There are over one million internally displaced people in Afghanistan.[20]
Most Afghans experience displacement as a result of military actions
and violence by the warring factions, although there are also reasons of
major natural disasters.[21] The Soviet invasion caused approximately 2 million Afghans to be internally displaced, mostly from rural areas into urban areas.[21] The Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) caused a new wave of internal displacement, with many citizens moving to northern areas in order to avoid the Taliban totalitarianism.[21] Afghanistan continues to suffer from insecurity and conflict, which has led to an increase in internal displacement.[22][23][24]
Native people from Afghanistan lawfully reside and work in about 92 countries around the world.[25][26] About three in four Afghans have gone through internal and/or external displacement in their life.[21]
Unlike in certain other countries, all admitted refugees and those
granted asylum in the United States are statutorily eligible for permanent residency (green card) and then U.S. nationality or U.S. citizenship.[18] All of their children automatically become Americans if they fulfill all of the requirements of 8 U.S.C.§ 1408(4), 8 U.S.C.§ 1431(a) or 8 U.S.C.§ 1433(a).[27] This extends their privileges, and gives all of them additional international protection against any unlawful threat or harm.[28]
The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan is the Durand Line. Most Afghan refugees in Pakistan reside in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, not very far from the Durand Line.
Since 2002, around 4.4 million Afghan citizens have been repatriated through the UNHCR from Pakistan to Afghanistan.[31][37] Members of the Taliban and their family reside among the Afghan refugees in Pakistan.[38][39][40][41][42] Others such as the Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) applicants and their family members, who are awaiting to be resettled in the United States,[4][5][9][10] are also residing in Pakistan. Regarding the Taliban, Prime Minister of Pakistan stated the following:
What
the Taliban are doing or are not doing has nothing to do with us. We
are neither responsible, nor the spokesperson for the Taliban.[43]
As of October 2020, there are 780,000 registered Afghan refugees and
asylum seekers temporarily residing in Iran under the care and
protection of the UNHCR.[25][29][44][45] The majority of them were born in Iran during the last four decades but are still considered citizens of Afghanistan. According to Iranian officials, 2 million citizens of Afghanistan who have no legal documents and over half a million Iranian visa holders also reside in various parts of the country.[44][45] Iran has long been used by Afghans to reach Turkey and then Europe where they apply for political asylum.[46][47][48] As in Pakistan, the Afghan refugees are not firmly settled but reside there on a temporary basis.
Iran's initial response towards Afghan refugees, driven by religious
solidarity, was an open door policy where Afghans in Iran had freedom
of movement to travel or work in any city in addition to subsidies for propane, gasoline, certain food items and even health coverage.[49][50]
In the early 2000s, Iran's Bureau for Aliens and Foreign Immigrants
Affairs (BAFIA) initiated registration of all foreigners, including
refugees. It began issuing temporary residence cards to certain Afghans.[51] In 2000, the Iranian government also initiated a joint repatriation program with the UNHCR.[51]
Laws were passed in order to encourage the repatriation of Afghan
refugees, such as limits on employment, areas of residence, and access
to services including education.[51]
India hosts approximately 15,806 Afghan refugees within its borders.[29][52][53] The majority of them reside and work in the nation's capital Delhi, specifically in the neighborhoods of Lajpat Nagar, Bhogal and Malviya Nagar.[52] Some of them operate "shops, restaurants and pharmacies."[52] India became a host for Afghan refugees in the Soviet–Afghan War in 1971.[54] Much of Afghanistan's Christian community thrives within India.[55] In 2021, following the end of the War in Afghanistan, India offered an emergency visa (the 'e-Emergency X-Misc Visa') to all Afghan nationals, regardless of their religion.[56][54]
International aid
Due
to the ongoing conflict, insecurity, unemployment, and poverty in
Afghanistan, the Afghan government has had difficulty coping with its
internally displaced population in addition to the influx of returnees
in a short period of time. In order to meet the needs of returning
refugees, the UN has appealed the international community for $240
million in humanitarian assistance.[20]
In March of 2003, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the UNHCR signed a tripartite agreement, as an effort to facilitate voluntary repatriation of Afghan refugees.[57]
