local sub-network generates more power than it is consuming, the
reverse flow can raise safety and reliability issues. A smart grid aims to manage these situations.
Efficiency
Numerous
contributions to overall improvement of the efficiency of energy
infrastructure are anticipated from the deployment of smart grid
technology, in particular including demand-side management, for example turning off air conditioners during short-term spikes in electricity price, reducing the voltage when possible on distribution lines
through Voltage/VAR Optimization (VVO), eliminating truck-rolls for
meter reading, and reducing truck-rolls by improved outage management
using data from Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems. The overall
effect is less redundancy in transmission and distribution lines, and
greater utilization of generators, leading to lower power prices.
Load adjustment/Load balancing
The
total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over
time. Although the total load is the sum of many individual choices of
the clients, the overall load is not necessarily stable or slow varying.
For example, if a popular television program starts, millions of
televisions will start to draw current instantly. Traditionally, to
respond to a rapid increase in power consumption, faster than the
start-up time of a large generator, some spare generators are put on a
dissipative standby mode. A smart grid may warn all individual television sets, or another larger customer, to reduce the load temporarily
(to allow time to start up a larger generator) or continuously (in the
case of limited resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms it
is possible to predict how many standby generators need to be used, to
reach a certain failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate
can only be reduced at the cost of more standby generators. In a smart
grid, the load reduction by even a small portion of the clients may
eliminate the problem.
While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed
to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform,
developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy
generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids
without affecting consumers' behavior. Typically, storing energy during
off-peak times eases high demand supply during peak hours. Dynamic game-theoretic frameworks have proved particularly efficient at storage scheduling by optimizing energy cost using their Nash equilibrium.
Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricing
To reduce demand during the high cost peak usage periods,
communications and metering technologies inform smart devices in the
home and business when energy demand is high and track how much
electricity is used and when it is used. It also gives utility companies
the ability to reduce consumption by communicating to devices directly
in order to prevent system overloads. Examples would be a utility
reducing the usage of a group of electric vehicle charging stations or shifting temperature set points of air conditioners in a city. To motivate them to cut back use and perform what is called peak curtailment or peak leveling, prices of electricity are increased during high demand periods, and decreased during low demand periods.
It is thought that consumers and businesses will tend to consume less
during high demand periods if it is possible for consumers and consumer
devices to be aware of the high price premium for using electricity at
peak periods. This could mean making trade-offs such as cycling on/off
air conditioners or running dishwashers at 9 pm instead of 5 pm. When
businesses and consumers see a direct economic benefit of using energy
at off-peak times, the theory is that they will include energy cost of
operation into their consumer device and building construction decisions
and hence become more energy efficient.
Sustainability
The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.
Current network infrastructure is not built to allow for many
distributed feed-in points, and typically even if some feed-in is
allowed at the local (distribution) level, the transmission-level
infrastructure cannot accommodate it. Rapid fluctuations in distributed
generation, such as due to cloudy or gusty weather, present significant
challenges to power engineers who need to ensure stable power levels
through varying the output of the more controllable generators such as
gas turbines and hydroelectric generators. Smart grid technology is a
necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on
the grid for this reason. There is also support for vehicle-to-grid.
Market-enabling
The
smart grid allows for systematic communication between suppliers (their
energy price) and consumers (their willingness-to-pay), and permits
both the suppliers and the consumers to be more flexible and
sophisticated in their operational strategies. Only the critical loads
will need to pay the peak energy prices, and consumers will be able to
be more strategic in when they use energy. Generators with greater
flexibility will be able to sell energy strategically for maximum
profit, whereas inflexible generators such as base-load steam turbines
and wind turbines will receive a varying tariff based on the level of
demand and the status of the other generators currently operating. The
overall effect is a signal that awards energy efficiency, and energy
consumption that is sensitive to the time-varying limitations of the
supply. At the domestic level, appliances with a degree of energy
storage or thermal mass
(such as refrigerators, heat banks, and heat pumps) will be well
placed to 'play' the market and seek to minimise energy cost by adapting
demand to the lower-cost energy support periods. This is an extension
of the dual-tariff energy pricing mentioned above.
Demand response support
Demand response
support allows generators and loads to interact in an automated fashion
in real time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes. Eliminating the
fraction of demand that occurs in these spikes eliminates the cost of
adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear
and extends the life of equipment, and allows users to cut their energy
bills by telling low priority devices to use energy only when it is
cheapest.
Currently, power grid systems have varying degrees of
communication within control systems for their high-value assets, such
as in generating plants, transmission lines, substations and major
energy users. In general information flows one way, from the users and
the loads they control back to the utilities. The utilities attempt to
meet the demand and succeed or fail to varying degrees (brownouts,
rolling blackout, uncontrolled blackout). The total amount of power
demand by the users can have a very wide probability distribution
which requires spare generating plants in standby mode to respond to
the rapidly changing power usage. This one-way flow of information is
expensive; the last 10% of generating capacity may be required as little
as 1% of the time, and brownouts and outages can be costly to
consumers.
Demand response can be provided by commercial, residential loads, and industrial loads. For example, Alcoa's Warrick Operation is participating in MISO as a qualified Demand Response Resource, and the Trimet Aluminium uses its smelter as a short-term mega-battery.
Latency
of the data flow is a major concern, with some early smart meter
architectures allowing actually as long as 24 hours delay in receiving
the data, preventing any possible reaction by either supplying or
demanding devices.
