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American author, inventor and
futurist Raymond Kurzweil has become well known for his predictions about
artificial intelligence
and the human species, mainly concerning the technological singularity.
He predicts that Artificial Intelligence would outsmart the human brain
in computational capabilities by mid-21st century. His first book,
The Age of Intelligent Machines,
published in 1990, put forth his theories on the results of the
increasing use of technology and predicted the explosive growth in the
internet, among other predictions. Later works, 1999's
The Age of Spiritual Machines and 2005's
The Singularity is Near outlined other theories including the rise of clouds of nano-robots (
nanobots) called
foglets and the development of Human Body 2.0 and 3.0, whereby
nanotechnology is incorporated into many internal organs.
Accuracy of predictions
The Age of Intelligent Machines
Kurzweil's first book,
The Age of Intelligent Machines was published in 1990. It forecast the
demise of the already crumpling Soviet Union
due to new technologies such as cellular phones and fax machines
disempowering authoritarian governments by removing state control over
the flow of information.
[1] In 2005,
Mikhail Gorbachev
told Kurzweil that emerging decentralized electronic communication "was
a big factor" for fostering democracy in the Soviet Union.
[2]
Kurzweil extrapolated the performance of chess software to predict
that computers would beat the best human players "by the year 2000".
[3] In May 1997 chess World Champion
Garry Kasparov was defeated by IBM's
Deep Blue computer in a well-publicized chess tournament.
[4]
Perhaps most significantly, Kurzweil foresaw the explosive growth in worldwide Internet use that began in the 1990s.
[5] At the time of the publication of
The Age of Intelligent Machines, there were only 2.6 million Internet users in the world,
[6]
and the medium was often unreliable outside academic, military,
corporate and other heavily invested settings, difficult for
non-technical users to use, and mostly lacking a broad range of content.
He also stated that the Internet would explode not only in the number
of users but in content as well, eventually granting users access "to
international networks of libraries, data bases, and information
services".
[This quote needs a citation]
Additionally, Kurzweil correctly foresaw that the preferred mode of
Internet access would inevitably be through wireless systems, and he was
also correct to estimate that the latter would become practical for
widespread use in the early 21st century.
The Age of Spiritual Machines
In 1999, Kurzweil published a second book titled
The Age of Spiritual Machines,
which goes into more depth explaining his futurist ideas. The third and
final section of the book is devoted to elucidating the specific course
of technological advancements Kurzweil believes the world will
experience over the next century. Titled "To Face the Future", the
section is divided into four chapters respectively named "2009", "2019",
"2029", and "2099". For every chapter, Kurzweil issues predictions
about what life and technology will be like in that year.
Kurzweil restated his earlier prediction from
The Age of Intelligent Machines regarding the advent of pocket-sized, cheap, text-to-speech converters for the blind by 2009. The
"Kurzweil-National Federation of the Blind Reader" (K-NFB Reader) was introduced in 2005 at a price of $3,495. The device was portable, but not the cheap, pocket-sized device of the prediction.
[7] By 2008, a software version for the (pocket-sized)
Nokia N82 smartphone was available for $1,595.
[8] A version for
iOS phones was released for $99 in 2014 and
Android for $75 in 2015.
[9]
The Singularity Is Near
While this book focuses on the future of technology and the human race as
The Age of Intelligent Machines and
The Age of Spiritual Machines did, Kurzweil makes very few concrete, short-term predictions in
The Singularity Is Near, though longer-term visions abound.
Kurzweil predicted that, in 2005, supercomputers with the
computational capacities to simulate
protein folding
will be introduced. In 2010, a supercomputer simulated protein folding
for a very small protein at an atomic level over a period of a
millisecond. The protein folded and unfolded, with the results closely
matching experimental data.
[10] The biyearly protein structure prediction contest
CASP
shows that the current algorithms for structure prediction are still
impractical for determining the previously unknown structure of most
proteins.
Other sources
In an October 2002 article published on
his website, Kurzweil stated that "
Deep Fritz-like chess programs running on ordinary personal computers will routinely defeat all humans later in this decade."
[11] Deep Fritz is a computer chess program—generally considered superior to the older
Deep Blue — that has defeated or tied a number of human chess masters and opposing chess programs.
[12]
Due to advances in personal computer performance, the Deep Fritz
program can now run on ordinary personal computers, and different
versions of it are available for purchase.
[13][14] In September 2002,
Chessmaster 9000, a widely available chess playing game from Ubisoft, defeated the then U.S. Chess Champion and International Grandmaster
Larry Christiansen in a four-game match.
[15] In 2006 reigning World Champion
Vladimir Kramnik was defeated 4:2 by
Deep Fritz, running on a multiprocessor personal computer.