In 2015, the high level segment of the UNHCR's 66th Executive Committee
meeting concentrated on Afghan refugees. This was an effort to bring
international attention and promote sustainable solutions for the Afghan
refugee situation.[26]
Statistics
As shown in the chart below, Afghan refugees were admitted to other countries during the following periods:
Human rights abuses against admitted Afghan refugees and asylum seekers have been documented widely. This include mistreatment, persecution or torture
in Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Greece, Romania, Serbia, Hungary, Germany,
the United States and in several other NATO-members states.[66][17] Afghans living in Iran, for example, were deliberately restricted from attending public schools.[67][68][69] As the price of citizenship for their family members, Afghan children as young as 14 were recruited to fight in Iraq and Syria for a six-month tour.[70]
Afghan refugees were regularly denied visa to travel between
countries to visit their family members, faced long delays (usually a
few years)[71]
in processing of their visa applications to visit family members for
purposes such as weddings, gravely ill family member, burial ceremonies,
and university graduation ceremonies; potentially violating rights
including free movement, right to family life and the right to an effective remedy.[72][73][74]
Racism, low wage jobs including below minimum wage jobs, lower than
inflation rate salary increases, were commonly practiced in Europe and
elswhere. Many Afghan refugees were not permitted to visit their family
members for a decade or two. Studies have shown abnormally high mental health issues and suicide rates among Afghan refugees and their children.[75][76][77][78][79][80]
Vietnamese boat people (Vietnamese: Thuyền nhân Việt Nam), also known simply as boat people, refers to the refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and ship following the end of the Vietnam War
in 1975. This migration and humanitarian crisis was at its highest in
1978 and 1979, but continued through the early 1990s. The term is also
often used generically to refer to the Vietnamese people who left their
country in mass exodus between 1975 and 1995. This article uses the term "boat people" to apply only to those who fled Vietnam by sea.
The number of boat people leaving Vietnam and arriving safely in
another country totalled almost 800,000 between 1975 and 1995. Many of
the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates,
over-crowded boats, and storms. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at sea. The boat people's first destinations were the Southeast Asian locations of Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
External tensions stemming from Vietnam's dispute with Cambodia and
China in 1978 and 1979 caused an exodus of the majority of the Hoa people from Vietnam, many of whom fled by boat to China.
The combination of economic sanctions, the legacy of destruction
left by the Vietnam War, policies of the Vietnamese government, and
further conflicts with neighboring countries caused an international
humanitarian crisis, with Southeast Asian countries increasingly
unwilling to accept more boat people on their shores. After
negotiations and an international conference in 1979, Vietnam agreed to
limit the flow of people leaving the country. The Southeast Asian
countries agreed to admit the boat people temporarily, and the rest of
the world, especially more developed countries, agreed to assume most of the costs of caring for the boat people and to resettle them in their countries.
A family of Vietnamese refugees rescued by a US Navy ship.
Rescued Vietnamese being given water.
East Sea - crewmen of the amphibious cargo ship USS Durham(LKA-114) take Vietnamese refugees from a small craft, April 1975
The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975 with the fall of Saigon to the People's Army of Vietnam
and the subsequent evacuation of more than 130,000 Vietnamese closely
associated with the United States or the former government of South Vietnam. Most of the evacuees were resettled in the United States in Operation New Life and Operation New Arrivals. The U.S government transported refugees from Vietnam via aircraft and ships to temporarily settle down in Guam before moving them to designated homes in the contiguous United States. Within the same year, communist forces gained control of Cambodia and Laos, thus engendering a steady flow of refugees fleeing all three countries. In 1975, President Gerald Ford signed the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act,
budgeting roughly 415 million dollars in the effort of providing
transportation, healthcare, and accommodations to the 130,000
Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laos refugees.