Platform for advanced services
As
with other industries, use of robust two-way communications, advanced
sensors, and distributed computing technology will improve the
efficiency, reliability and safety of power delivery and use. It also
opens up the potential for entirely new services or improvements on
existing ones, such as fire monitoring and alarms that can shut off
power, make phone calls to emergency services, etc.
Provision megabits, control power with kilobits, sell the rest
The
amount of data required to perform monitoring and switching one's
appliances off automatically is very small compared with that already
reaching even remote homes to support voice, security, Internet and TV
services. Many smart grid bandwidth upgrades are paid for by
over-provisioning to also support consumer services, and subsidizing the
communications with energy-related services or subsidizing the
energy-related services, such as higher rates during peak hours, with
communications. This is particularly true where governments run both
sets of services as a public monopoly. Because power and communications
companies are generally separate commercial enterprises in North America
and Europe, it has required considerable government and large-vendor
effort to encourage various enterprises to cooperate. Some, like Cisco, see opportunity in providing devices to consumers very similar to those they have long been providing to industry. Others, such as Silver Spring Networks or Google, are data integrators rather than vendors of equipment. While the AC power control standards suggest powerline networking
would be the primary means of communication among smart grid and home
devices, the bits may not reach the home via Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) initially but by fixed wireless.
Technology
The
bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications
such as manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for
use in grid operations.
- Integrated communications: Areas for improvement include:
substation automation, demand response, distribution automation,
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power-line carrier communications, and fiber-optics.
Integrated communications will allow for real-time control, information
and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization,
and security.
- Sensing and measurement: core duties are evaluating congestion and
grid stability, monitoring equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area monitoring systems, (typically based on online readings by Distributed temperature sensing combined with Real time thermal rating
(RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis,
time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced switches and cables,
backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective relays.
- Smart meters.
- Phasor measurement units. Many in the power systems engineering community believe that the Northeast blackout of 2003 could have been contained to a much smaller area if a wide area phasor measurement network had been in place.
- Distributed power flow control: power flow control devices clamp
onto existing transmission lines to control the flow of power within.
Transmission lines enabled with such devices support greater use of
renewable energy by providing more consistent, real-time control over
how that energy is routed within the grid. This technology enables the
grid to more effectively store intermittent energy from renewables for
later use.
- Smart power generation using advanced components: smart power generation is a concept of matching electricity generation with demand using multiple identical generators which can start, stop and operate efficiently at chosen load, independently of the others, making them suitable for base load and peaking power generation. Matching supply and demand, called load balancing,
is essential for a stable and reliable supply of electricity.
Short-term deviations in the balance lead to frequency variations and a
prolonged mismatch results in blackouts. Operators of power transmission systems are charged with the balancing task, matching the power output of all the generators to the load of their electrical grid. The load balancing task has become much more challenging as increasingly intermittent and variable generators such as wind turbines and solar cells
are added to the grid, forcing other producers to adapt their output
much more frequently than has been required in the past. First two
dynamic grid stability power plants utilizing the concept has been ordered by Elering and will be built by Wärtsilä in Kiisa, Estonia (Kiisa Power Plant).
Their purpose is to "provide dynamic generation capacity to meet sudden
and unexpected drops in the electricity supply." They are scheduled to
be ready during 2013 and 2014, and their total output will be 250 MW.
- Power system automation
enables rapid diagnosis of and precise solutions to specific grid
disruptions or outages. These technologies rely on and contribute to
each of the other four key areas. Three technology categories for
advanced control methods are: distributed intelligent agents (control
systems), analytical tools (software algorithms and high-speed
computers), and operational applications (SCADA, substation automation,
demand response, etc.). Using artificial intelligence programming techniques, Fujian
power grid in China created a wide area protection system that is
rapidly able to accurately calculate a control strategy and execute it. The Voltage Stability Monitoring & Control (VSMC) software uses a sensitivity-based successive linear programming method to reliably determine the optimal control solution.
IT companies disrupting the energy market
Smart
grid provides IT-based solutions which the traditional power grid is
lacking. These new solutions pave the way of new entrants that were
traditionally not related to the energy grid.
Technology companies are disrupting the traditional energy market
players in several ways. They develop complex distribution systems to
meet the more decentralized power generation due to microgrids.
Additionally is the increase in data collection bringing many new
possibilities for technology companies as deploying transmission grid
sensors at a user level and balancing system reserves.
The technology in microgrids makes energy consumption cheaper for
households than buying from utilities. Additionally, residents can
manage their energy consumption easier and more effectively with the
connection to smart meters.
However, the performances and reliability of microgrids strongly depend
on the continuous interaction between power generation, storage and
load requirements.
A hybrid offering combining renewable energy sources with storing
energy sources as coal and gas is showing the hybrid offering of a
microgrid serving alone.
Consequences
As
a consequence of the entrance of the technology companies in the energy
market, utilities and DSO's need to create new business models to keep
current customers and to create new customers.
Focus on a customer engagement strategy
DSO's can focus on creating good customer engagement strategies to create loyalty and trust towards the customer.
To retain and attract customers who decide to produce their own energy
through microgrids, DSO's can offer purchase agreements for the sale of
surplus energy that the consumer produces.
Indifference from the IT companies, both DSO's and utilities can use
their market experience to give consumers energy-use advice and
efficiency upgrades to create excellent customer service.