[16]
Ray Kurzweil's response
According
to Ray Kurzweil, 89 out of 108 predictions he made were entirely
correct by the end of 2009. An additional 13 were what he calls
“essentially correct" (meaning that they were likely to be realized
within a few years of 2009), for a total of 102 out of 108. Another 3
are partially correct, 2 look like they are about 10 years off, and 1,
which was tongue in cheek anyway, was just wrong.
[17] Kurzweil later released a more detailed analysis of the accuracy of his predictions up to 2009, arguing that most were correct.
[18]
Future predictions
The Age of Intelligent Machines (1990)
Late 20th century
- Predicts that he and his company will create a "voice-activated typewriter" by 1995.
Early 2000s
- Translating telephones allow people to speak to each other in different languages.
- Machines designed to transcribe speech into computer text allow deaf people to understand spoken words.
- Exoskeletal, robotic leg prostheses allow the paraplegic to walk.
- Telephone calls are routinely screened by intelligent answering
machines that ask questions to determine the call's nature and priority.
- "Cybernetic chauffeurs" can drive cars for humans and can be
retrofitted into existing cars. They work by communicating with other
vehicles and with sensors embedded along the roads.
Early 21st century
- The classroom is dominated by computers. Intelligent courseware that
can tailor itself to each student by recognizing their strengths and
weaknesses. Media technology allows students to manipulate and interact
with virtual depictions of the systems and personalities they are
studying.
- A small number of highly skilled people dominates the entire production sector. Tailoring of products for individuals is common.
- Drugs are designed and tested in simulations that mimic the human body.
- Blind people navigate and read text using machines that can visually recognize features of their environment.
2010
- PCs are capable of answering queries by accessing information wirelessly via the Internet.
2020–2050
- Phone calls entail three-dimensional holographic images of both people.
- By 2020, there will be a new World government.
- A computer passes the Turing Test, becoming the first true artificial intelligence.
Kurzweil has even wagered that his predictions will be true, on the site
Long Bets Betting against
Mitchell Kapor, founder of
Lotus Software Corporation for a payout of $20,000, or $10,000 each.
Centuries hence
- Computer intelligence becomes superior to human intelligence in all areas.
The Age of Spiritual Machines (1999)
2009
- The majority of reading is done on displays rather than paper, though paper documents (including print books) are still common.[19]
- Most text will be created using speech recognition technology.
- Intelligent roads and driverless cars are in use, mostly on highways. Local roads still require full human interaction.
- People use personal computers the size of rings, pins, credit cards and books.
- Most portable computers do not have moving parts or keyboards.
- Though desktop PCs are still common for data storage, individuals
primarily use portable devices for their computer-related tasks.[20]
- Personal worn computers provide monitoring of body functions, automated identity and directions for navigation.
- Many devices offer high-speed network access via wireless technology.[21]
- Digital products such as books, songs, games, movies and software
are typically acquired as files via a wireless network and have no
physical object associated with them.[21]
- Cables are disappearing. Computer peripherals use wireless communication.
- People can talk to their computer to give commands.
- Computer displays built into eyeglasses for augmented reality are used.
- Computers can recognize their owner's face from a picture or video.
- Three-dimensional chips are commonly used.
- Sound producing speakers are being replaced with very small
chip-based devices that can place high resolution sound anywhere in
three-dimensional space.
- A $1,000 computer can perform a trillion calculations per second.
- Supercomputers have been built that can operate at 20 petaflops
(roughly the hardware-equivalent of the human brain according to
Kurzweil).
- Consumer-level computers across the world can network together to
form decentralized supercomputers, many of which have the computational
capacity of the human brain.
- There is increasing interest in massively parallel neural nets,
genetic algorithms and other forms of "chaotic" or complexity theory
computing.
- Research has been initiated on reverse engineering the brain through both destructive and non-invasive scans.
- Autonomous nano-engineered machines have been demonstrated and include their own computational controls.
- Digital documents routinely display moving images and sounds.
- Artificial voices sound fully human.
- Phones can translate spoken sentences to different languages and read them back aloud.[22]
- Telephone communication is mostly wireless.
- Cell phones display high resolution images. Users can engage in audio-video teleconferences.
- High resolution audio-visual cybersex is common, aided by falling costs of high-speed internet and computer hardware.
- At least 50% of all transactions are conducted over the internet.
- Personal artificial digital assistants are in widespread use. They
can understand spoken language, look up answers to questions, set
appointments, conduct transactions, tell jokes, and more.
- An increasing share of the population is working from home and while traveling.