After the Saigon evacuation, the numbers of Vietnamese leaving
their country remained relatively small until mid-1978. A number of
factors contributed to the refugee crisis, including economic hardship
and wars among Vietnam, China, and Cambodia. In addition, up to 300,000
people, especially those associated with the former government and
military of South Vietnam, were sent to re-education camps, where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labor. In addition, 1 million people, mostly city dwellers, "volunteered" to live in "New Economic Zones" where they were to survive by reclaiming land and clearing jungle to grow crops.
Repression was especially severe on the Hoa people, the ethnic Chinese population in Vietnam. Due to increasing tensions between Vietnam and China, which ultimately resulted in China's 1979 invasion of Vietnam, the Hoa were seen by the Vietnamese government as a security threat.
Hoa people also controlled much of the retail trade in South Vietnam,
and the communist government increasingly levied them with taxes, placed
restrictions on trade, and confiscated businesses. In May 1978, the Hoa
began to leave Vietnam in large numbers for China, initially by land.
By the end of 1979, resulting from the Sino-Vietnamese War,
250,000 Hoa had sought refuge in China and many tens of thousands more
were among the Vietnamese boat people scattered all over Southeast Asia
and in Hong Kong.
The Vietnamese government and its officials profited from the
outflow of refugees, especially the often well-to-do Hoa. The price for
obtaining exit permits, documentation, and a boat or ship, often
derelict, to leave Vietnam was reported to be the equivalent of $3,000
for adults and half that for children. These payments were often made in
the form of gold bars. Many poorer Vietnamese left their country
secretly without documentation and in flimsy boats, and these were the
most vulnerable to pirates and storms while at sea.
There were many methods employed by Vietnamese citizens to leave
the country. Most were secret and done at night; some involved the
bribing of top government officials.
Some people bought places in large boats that held up to several
hundred passengers. Others boarded fishing boats (fishing being a common
occupation in Vietnam) and left that way. One method used involved
middle-class refugees from Saigon, armed with forged identity documents, traveling approximately 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) to Danang
by road. On arrival, they would take refuge for up to two days in safe
houses while waiting for fishing junks and trawlers to take small groups
into international waters.
Planning for such a trip took many months and even years. Although
these attempts often caused a depletion of resources, people often had
false starts before they managed to escape.
Exodus in 1978–1979
Although
a few thousand people had fled Vietnam by boat between 1975 and
mid-1978, the exodus of the boat people began in September 1978. The
vessel Southern Cross unloaded 1,200 Vietnamese on an uninhabited
island belonging to Indonesia. The government of Indonesia was furious
at the people being dumped on its shores, but was pacified by the
assurances of Western countries that they would resettle the refugees.
In October, another ship, the Hai Hong, attempted to land 2,500
refugees in Malaysia. The Malaysians declined to allow them to enter
their territory and the ship sat offshore until the refugees were
processed for resettlement in third countries. Additional ships carrying
thousands of refugees soon arrived in Hong Kong and the Philippines and
were also denied permission to land. Their passengers were both ethnic
Vietnamese and Hoa who had paid substantial fares for the passage.
As these larger ships met resistance to landing their human
cargo, many thousands of Vietnamese began to depart Vietnam in small
boats, attempting to land surreptitiously on the shores of neighbouring
countries. The people in these small boats faced enormous dangers at sea
and many thousands of them did not survive the voyage. The countries of
the region often "pushed back" the boats when they arrived near their
coastline and boat people cast about at sea for weeks or months looking
for a place where they could land. Despite the dangers and the
resistance of the receiving countries, the number of boat people
continued to grow, reaching a high of 54,000 arrivals in the month of
June 1979 with a total of 350,000 in refugee camps in Southeast Asia and
Hong Kong. At this point, the countries of Southeast Asia united in
declaring that they had "reached the limit of their endurance and
decided that they would not accept any new arrivals".