Create alliances with new entered technology companies
Instead
of trying to compete against IT companies in their expertise, both
utilities and DSO's can try to create alliances with IT companies to
create good solutions together. The French utility company Engie did
this by buying the service provider Ecova and OpTerra Energy Services.
Renewable energy sources
The generation of renewable energy can often be connected at the distribution level, instead of the transmission grids,
which means that DSO's can manage the flows and distribute power
locally. This brings new opportunity for DSO's to expand their market by
selling energy directly to the consumer. Simultaneously, this is
challenging the utilities producing fossil fuels who already are trapped
by high costs of aging assets.
Stricter regulations for producing traditional energy resources from
the government increases the difficulty of stay in business and
increases the pressure on traditional energy companies to make the shift
to renewable energy sources.
An example of a utility changing business model to produce more
renewable energy is the Norwegian-based company, Equinor, which was a
state-owned oil company which now are heavily investing in renewable
energy.
Research
Major programs
IntelliGrid –
Created by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), IntelliGrid
architecture provides methodology, tools, and recommendations for
standards and technologies for utility use in planning, specifying, and
procuring IT-based systems, such as advanced metering, distribution
automation, and demand response. The architecture also provides a living
laboratory for assessing devices, systems, and technology. Several
utilities have applied IntelliGrid architecture including Southern
California Edison, Long Island Power Authority, Salt River Project, and
TXU Electric Delivery. The IntelliGrid Consortium is a public/private partnership
that integrates and optimizes global research efforts, funds technology
R&D, works to integrate technologies, and disseminates technical
information.
Grid 2030 – Grid 2030 is a joint vision statement
for the U.S. electrical system developed by the electric utility
industry, equipment manufacturers, information technology providers,
federal and state government agencies, interest groups, universities,
and national laboratories. It covers generation, transmission,
distribution, storage, and end-use.
The National Electric Delivery Technologies Roadmap is the
implementation document for the Grid 2030 vision. The Roadmap outlines
the key issues and challenges for modernizing the grid and suggests
paths that government and industry can take to build America's future
electric delivery system.
Modern Grid Initiative (MGI) is a collaborative
effort between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Energy
Technology Laboratory (NETL), utilities, consumers, researchers, and
other grid stakeholders to modernize and integrate the U.S. electrical
grid. DOE's Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE)
sponsors the initiative, which builds upon Grid 2030 and the National
Electricity Delivery Technologies Roadmap and is aligned with other
programs such as GridWise and GridWorks.
GridWise – A DOE OE program focused on developing
information technology to modernize the U.S. electrical grid. Working
with the GridWise Alliance, the program invests in communications
architecture and standards; simulation and analysis tools; smart
technologies; test beds and demonstration projects; and new regulatory,
institutional, and market frameworks. The GridWise Alliance is a
consortium of public and private electricity sector stakeholders,
providing a forum for idea exchanges, cooperative efforts, and meetings
with policy makers at federal and state levels.
GridWise Architecture Council (GWAC) was formed by the U.S. Department of Energy
to promote and enable interoperability among the many entities that
interact with the nation's electric power system. The GWAC members are a
balanced and respected team representing the many constituencies of the
electricity supply chain and users. The GWAC provides industry guidance
and tools to articulate the goal of interoperability across the
electric system, identify the concepts and architectures needed to make
interoperability possible, and develop actionable steps to facilitate
the inter operation of the systems, devices, and institutions that
encompass the nation's electric system. The GridWise Architecture
Council Interoperability Context Setting Framework, V 1.1 defines
necessary guidelines and principles.
GridWorks – A DOE OE program focused on improving
the reliability of the electric system through modernizing key grid
components such as cables and conductors, substations and protective
systems, and power electronics. The program's focus includes
coordinating efforts on high temperature superconducting systems,
transmission reliability technologies, electric distribution
technologies, energy storage devices, and GridWise systems.
Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration Project.
- This project is a demonstration across five Pacific Northwest
states-Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. It involves
about 60,000 metered customers, and contains many key functions of the
future smart grid.
Solar Cities - In Australia, the Solar Cities
programme included close collaboration with energy companies to trial
smart meters, peak and off-peak pricing, remote switching and related
efforts. It also provided some limited funding for grid upgrades.
Smart Grid Energy Research Center (SMERC) - Located at University of California, Los Angeles
has dedicated its efforts to large-scale testing of its smart EV
charging network technology - WINSmartEV™. It created another platform
for a Smart Grid architecture enabling bidirectional flow of information
between a utility and consumer end-devices - WINSmartGrid™. SMERC has
also developed a demand response (DR) test bed that comprises a Control
Center, Demand Response Automation Server (DRAS), Home-Area-Network
(HAN), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and photovoltaic (PV)
panels. These technologies are installed within the Los Angeles
Department of Water and Power and Southern California Edison territory
as a network of EV chargers, battery energy storage systems, solar
panels, DC fast charger, and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) units. These
platforms, communications and control networks enables UCLA-led projects
within the greater Los Angeles to be researched, advanced and tested in
partnership with the two key local utilities, SCE and LADWP.
Smart grid modelling
Many different concepts have been used to model intelligent power grids. They are generally studied within the framework of complex systems. In a recent brainstorming session, the power grid was considered within the context of optimal control, ecology, human cognition, glassy dynamics, information theory, microphysics of clouds, and many others. Here is a selection of the types of analyses that have appeared in recent years.