- The typical home has over 100 computers in it, many of which are embedded in appliances.[23]
- Though not yet ubiquitous, many households have one or more robots that perform some type of housekeeping.
- People often play music alongside digital musicians. (In "How My
Predictions Are Faring" written in 2010, Kurzweil cited Guitar Hero and
Apple’s Magic GarageBand Jam as two examples.)
- Audio-visual virtual reality has entered the mass market. Users can
digitally tour real locations or play in highly immersive fantasy
worlds. Tactile (haptic) VR technology is still primitive however.
- Militaries rely heavily on armed unmanned airborne devices.
- Death rates for cancer and heart disease have continued to fall as a result of improvements in medical technology.
- Telemedicine is common. Devices monitor and relay health-related
data of many patients and send that information to doctors remotely.
Teleconferencing between doctor and patient is also popular.
- Computers and medical software are capable enough at image and
pattern recognition that they are routinely used to help diagnose
diseases by analyzing scans of patients.
- Doctors and medical students often train in virtual reality environments, which include haptic feedback and simulated patients.
2019
- The computational capacity of a $4,000 computing device (in 1999
dollars) is approximately equal to the computational capability of the human brain (20 quadrillion calculations per second).
- The summed computational powers of all computers is comparable to the total brainpower of the human race.
- Computers are embedded everywhere in the environment (inside of furniture, jewelry, walls, clothing, etc.).
- People experience 3-D virtual reality through glasses and contact
lenses that beam images directly to their retinas (retinal display).
Coupled with an auditory source (headphones), users can remotely
communicate with other people and access the Internet.
- These special glasses and contact lenses can deliver "augmented
reality" and "virtual reality" in three different ways. First, they can
project "heads-up-displays" (HUDs) across the user's field of vision,
superimposing images that stay in place in the environment regardless of
the user's perspective or orientation. Second, virtual objects or
people could be rendered in fixed locations by the glasses, so when the
user's eyes look elsewhere, the objects appear to stay in their places.
Third, the devices could block out the "real" world entirely and fully
immerse the user in a virtual reality environment.
- People communicate with their computers via two-way speech and
gestures instead of with keyboards. Furthermore, most of this
interaction occurs through computerized assistants with different
personalities that the user can select or customize. Dealing with
computers thus becomes more and more like dealing with a human being.
- Most business transactions or information inquiries involve dealing with a simulated person.
- Most people own more than one PC, though the concept of what a
"computer" is has changed considerably: Computers are no longer limited
in design to laptops or CPUs contained in a large box connected to a
monitor. Instead, devices with computer capabilities come in all sorts
of unexpected shapes and sizes.
- Cables connecting computers and peripherals have almost completely disappeared.
- Rotating computer hard drives are no longer used.
- Three-dimensional nanotube lattices are the dominant computing substrate.
- Massively parallel neural nets and genetic algorithms are in wide use.
- Destructive scans of the brain and noninvasive brain scans have
allowed scientists to understand the brain much better. The algorithms
that allow the relatively small genetic code of the brain to construct a
much more complex organ are being transferred into computer neural
nets.
- Pinhead-sized cameras are everywhere.
- Nanotechnology is more capable and is in use for specialized
applications, yet it has not yet made it into the mainstream.
"Nanoengineered machines" begin to be used in manufacturing.
- Thin, lightweight, handheld displays with very high resolutions are
the preferred means for viewing documents. The aforementioned computer
eyeglasses and contact lenses are also used for this same purpose, and
all download the information wirelessly.
- Computers have made paper books and documents almost completely obsolete.
- Most learning is accomplished through intelligent, adaptive
courseware presented by computer-simulated teachers. In the learning
process, human adults fill the counselor and mentor roles instead of
being academic instructors. These assistants are often not physically
present, and help students remotely.
- Students still learn together and socialize, though this is often done remotely via computers.
- All students have access to computers.
- Most human workers spend the majority of their time acquiring new skills and knowledge.
- Blind people wear special glasses that interpret the real world for
them through speech. Sighted people also use these glasses to amplify
their own abilities.
- Retinal and neural implants also exist, but are in limited use because they are less useful.
- Deaf people use special glasses that convert speech into text or
signs, and music into images or tactile sensations. Cochlear and other
implants are also widely used.
- People with spinal cord injuries can walk and climb steps using
computer-controlled nerve stimulation and exoskeletal robotic walkers.
- Computers are also found inside of some humans in the form of
cybernetic implants. These are most commonly used by disabled people to
regain normal physical faculties (e.g. Retinal implants allow the blind
to see and spinal implants coupled with mechanical legs allow the
paralyzed to walk).
- Language translating machines are of much higher quality, and are routinely used in conversations.