- Protection systems that verify and supervise themselves
Pelqim Spahiu and Ian R. Evans in their study introduced the concept
of a substation based smart protection and hybrid Inspection Unit.
- Kuramoto oscillators
The Kuramoto model is a well-studied system. The power grid has been described in this context as well. The goal is to keep the system in balance, or to maintain phase synchronization
(also known as phase locking). Non-uniform oscillators also help to
model different technologies, different types of power generators,
patterns of consumption, and so on. The model has also been used to
describe the synchronization patterns in the blinking of fireflies.
- Bio-systems
Power grids have been related to complex biological systems in many
other contexts. In one study, power grids were compared to the dolphin social network.
These creatures streamline or intensify communication in case of an
unusual situation. The intercommunications that enable them to survive
are highly complex.
- Random fuse networks
In percolation theory, random fuse networks have been studied. The current density
might be too low in some areas, and too strong in others. The analysis
can therefore be used to smooth out potential problems in the network.
For instance, high-speed computer analysis can predict blown fuses and
correct for them, or analyze patterns that might lead to a power outage. It is difficult for humans to predict the long term patterns in complex networks, so fuse or diode networks are used instead.
- Smart Grid Communication Network
Network Simulators
are used to simulate/emulate network communication effects. This
typically involves setting up a lab with the smart grid devices,
applications etc. with the virtual network being provided by the network
simulator.
- Neural networks
Neural networks
have been considered for power grid management as well. Electric power
systems can be classified in multiple different ways: non-linear,
dynamic, discrete, or random. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
attempt to solve the most difficult of these problems, the non-linear
problems.
- Demand Forecasting
One application of ANNs is in demand forecasting. In order for grids
to operate economically and reliably, demand forecasting is essential,
because it is used to predict the amount of power that will be consumed
by the load. This is dependent on weather conditions, type of day,
random events, incidents, etc. For non-linear loads though, the load
profile isn't smooth and as predictable, resulting in higher uncertainty
and less accuracy using the traditional Artificial Intelligence models.
Some factors that ANNs consider when developing these sort of models:
classification of load profiles of different customer classes based on
the consumption of electricity, increased responsiveness of demand to
predict real time electricity prices as compared to conventional grids,
the need to input past demand as different components, such as peak
load, base load, valley load, average load, etc. instead of joining them
into a single input, and lastly, the dependence of the type on specific
input variables. An example of the last case would be given the type of
day, whether its weekday or weekend, that wouldn't have much of an
effect on Hospital grids, but it'd be a big factor in resident housing
grids' load profile.
- Markov processes
As wind power
continues to gain popularity, it becomes a necessary ingredient in
realistic power grid studies. Off-line storage, wind variability,
supply, demand, pricing, and other factors can be modelled as a
mathematical game. Here the goal is to develop a winning strategy. Markov processes have been used to model and study this type of system.
- Maximum entropy
All of these methods are, in one way or another, maximum entropy methods, which is an active area of research. This goes back to the ideas of Shannon,
and many other researchers who studied communication networks.
Continuing along similar lines today, modern wireless network research
often considers the problem of network congestion, and many algorithms are being proposed to minimize it, including game theory, innovative combinations of FDMA, TDMA, and others.
Economics
Market outlook
In
2009, the US smart grid industry was valued at about $21.4 billion – by
2014, it will exceed at least $42.8 billion. Given the success of the
smart grids in the U.S., the world market is expected to grow at a
faster rate, surging from $69.3 billion in 2009 to $171.4 billion by
2014. With the segments set to benefit the most will be smart metering
hardware sellers and makers of software used to transmit and organize
the massive amount of data collected by meters.
The size of Smart Grid Market
was valued at over US$30 billion in 2017 and is set to expand over 11%
CAGR to hit US$70 Billion by 2024. Growing need to digitalize the power
sector driven by ageing electrical grid infrastructure will stimulate
the global market size. The industry is primarily driven by favorable
government regulations and mandates along with rising share of
renewables in the global energy mix. According to the International
Energy Agency (IEA), global investments in digital electricity
infrastructure was over US$50 billion in 2017.
A 2011 study from the Electric Power Research Institute
concludes that investment in a U.S. smart grid will cost up to $476
billion over 20 years but will provide up to $2 trillion in customer
benefits over that time. In 2015, the World Economic Forum reported a transformational investment of more than $7.6 trillion by members of the OECD
is needed over the next 25 years (or $300 billion per year) to
modernize, expand, and decentralize the electricity infrastructure with
technical innovation as key to the transformation. A 2019 study from International Energy Agency
estimates that the current (depriciated) value of the US electric grid
is more than USD 1 trillion. The total cost of replacing it with a
smart grid is estimated to be more than USD 4 trillion. If smart grids
are deployed fully across the US, the country expects to save USD 130
billion annually.
General economics developments
As
customers can choose their electricity suppliers, depending on their
different tariff methods, the focus of transportation costs will be
increased. Reduction of maintenance and replacements costs will
stimulate more advanced control.
A smart grid precisely limits electrical power down to the residential level, network small-scale distributed energy
generation and storage devices, communicate information on operating
status and needs, collect information on prices and grid conditions, and
move the grid beyond central control to a collaborative network.
US and UK savings estimates and concerns
A 2003 United States Department of Energy
study calculated that internal modernization of US grids with smart
grid capabilities would save between 46 and 117 billion dollars over the
next 20 years if implemented within a few years of the study.