- Effective language technologies (natural language processing, speech recognition, speech synthesis) exist.
- Anyone can wirelessly access the internet with wearable devices such as computerized glasses, contacts, and watches.
- Traditional computers and communication devices such as desktop PCs,
laptops, and cell phones still exist, but most of their functions can
be performed by wearable gadgets. Examples include reading books,
listening to music, watching movies, playing games, and
teleconferencing.
- Devices that deliver sensations to the skin surface of their users
(e.g. tight body suits and gloves) are also sometimes used in virtual
reality to complete the experience. "Virtual sex"—in which two people
are able to have sex with each other through virtual reality, or in
which a human can have sex with a "simulated" partner that only exists
on a computer—becomes a reality.
- Just as visual- and auditory virtual reality have come of age, haptic technology
has fully matured and is completely convincing, yet requires the user
to enter a V.R. booth. It is commonly used for computer sex and remote
medical examinations. It is the preferred sexual medium since it is safe
and enhances the experience.
- Worldwide economic growth has continued. There has not been a global economic collapse.
- The vast majority of business interactions occur between humans and
simulated retailers, or between a human's virtual personal assistant and
a simulated retailer.
- Household robots are ubiquitous and reliable.
- Computers do most of the vehicle driving—-humans are in fact
prohibited from driving on highways unassisted. Furthermore, when humans
do take over the wheel, the onboard computer system constantly monitors
their actions and takes control whenever the human drives recklessly.
As a result, there are very few transportation accidents.
- Most roads now have automated driving systems—networks of monitoring
and communication devices that allow computer-controlled automobiles to
safely navigate.
- Prototype personal flying vehicles using microflaps exist. They are also primarily computer-controlled.
- Humans are beginning to have deep relationships with automated
personalities, which hold some advantages over human partners. The depth
of some computer personalities convinces some people that they should
be accorded more rights.
- Most decisions made by humans involve consultation with machine
intelligence. For example, a doctor may seek the advice of a digital
assistant. A lawyer might utilize a virtual researcher. Or a shopper may
receive recommendations from a software program that has learned his or
her shopping habits.
- While a growing number of humans believe that their computers and
the simulated personalities they interact with are intelligent to the
point of human-level consciousness, experts dismiss the possibility that
any could pass the Turing Test.
- Human-robot relationships begin as simulated personalities become more convincing.
- Interaction with virtual personalities becomes a primary interface.
- Public places and workplaces are ubiquitously monitored to prevent
violence and all actions are recorded permanently. Personal privacy is a
major political issue, and some people protect themselves with
unbreakable computer codes.
- The basic needs of the underclass are met. (Not specified if this pertains only to the developed world or to all countries)
- Virtual artists—creative computers capable of making their own art and music—emerge in all fields of the arts.
- Most flying weapons are bird-sized robots. Some are as small as insects.
- Average life expectancy is over 100.
- Computerized watches, clothing, and jewelry can monitor the wearers
health continuously. They can detect many types of diseases and offer
recommendations for treatment.
2029
- A $1,000 personal computer is 1,000 times more powerful than the human brain.
- The vast majority of computation is done by computers and not by human brains.
- Further progress has been made in understanding the secrets of the
human brain. Hundreds of distinct sub-regions with specialized functions
have been identified. Some of the algorithms that code for development
of these regions have been deciphered and incorporated into neural net
computers.
- Massively parallel neural nets, which are constructed through reverse-engineering the human brain, are in common use.
- The eyeglasses and headphones that used to deliver virtual reality
are now obsolete thanks to computer implants that go into the eyes and
ears. The implants are either permanent or removable. They allow direct
interface with computers, communications and Internet-based
applications. The implants are also capable of recording what the user
sees and hears.
- Computer implants designed for direct connection to the brain are
also available. They are capable of augmenting natural senses and of
enhancing higher brain functions like memory, learning speed and overall
intelligence.
- Computers are now capable of learning and creating new knowledge
entirely on their own and with no human help. By scanning the enormous
content of the Internet, some computers "know" literally every single
piece of public information (every scientific discovery, every book and
movie, every public statement, etc.) generated by human beings.
- Direct brain implants allow users to enter full-immersion virtual
reality—with complete sensory stimulation—without any external
equipment. People can have their minds in a totally different place at
any moment. This technology is in widespread use.
- Most communication occurs between humans and machines as opposed to human-to-human.
- The manufacturing, agricultural and transportation sectors of the
economy are almost entirely automated and employ very few humans. Across
the world, poverty, war and disease are almost nonexistent thanks to
technology alleviating want.