As well as these industrial modernization benefits, smart grid features
could expand energy efficiency beyond the grid into the home by
coordinating low priority home devices such as water heaters so that
their use of power takes advantage of the most desirable energy sources.
Smart grids can also coordinate the production of power from large
numbers of small power producers such as owners of rooftop solar
panels — an arrangement that would otherwise prove problematic for power
systems operators at local utilities.
One important question is whether consumers will act in response
to market signals. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Smart Grid Investment Grant and Demonstrations Program funded special consumer
behavior studies to examine the acceptance, retention, and response of
consumers subscribed to time-based utility rate programs that
involve advanced metering infrastructure and customer systems such as
in-home displays and programmable communicating thermostats.
Another concern is that the cost of telecommunications to fully
support smart grids may be prohibitive. A less expensive communication
mechanism is proposed using a form of "dynamic demand management"
where devices shave peaks by shifting their loads in reaction to grid
frequency. Grid frequency could be used to communicate load information
without the need of an additional telecommunication network, but it
would not support economic bargaining or quantification of
contributions.
Although there are specific and proven smart grid technologies in use, smart grid is an aggregate term for a set of related technologies on which a specification
is generally agreed, rather than a name for a specific technology. Some
of the benefits of such a modernized electricity network include the
ability to reduce power consumption at the consumer side during peak
hours, called demand side management; enabling grid connection of distributed generation power (with photovoltaic arrays, small wind turbines, micro hydro, or even combined heat power generators in buildings); incorporating grid energy storage for distributed generation load balancing; and eliminating or containing failures such as widespread power grid cascading failures. The increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save consumers money and help reduce CO
2 emissions.
Oppositions and concerns
Most
opposition and concerns have centered on smart meters and the items
(such as remote control, remote disconnect, and variable rate pricing)
enabled by them. Where opposition to smart meters is encountered, they
are often marketed as "smart grid" which connects smart grid to smart
meters in the eyes of opponents. Specific points of opposition or
concern include:
- consumer concerns over privacy, e.g. use of usage data by law enforcement
- social concerns over "fair" availability of electricity
- concern that complex rate systems (e.g. variable rates) remove clarity and accountability, allowing the supplier to take advantage of the customer
- concern over remotely controllable "kill switch" incorporated into most smart meters
- social concerns over Enron style abuses of information leverage
- concerns over giving the government mechanisms to control the use of all power using activities
- concerns over RF emissions from smart meters
Security
While
modernization of electrical grids into smart grids allows for
optimization of everyday processes, a smart grid, being online, can be
vulnerable to cyberattacks.
Transformers which increase the voltage of electricity created at power
plants for long-distance travel, transmission lines themselves, and
distribution lines which deliver the electricity to its consumers are
particularly susceptible.
These systems rely on sensors which gather information from the field
and then deliver it to control centers, where algorithms automate
analysis and decision-making processes. These decisions are sent back to
the field, where existing equipment execute them.
Hackers have the potential to disrupt these automated control systems,
severing the channels which allow generated electricity to be utilized.
This is called a denial of service or DoS attack. They can also launch
integrity attacks which corrupt information being transmitted along the
system as well as desynchronization attacks which affect when such
information is delivered to the appropriate location.
Additionally, intruders can again access via renewable energy
generation systems and smart meters connected to the grid, taking
advantage of more specialized weaknesses or ones whose security has not
been prioritized. Because a smart grid has a large number of access
points, like smart meters, defending all of its weak points can prove
difficult.
There is also concern on the security of the infrastructure, primarily
that involving communications technology. Concerns chiefly center around
the communications technology at the heart of the smart grid. Designed
to allow real-time contact between utilities and meters in customers'
homes and businesses, there is a risk that these capabilities could be
exploited for criminal or even terrorist actions.
One of the key capabilities of this connectivity is the ability to
remotely switch off power supplies, enabling utilities to quickly and
easily cease or modify supplies to customers who default on payment.
This is undoubtedly a massive boon for energy providers, but also raises
some significant security issues. Cybercriminals have infiltrated the U.S. electric grid before on numerous occasions. Aside from computer infiltration, there are also concerns that computer malware like Stuxnet, which targeted SCADA systems which are widely used in industry, could be used to attack a smart grid network.
Electricity theft is a concern in the U.S. where the smart meters
being deployed use RF technology to communicate with the electricity
transmission network.
People with knowledge of electronics can devise interference devices
to cause the smart meter to report lower than actual usage.
Similarly, the same technology can be employed to make it appear that
the energy the consumer is using is being used by another customer,
increasing their bill.
The damage from a well-executed, sizable cyberattack could be
extensive and long-lasting. One incapacitated substation could take from
nine days to over a year to repair, depending on the nature of the
attack. It can also cause an hours-long outage in a small radius. It
could have an immediate effect on transportation infrastructure, as
traffic lights and other routing mechanisms as well as ventilation
equipment for underground roadways is reliant on electricity.
Additionally, infrastructure which relies on the electric grid,
including wastewater treatment facilities, the information technology
sector, and communications systems could be impacted.
The December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack, the first recorded of its kind, disrupted services to nearly a quarter of a million people by bringing substations offline.
The Council on Foreign Relations has noted that states are most likely
to be the perpetrators of such an attack as they have access to the
resources to carry one out despite the high level of difficulty of doing
so. Cyber intrusions can be used as portions of a larger offensive,
military or otherwise. Some security experts warn that this type of event is easily scalable to grids elsewhere. Insurance company Lloyd's of London has already modeled the outcome of a cyberattack on the Eastern Interconnection,
which has the potential to impact 15 states, put 93 million people in
the dark, and cost the country's economy anywhere from $243 billion to
$1 trillion in various damages.
According to the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on
Economic Development, Public Buildings, and Emergency Management, the
electric grid has already seen a sizable number of cyber intrusions,
with two in every five aiming to incapacitate it.
As such, the U.S. Department of Energy has prioritized research and
development to decrease the electric grid's vulnerability to
cyberattacks, citing them as an "imminent danger" in its 2017
Quadrennial Energy Review.
The Department of Energy has also identified both attack resistance and
self-healing as major keys to ensuring that today's smart grid is
future-proof.
While there are regulations already in place, namely the Critical
Infrastructure Protection Standards introduced by the North America
Electric Reliability Council, a significant number of them are
suggestions rather than mandates.
Most electricity generation, transmission, and distribution facilities
and equipment are owned by private stakeholders, further complicating
the task of assessing adherence to such standards. Additionally, even if utilities want to fully comply, they may find that it is too expensive to do so.
Some experts argue that the first step to increasing the cyber
defenses of the smart electric grid is completing a comprehensive risk
analysis of existing infrastructure, including research of software,
hardware, and communication processes. Additionally, as intrusions
themselves can provide valuable information, it could be useful to
analyze system logs and other records of their nature and timing. Common
weaknesses already identified using such methods by the Department of
Homeland Security include poor code quality, improper authentication,
and weak firewall rules. Once this step is completed, some suggest that
it makes sense to then complete an analysis of the potential
consequences of the aforementioned failures or shortcomings. This
includes both immediate consequences as well as second- and third-order
cascading effects on parallel systems. Finally, risk mitigation
solutions, which may include simple remediation of infrastructure
inadequacies or novel strategies, can be deployed to address the
situation. Some such measures include recoding of control system
algorithms to make them more able to resist and recover from
cyberattacks or preventive techniques that allow more efficient
detection of unusual or unauthorized changes to data. Strategies to
account for human error which can compromise systems include educating
those who work in the field to be wary of strange USB drives, which can
introduce malware if inserted, even if just to check their contents.
Other solutions include utilizing transmission substations, constrained SCADA networks, policy based data sharing, and attestation for constrained smart meters.
Transmission substations utilize one-time signature
authentication technologies and one-way hash chain constructs. These
constraints have since been remedied with the creation of a fast-signing
and verification technology and buffering-free data processing.
A similar solution has been constructed for constrained SCADA
networks. This involves applying a Hash-Based Message Authentication
Code to byte streams, converting the random-error detection available on
legacy systems to a mechanism that guarantees data authenticity.
Policy-based data sharing utilizes
GPS-clock-synchronized-fine-grain power grid measurements to provide
increased grid stability and reliability. It does this through
synchro-phasor requirements that are gathered by PMUs.
Attestation for constrained smart meters faces a slightly
different challenge, however. One of the biggest issues with attestation
for constrained smart meters is that in order to prevent energy theft,
and similar attacks, cyber security providers have to make sure that the
devices’ software is authentic. To combat this problem, an architecture
for constrained smart networks has been created and implemented at a
low level in the embedded system.
Other challenges to adoption
Before a utility installs an advanced metering system, or any type of smart system, it must make a business case for the investment. Some components, like the power system stabilizers (PSS)
installed on generators are very expensive, require complex
integration in the grid's control system, are needed only during
emergencies, and are only effective if other suppliers on the network
have them. Without any incentive to install them, power suppliers don't.
Most utilities find it difficult to justify installing a communications
infrastructure for a single application (e.g. meter reading). Because
of this, a utility must typically identify several applications that
will use the same communications infrastructure – for example, reading a
meter, monitoring power quality, remote connection and disconnection of
customers, enabling demand response, etc. Ideally, the communications
infrastructure will not only support near-term applications, but
unanticipated applications that will arise in the future. Regulatory or
legislative actions can also drive utilities to implement pieces of a
smart grid puzzle. Each utility has a unique set of business,
regulatory, and legislative drivers that guide its investments. This
means that each utility will take a different path to creating their
smart grid and that different utilities will create smart grids at
different adoption rates.
Some features of smart grids draw opposition from industries that
currently are, or hope to provide similar services. An example is
competition with cable and DSL Internet providers from broadband over powerline internet access.
Providers of SCADA control systems for grids have intentionally
designed proprietary hardware, protocols and software so that they
cannot inter-operate with other systems in order to tie its customers to
the vendor.
The incorporation of digital communications and computer
infrastructure with the grid's existing physical infrastructure poses
challenges and inherent vulnerabilities. According to IEEE Security and Privacy Magazine,
the smart grid will require that people develop and use large computer
and communication infrastructure that supports a greater degree of
situational awareness and that allows for more specific command and
control operations. This process is necessary to support major systems
such as demand-response wide-area measurement and control, storage and
transportation of electricity, and the automation of electric
distribution.
Power Theft / Power Loss
Various
"smart grid" systems have dual functions. This includes Advanced
Metering Infrastructure systems which, when used with various software
can be used to detect power theft and by process of elimination, detect
where equipment failures have taken place. These are in addition to
their primary functions of eliminating the need for human meter reading
and measuring the time-of-use of electricity.