- The rise of Artificial Intelligence creates a real "robot rights"
movement, and there is open, public debate over what sorts of civil
rights and legal protections machines should have. The existence of
humans with heavy levels of cybernetic augmentation and of larger
numbers of other people with less extreme cybernetic implants lead to
further arguments over what constitutes a "human being."
- Although computers routinely pass the Turing Test, controversy still
persists over whether machines are as intelligent as humans in all
areas.
- Artificial Intelligences claim to be conscious and openly petition
for recognition of the fact. Most people admit and accept this new
truth.
- Reverse engineering of the human brain completed
- Non-biological intelligence combines the subtlety and pattern
recognition strength of human intelligence, with the speed, memory, and
knowledge sharing of machine intelligence
- Non-biological intelligence will continue to grow exponentially
whereas biological intelligence is effectively fixed in its rate of
growth
2049
- Food is commonly "assembled" by nanomachines. This food is
externally indistinguishable from "natural" food, but it can be made
more wholesome since production can be controlled at the molecular
level. This technology decouples food production from climate conditions
and the availability of natural resources.
- The distinction between virtual reality and "real" reality becomes confounded as foglets come into common use, allowing immediate assembly or disassembly of all sorts of physical objects.
2072
- Picoengineering (technology on the scale of trillionths of a meter) becomes practical.
2099
- The human brain has been completely reverse engineered and all aspects of its functioning are understood.
- Natural human thinking possesses no advantages over computer minds.
- Machines have attained equal legal status with humans.
- Humans and machines merge in the physical and mental realms.
Cybernetic brain implants enable humans to fuse their minds with AI's.
- In consequence, clear distinctions between humans and machines no longer exist.
- Most conscious beings lack a permanent physical form.
- The vast majority of the Earth's sentient beings are AI's that exist
entirely as thinking computer programs capable of instantly moving from
one computer to another across the Internet (or whatever equivalent
exists in 2099). These computer-based beings are capable of manifesting
themselves at will in the physical world by creating or taking over
robotic bodies, with individual AI's also being capable of controlling
multiple bodies at once.
- Individual beings merge and separate constantly, making it impossible to determine how many “people” there are on Earth.
- This new plasticity of consciousness and ability for beings to join minds seriously alters the nature of self-identity.
- The majority of interpersonal interactions occur in virtual
environments. Actually having two people physically meet in the real
world to have a conversation or transact business without any
technological interference is very rare.
- Organic human beings are a small minority of the intelligent life forms on Earth. Even among the remaining Homo sapiens,
the use of computerized implants that heavily augment normal abilities
is ubiquitous and accepted as normal. The small fraction of humans who
opt to remain "natural" and unmodified effectively exist on a lower and
more limited plane of consciousness from everyone else, and thus find it
impossible to fully interact with AI's and highly modified humans.
- "Natural" humans are protected from extermination. In spite of their
shortcomings and frailties, humans are respected by AI's for giving
rise to the machines.
- Since knowledge and skills can be instantly downloaded and
comprehended by most intelligent beings, the process of learning is
compressed into an instantaneous affair instead of the years-long
struggle normal humans experience. Free from this time-consuming burden,
AI's now focus their energies on making new discoveries and
contributions.
- AI's are capable of dividing their attention and energies in
countless directions, allowing one being to manage a multitude of
endeavors simultaneously.
- Femtoengineering (engineering on the scale of one thousandth of a trillionth of a meter) might be possible.
- AI's communicate via a shared electronic language.
- Artwork and music created by machines encompasses areas of the light
spectrum and frequencies of sounds that normal humans cannot perceive.
- Money has deflated in value, meaning all sorts of goods and services have become cheaper.
- Some humans at least as old as the Baby Boomers are still alive and well.
- Computer viruses are a major threat since most intelligent beings are software-based.
- AI's frequently make "backup copies" of themselves, guaranteeing a sort of immortality should the original AI be killed.
- The concept of "life expectancy" has become irrelevant to humans and
machines thanks to medical immortality and advanced computers.
- The pace of technological change continues to accelerate as the 22nd century nears.
Thousands of years from now
- "Intelligent beings consider the fate of all the Universe."
The Singularity is Near (2005)
2010
- Supercomputers will have the same raw computing power as human
brains, though the software to emulate human thinking on those computers
does not yet exist. (IBM Sequoia)
- Computers will start to disappear as distinct physical objects,
meaning many will have nontraditional shapes or will be embedded in
clothing and everyday objects.
- Full-immersion audio-visual virtual reality will exist.
2015
- By now, it is likely that "clean a house" will be within the capabilities of a household robot.
2018
- 1013 bits (=10 TB) of computer memory—roughly the equivalent of the memory space in a single human brain—will cost $1000.