The worldwide power loss including theft is estimated at approximately two-hundred billion dollars annually.
Electricity theft also represents a major challenge when providing reliable electrical service in developing countries.
Deployments and attempted deployments
Enel.
The earliest, and one of the largest, example of a smart grid is the
Italian system installed by Enel S.p.A. of Italy. Completed in 2005, the
Telegestore project was highly unusual in the utility world because the
company designed and manufactured their own meters, acted as their own
system integrator, and developed their own system software. The
Telegestore project is widely regarded as the first commercial scale use
of smart grid technology to the home, and delivers annual savings of
500 million euro at a project cost of 2.1 billion euro.
US Dept. of Energy - ARRA Smart Grid Project:
One of the largest deployment programs in the world to-date is the U.S.
Dept. of Energy's Smart Grid Program funded by the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act of 2009. This program required matching funding
from individual utilities. A total of over $9 billion in Public/Private
funds were invested as part of this program. Technologies included
Advanced Metering Infrastructure, including over 65 million Advanced
"Smart" Meters, Customer Interface Systems, Distribution &
Substation Automation, Volt/VAR Optimization Systems, over 1,000 Synchrophasors,
Dynamic Line Rating, Cyber Security Projects, Advanced Distribution
Management Systems, Energy Storage Systems, and Renewable Energy
Integration Projects.
This program consisted of Investment Grants (matching), Demonstration
Projects, Consumer Acceptance Studies, and Workforce Education Programs.
Reports from all individual utility programs as well as overall impact
reports will be completed by the second quarter of 2015.
Austin, Texas. In the US, the city of Austin, Texas
has been working on building its smart grid since 2003, when its
utility first replaced 1/3 of its manual meters with smart meters that
communicate via a wireless mesh network.
It currently manages 200,000 devices real-time (smart meters, smart
thermostats, and sensors across its service area), and expects to be
supporting 500,000 devices real-time in 2009 servicing 1 million
consumers and 43,000 businesses.
Boulder, Colorado completed the first phase of its smart grid project in August 2008. Both systems use the smart meter as a gateway to the home automation
network (HAN) that controls smart sockets and devices. Some HAN
designers favor decoupling control functions from the meter, out of
concern of future mismatches with new standards and technologies
available from the fast moving business segment of home electronic
devices.
Hydro One, in Ontario,
Canada is in the midst of a large-scale Smart Grid initiative,
deploying a standards-compliant communications infrastructure from
Trilliant. By the end of 2010, the system will serve 1.3 million
customers in the province of Ontario. The initiative won the "Best AMR
Initiative in North America" award from the Utility Planning Network.
The City of Mannheim in Germany is using realtime Broadband Powerline (BPL) communications in its Model City Mannheim "MoMa" project.
Adelaide in Australia also plans to implement a localised green Smart Grid electricity network in the Tonsley Park redevelopment.
Sydney also in Australia, in partnership with the Australian Government implemented the Smart Grid, Smart City program.
Évora. InovGrid is an innovative project in Évora,
Portugal that aims to equip the electricity grid with information and
devices to automate grid management, improve service quality, reduce
operating costs, promote energy efficiency and environmental
sustainability, and increase the penetration of renewable energies and
electric vehicles. It will be possible to control and manage the state
of the entire electricity distribution grid at any given instant,
allowing suppliers and energy services companies to use this
technological platform to offer consumers information and added-value
energy products and services. This project to install an intelligent
energy grid places Portugal and EDP at the cutting edge of technological innovation and service provision in Europe.
E-Energy - In the so-called E-Energy projects
several German utilities are creating first nucleolus in six independent
model regions. A technology competition identified this model regions
to carry out research and development activities with the main objective
to create an "Internet of Energy."
Massachusetts. One of the first attempted deployments of "smart grid" technologies in the United States was rejected in 2009 by electricity regulators in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, a US state.
According to an article in the Boston Globe, Northeast Utilities' Western Massachusetts Electric Co. subsidiary actually attempted to create a "smart grid" program using public subsidies that would switch low income customers from post-pay to pre-pay billing (using "smart cards") in addition to special hiked "premium" rates for electricity used above a predetermined amount. This plan was rejected by regulators as it "eroded important protections for low-income customers against shutoffs". According to the Boston Globe, the plan "unfairly targeted low-income customers and circumvented Massachusetts laws meant to help struggling consumers keep the lights on". A spokesman for an environmental group
supportive of smart grid plans and Western Massachusetts' Electric's
aforementioned "smart grid" plan, in particular, stated "If used
properly, smart grid technology has a lot of potential for reducing peak
demand, which would allow us to shut down some of the oldest, dirtiest
power plants... It’s a tool."
The eEnergy Vermont consortium is a US statewide initiative in Vermont, funded in part through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009,
in which all of the electric utilities in the state have rapidly
adopted a variety of Smart Grid technologies, including about 90%
Advanced Metering Infrastructure deployment, and are presently
evaluating a variety of dynamic rate structures.
In the Netherlands a large-scale project (>5000
connections, >20 partners) was initiated to demonstrate integrated
smart grids technologies, services and business cases.
LIFE Factory Microgrid (LIFE13 ENV / ES / 000700) is a demonstrative project that is part of the LIFE+ 2013 program (European Commission), whose main objective is to demonstrate, through the implementation of a full-scale industrial smartgrid
that microgrids can become one of the most suitable solutions for
energy generation and management in factories that want to minimize
their environmental impact.
EPB in Chattanooga, TN
is a municipally-owned electric utility that started construction of a
smart grid in 2008, receiving a $111,567,606 grant from the US DOE in
2009 to expedite construction and implementation (for a total budget of
$232,219,350). Deployment of power-line interrupters (1170 units) was
completed in April 2012, and deployment of smart meters (172,079 units)
was completed in 2013. The smart grid's backbone fiber-optic system was
also used to provide the first gigabit-speed internet connection to
residential customers in the US through the Fiber to the Home
initiative, and now speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second are available
to residents. The smart grid is estimated to have reduced power outages
by an average of 60%, saving the city about 60 million dollars
annually. It has also reduced the need for "truck rolls" to scout and
troubleshoot faults, resulting in an estimated reduction of 630,000
truck driving miles, and 4.7 million pounds of carbon emissions. In
January 2016, EPB became the first major power distribution system to
earn Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal (PEER) certification.
OpenADR Implementations
Certain deployments utilize the OpenADR standard for load shedding and demand reduction during higher demand periods.
China
The smart grid market in China is estimated to be $22.3 billion with a projected growth to $61.4 billion by 2015. Honeywell is developing a demand response pilot and feasibility study for China with the State Grid Corp. of China using the OpenADR demand response standard. The State Grid Corp., the Chinese Academy of Science, and General Electric intend to work together to develop standards for China's smart grid rollout.
United Kingdom
The OpenADR standard was demonstrated in Bracknell, England, where peak use in commercial buildings was reduced by 45 percent. As a result of the pilot, the Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) said it would connect up to 30 commercial and industrial buildings in Thames Valley, west of London, to a demand response program.
United States
In 2009, the US Department of Energy awarded an $11 million grant to Southern California Edison and Honeywell for a demand response program that automatically turns down energy use during peak hours for participating industrial customers. The Department of Energy awarded an $11.4 million grant to Honeywell to implement the program using the OpenADR standard.
Hawaiian Electric Co. (HECO) is implementing a two-year pilot
project to test the ability of an ADR program to respond to the
intermittence of wind power. Hawaii
has a goal to obtain 70 percent of its power from renewable sources by
2030. HECO will give customers incentives for reducing power consumption
within 10 minutes of a notice.
Guidelines, standards and user groups
Part of the IEEE Smart Grid Initiative, IEEE 2030.2 represents an extension of the work aimed at utility storage systems for transmission and distribution networks. The IEEE P2030
group expects to deliver early 2011 an overarching set of guidelines on
smart grid interfaces. The new guidelines will cover areas including
batteries and supercapacitors as well as flywheels. The group has also spun out a 2030.1 effort drafting guidelines for integrating electric vehicles into the smart grid.
IEC TC 57 has created a family of international standards that can be used as part of the smart grid. These standards include IEC 61850 which is an architecture for substation automation, and IEC 61970/61968 – the Common Information Model (CIM). The CIM provides for common semantics to be used for turning data into information.
OpenADR is an open-source smart grid communications standard used for demand response applications.
It is typically used to send information and signals to cause electrical
power-using devices to be turned off during periods of higher demand.
MultiSpeak has created a specification that supports distribution
functionality of the smart grid. MultiSpeak has a robust set of
integration definitions that supports nearly all of the software
interfaces necessary for a distribution utility or for the distribution
portion of a vertically integrated utility. MultiSpeak integration is
defined using extensible markup language (XML) and web services.
The IEEE has created a standard to support synchrophasors – C37.118.
The UCA International User Group discusses and supports real world experience of the standards used in smart grids.
A utility task group within LonMark International deals with smart grid related issues.
There is a growing trend towards the use of TCP/IP
technology as a common communication platform for smart meter
applications, so that utilities can deploy multiple communication
systems, while using IP technology as a common management platform.
IEEE P2030 is an IEEE
project developing a "Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of
Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric
Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads".
NIST has included ITU-T G.hn as one of the "Standards Identified for Implementation" for the Smart Grid "for which it believed there
was strong stakeholder consensus". G.hn is standard for high-speed communications over power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables.
OASIS EnergyInterop' – An OASIS technical committee developing
XML standards for energy interoperation. Its starting point is the
California OpenADR standard.
Under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), NIST is charged with overseeing the identification and selection of hundreds of standards that will be required to implement the Smart Grid in the U.S. These standards will be referred by NIST to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). This work has begun, and the first standards have already been selected for inclusion in NIST's Smart Grid catalog.
However, some commentators have suggested that the benefits that could
be realized from Smart Grid standardization could be threatened by a
growing number of patents that cover Smart Grid architecture and
technologies.
If patents that cover standardized Smart Grid elements are not
revealed until technology is broadly distributed throughout the network
("locked-in"), significant disruption could occur when patent holders
seek to collect unanticipated rents from large segments of the market.
GridWise Alliance rankings
In
November 2017 the non-profit GridWise Alliance along with Clean Edge
Inc., a clean energy group, released rankings for all 50 states in their
efforts to modernize the electric grid. California was ranked number
one. The other top states were Illinois, Texas, Maryland, Oregon,
Arizona, the District of Columbia, New York, Nevada and Delaware. "The
30-plus page report from the GridWise Alliance, which represents
stakeholders that design, build and operate the electric grid, takes a
deep dive into grid modernization efforts across the country and ranks
them by state."