10 terabytes of storage (not memory) have been already reached for $535 (Seagate Barracuda 10TB) in mid 2016.
2010s
- The decade in which "Bridge Two", the revolution in
Genetics/Biotechnology, is to reach its peak. During the 2020s, humans
will have the means of changing their genes; not just "designer babies"
will be feasible, but designer baby boomers through the rejuvenation of
all of one's body's tissues and organs by transforming one's skin cells
into youthful versions of every other cell type. People will be able to
"reprogram" their own biochemistry away from disease and aging,
radically extending life expectancy.
- Computers become smaller and increasingly integrated into everyday life.
- More and more computer devices will be used as miniature web servers, and more will have their resources pooled for computation.
- High-quality broadband Internet access will become available almost everywhere.
- Eyeglasses that beam images onto the users' retinas to produce
virtual reality will be developed. They will also come with speakers or
headphone attachments that will complete the experience with sounds.
These eyeglasses will become a new medium for advertising which will be wirelessly transmitted to them as one walks by various business establishments. This was fictionalized in Dennō Coil.
- The VR glasses will also have built-in computers featuring "virtual
assistant" programs that can help the user with various daily tasks.
- Virtual assistants would be capable of multiple functions. One
useful function would be real-time language translation in which words
spoken in a foreign language would be translated into text that would
appear as subtitles to a user wearing the glasses.
- Cell phones will be built into clothing and will be able to project sounds directly into the ears of their users.
- Advertisements will utilize a new technology whereby two ultrasonic
beams can be targeted to intersect at a specific point, delivering a
localized sound message that only a single person can hear.
2020s
- The decade in which "Bridge Three", the revolution in
Nanotechnology, is to begin: allowing humans to vastly overcome the
inherent limitations of biology, as no matter how much humanity
fine-tunes its biology, they will never be as capable otherwise. This
decade also marks the revolution in Robotics (Strong AI), as an AI is expected to pass the Turing test
by the last year of the decade (2029), meaning it can pass for a human
being (though the first A.I. is likely to be the equivalent of an
average, educated human). What follows then will be an era of
consolidation in which nonbiological intelligence will undergo
exponential growth (Runaway AI), eventually leading to the extraordinary
expansion contemplated by the Singularity, in which human intelligence
is multiplied by billions by the mid-2040s.
- Early in this decade, humanity will have the requisite hardware to
emulate human intelligence within a $1000 personal computer, followed
shortly by effective software models of human intelligence toward the
middle of the decade: this will be enabled through the continuing
exponential growth of brain-scanning technology, which is doubling in
bandwidth, temporal and spatial resolution every year, and will be
greatly amplified with nanotechnology, allowing us to have a detailed
understanding of all the regions of the human brain and to aid in
developing human-level machine intelligence by the end of this decade.
- Computers less than 100 nm in size will be possible.
- As one of their first practical applications, nanomachines are used for medical purposes.
- Highly advanced medical nanobots will perform detailed brainscans on live patients.
- Accurate computer simulations of the entire human brain will exist
due to these hyperaccurate brainscans, and the workings of the brain
will be understood.
- Nanobots capable of entering the bloodstream to "feed" cells and
extract waste will exist (though not necessarily be in wide use) by the
end of this decade. They will make the normal mode of human food
consumption obsolete.
- By the late 2020s, nanotech-based manufacturing will be in
widespread use, radically altering the economy as all sorts of products
can suddenly be produced for a fraction of their traditional-manufacture
costs. The true cost of any product is now the amount it takes to
download the design schematics.
- By the later part of this decade, virtual reality will be so high-quality that it will be indistinguishable from real reality.
- The threat posed by genetically engineered pathogens
permanently dissipates by the end of this decade as medical
nanobots—infinitely more durable, intelligent and capable than any
microorganism—become sufficiently advanced.
- The many variations of "Human Body 2.0" (as Kurzweil calls it) are
incrementally accumulated into this and the following decade, with each
organ and body system having its own course of refinement and
development. It ultimately consists of a nanotechnological system of
nourishment and circulation, obsolescing many internal organs,
brain-extension and an improved skeleton.
2023
- 1016 calculations per second—roughly the equivalent of one human brain—will cost $1,000.
2025
- The most likely year for the debut of advanced nanotechnology.
- Some military UAVs and land vehicles will be 100% computer-controlled.
2030s
- Mind uploading
becomes successful and perfected by the end of this decade as humans
become software-based: living out on the Web, projecting bodies whenever
they want or need (whether in virtual or real reality), and living
indefinitely so long as they maintain their "mind file". Eventually, all
human beings (including those with transbiological 2.0 or 3.0 bodies) will migrate to this postbiological state except for those who wish to remain unenhanced: the transbiological era giving way to the postbiological era.
- Nanomachines could be directly inserted into the brain and could
interact with brain cells to totally control incoming and outgoing
signals. As a result, truly full-immersion virtual reality could be
generated without the need for any external equipment. Afferent nerve
pathways could be blocked, totally cancelling out the "real" world and
leaving the user with only the desired virtual experience.
- Brain nanobots could also elicit emotional responses from users.
- Using brain nanobots, recorded or real-time brain transmissions of a
person's daily life known as "experience beamers" will be available for
other people to remotely experience. This is very similar to how the
characters in Being John Malkovich were able to enter the mind of Malkovich and see the world through his eyes.
- Recreational uses aside, nanomachines in peoples' brains will allow
them to greatly expand their cognitive, memory and sensory capabilities,
to directly interface with computers, and to "telepathically"
communicate with other, similarly augmented humans via wireless
networks.
- The same nanotechnology should also allow people to alter the neural
connections within their brains, changing the underlying basis for the
person's intelligence, memories and personality.
- The many variations of "Human Body 3.0" are gradually implemented
during this and the following decade; It most likely lacks a fixed,
corporeal form and can alter its shape and external appearance at will
via foglet-like nanotechnology.
2040s
- People spend most of their time in full-immersion virtual reality (Kurzweil has cited The Matrix as a good example of what the advanced virtual worlds will be like, without the dystopian twist).
- Foglets are in use.
- Nonbiological intelligence will be billions of times more capable than biological intelligence.
2045: The Singularity
- $1000 buys a computer a billion times more intelligent than every
human combined. This means that average and even low-end computers are
vastly smarter than even highly intelligent, unenhanced humans.
- The technological singularity
occurs as artificial intelligences surpass human beings as the smartest
and most capable life forms on the Earth. Technological development is
taken over by the machines, who can think, act and communicate so
quickly that normal humans cannot even comprehend what is going on. The
machines enter into a "runaway reaction" of self-improvement cycles,
with each new generation of A.I.s appearing faster and faster. From this
point onwards, technological advancement is explosive, under the
control of the machines, and thus cannot be accurately predicted (hence
the term "Singularity").
- The Singularity is an extremely disruptive, world-altering event
that forever changes the course of human history. The extermination of
humanity by violent machines is unlikely (though not impossible) because
sharp distinctions between man and machine will no longer exist thanks
to the existence of cybernetically enhanced humans and uploaded humans.
Post-2045: "Waking up" the Universe
- The physical bottom limit to how small computer transistors (or other equivalent, albeit more effective components, such as memristors integrated into Crossbar latches) can be shrunk is reached. From this moment onwards, computers can only be made more powerful if they are made larger in size.
- Because of this, A.I.s convert more and more of the Earth's matter
into engineered, computational substrate capable of supporting more
A.I.s. until the whole Earth is one, gigantic computer, except for a few
nature reserves
set aside on the planetary surface for those humans who decided to
remain in their natural state. "MOSH's" (Mostly Original Substrate
Human) who choose to remain purely organic would still possess virtual
assistants that will act as their transcendent servants, living in the
blurred real world ("foglet-reality") and being provided with
environments and everything they could possibly need as they live out
the rest of their normal lives unless they enhance themselves.
- At this point, the only possible way to increase the intelligence of
the machines any farther is to begin converting all of the matter and
energy in the universe into similar massive computers. A.I.s radiate
outward from Earth, first into the Solar System and then out into interstellar space, then galaxies in all directions, utilizing starships that are Von Neumann probes
with nanobot crews, breaking down whole planets, stars, moons, and
meteoroids and reassembling them into computers. This, in effect, "wakes
up" the universe as all the inanimate "dumb" matter (rocks, dust,
gases, etc.) is converted into structured matter capable of supporting
life (albeit synthetic life).
- Kurzweil predicts that machines might have the ability to make planet-sized computers by 2099, which underscores how enormously technology will advance after the Singularity.
- The process of "waking up" the universe could be completed well
before the end of the 22nd century, provided humans are not limited by
the speed of light.
- With the entire universe made into a giant, highly efficient
supercomputer, AI and human hybrids (so integrated that, in truth it is a
new category of "life") would have both supreme intelligence and
physical control over the universe. Humanity will still not possess
infinite levels of any attributes, as the accelerating change of
evolution never reaches an infinite measure (though it moves rapidly in
that direction), becoming, as Kurzweil writes, "moving inexorably toward
this monotheistic conception of God, though never reaching this ideal";
even with theories such as the holographic universe. The final chapter however notes that, if possible, the ability to create and colonize other universes
(and if there is a way to do this, humanity's vast intelligence is
likely to harness it, as with surpassing/bypassing the speed of light)
could allow the intelligence of the human/machine civilization to extend
indefinitely, akin to a mathematical singularity. If not, then saturating humanity's own universe will remain their ultimate fate.
Some indeterminate points within a few decades from now
- Space technology becomes advanced enough to provide the Earth permanent protection from the threat of asteroid impacts.
- The antitechnology Luddite
movement will grow increasingly vocal and possibly resort to violence
as these people become enraged over the emergence of new technologies
that threaten traditional attitudes regarding the nature of human life
(radical life extension, genetic engineering, cybernetics) and the
supremacy of mankind (artificial intelligence). Though the Luddites
might, at best, succeed in delaying the Singularity, the march of
technology is irresistible and they will inevitably fail in keeping the
world frozen at a fixed level of development.
- The emergence of distributed energy grids and full-immersion virtual
reality will, when combined with high bandwidth Internet, enable the
ultimate in telecommuting.
This, in turn, will make cities obsolete since workers will no longer
need to be located near their workplaces. The decentralization of the
population will make societies less vulnerable to terrorist and military
attacks.
Other sources
Kurzweil said in a 2006 C-SPAN2 interview that "nanotechnology-based" flying cars would be available in 20 years.
[24]
Kurzweil has said that by 2014, humanity will reach a "tipping point"
where the cost-per-watt from solar energy is cheaper than from coal and
oil: By capturing only 0.03 percent of the sun's energy that falls on
Earth, humanity could meet virtually all of its projected energy needs
up to 2030
[25]
(thirty trillion watts); this will be capable through with extremely
inexpensive, lightweight, and efficient nano-engineered solar panels
together with nano-fuel cells to store and distribute the captured
energy. Kurzweil believes, by the end of the 2020s, humans will be able
to completely replace fossil fuels.
Kurzweil has said that by the 2030s, people will be able to send
nano-bots into their brains through their capillaries. The nano-bots
will take up positions in close physical proximity to each interneuronal
connection coming from each physical sense and cause the firing of
neurons to result in full-immersion virtual reality, similar to the way
psychedelic drugs alter consciousness.
[26] The nano-bots will also allow people to "connect their neocortex to the cloud".
[27]
This technology is based on “neuron transistors” developed by
scientists at the Max Planck Institute that can control the firing of
neurons.
[28]
Kurzweil said the following in a November 2007
Computerworld interview:
- Speech-to-speech translation features will be available in cell phones in either 2009 or 2010.[29]
- By 2017, computers will have become even more ubiquitous in the
environment, largely owing to smaller size. Some will be woven into
clothing and will be "self-organizing."[30]
- By the same year, practical virtual reality glasses will be in use.
The devices will work by beaming images directly onto the retinas of
their users, creating large, three-dimensional floating images in the
person's field of view. Such devices would provide a visual experience
on par with a very large television, but would be highly portable,
combining the best features of a portable video player and a widescreen TV. The glasses will deliver full-immersion virtual reality.[30]
- By 2017, "augmented reality" will exist: The V.R. glasses previously
mentioned will have advanced computers and sensors built into them that
will be able to recognize elements within the user's environment and
then provide appropriate information and assistance through visual or
auditory means. If the user looks at a building or a person's face, the
computer will provide information through a "heads-up-display" beamed
onto the person's retinas. The devices could also be used for keeping
track of schedules, navigating, and querying for general information.[30]
- "By 2019, we will largely overcome the major diseases that kill 95
percent of us in the developed world, and we will be dramatically
slowing and reversing the dozen or so processes that underlie aging."[31]
- By 2022, medical technology will be more than a thousand times more
advanced than it is today, and the "tipping point" of human life
expectancy will have been reached, with every new year of research
guaranteeing at least one more year of life expectancy. Kurzweil also
states that 3–4 months of life expectancy were added in 2007 due to the
development of new medicines and treatments.[29]
- Cell phones and PCs will be increasingly woven into a global grid of
computers wirelessly connected to the Internet. Instead of each device
just sending and receiving its own data, more and more of the machines
will be tasked with processing foreign data, creating a huge,
interconnected network with millions of nodes.
- By 2027, accurate computer simulations of all parts of the human brain will exist.[29]
Criticism
In the cover article of the December 2010 issue of
IEEE Spectrum,
John Rennie
criticized Kurzweil's predictions: "On close examination, his clearest
and most successful predictions often lack originality or profundity.
And most of his predictions come with so many loopholes that they border
on the unfalsifiable."
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