The United Nations convened an international conference in Geneva, Switzerland
in July 1979, stating that "a grave crisis exists in Southeast Asia for
hundreds of thousands of refugees". Illustrating the prominence of the
issue, Vice President Walter Mondale
headed the U.S. delegation. The results of the conference were that the
Southeast Asian countries agreed to provide temporary asylum to the
refugees, Vietnam agreed to promote orderly departures rather than
permit boat people to depart, and the Western countries agreed to
accelerate resettlement. The Orderly Departure Program enabled
Vietnamese, if approved, to depart Vietnam for resettlement in another
country without having to become a boat person.
As a result of the conference, boat people departures from Vietnam
declined to a few thousand per month and resettlements increased from
9,000 per month in early 1979 to 25,000 per month, the majority of the
Vietnamese going to the United States, France, Australia,
and Canada. The worst of the humanitarian crisis was over, although
boat people would continue to leave Vietnam for more than another decade
and die at sea or be confined to lengthy stays in refugee camps.
Pirates and other hazards
Boat people had to face storms, diseases, starvation, and elude pirates.
The boats were not intended for navigating open waters, and would
typically head for busy international shipping lanes some 240 kilometres
(150 mi) to the east. The lucky ones would succeed in being rescued by
freighters
or reach shore 1–2 weeks after departure. The unlucky ones continued
their perilous journey at sea, sometimes lasting a few months long,
suffering from hunger, thirst, disease, and pirates before finding
safety.
A typical story of the hazards faced by the boat people was told
in 1982 by a man named Le Phuoc. He left Vietnam with 17 other people in
a boat 23 feet (7.0 m) long to attempt the 300-mile (480 km) passage
across the Gulf of Thailand
to southern Thailand or Malaysia. Their two outboard motors soon failed
and they drifted without power and ran out of food and water. Thai
pirates boarded their boat three times during their 17-day voyage,
raped the four women on board and killed one, stole all the possessions
of the refugees, and abducted one man who was never found. When their
boat sank, they were rescued by a Thai fishing boat and ended up in a
refugee camp on the coast of Thailand. Another of many stories tell of a boat carrying 75 refugees which were sunk by pirates with one person surviving.
The survivors of another boat in which most of 21 women aboard were
abducted by pirates said that at least 50 merchant vessels passed them
by and ignored their pleas for help. An Argentine freighter finally
picked them up and took them to Thailand.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) began compiling statistics on piracy in 1981. In that year, 452
boats carrying Vietnamese boat people arrived in Thailand carrying
15,479 refugees. 349 of the boats had been attacked by pirates an
average of three times each. 228 women had been abducted and 881 people
were dead or missing. An international anti-piracy campaign began in
June 1982 and reduced the number of pirate attacks although they
continued to be frequent and often deadly until 1990.
Estimates of the number of Vietnamese boat people who died at sea can only be estimated. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at sea. Other wide-ranging estimates are that 10 to 70 percent of Vietnamese boat people died at sea.
Refugee camps
In
response to the outpouring of boat people, the neighbouring countries
with international assistance set up refugee camps along their shores
and on small, isolated islands. As the number of boat people grew to
tens of thousands per month in early 1979, their numbers outstripped the
ability of local governments, the UN, and humanitarian organizations to
provide food, water, housing, and medical care to them. Two of the
largest refugee camps were Bidong Island in Malaysia and Galang Refugee Camp in Indonesia.
Bidong Island was designated as the principal refugee camp in
Malaysia in August 1978. The Malaysian government towed any arriving
boatloads of refugees to the island. Less than one square mile (260 ha)
in area, Bidong was prepared to receive 4,500 refugees, but by June
1979 Bidong had a refugee population of more than 40,000 who had arrived
in 453 boats. The UNHCR and a large number of relief and aid
organizations assisted the refugees. Food and drinking water had to be
imported by barge. Water was rationed at one gallon per day per person.
The food ration was mostly rice and canned meat and vegetables. The
refugees constructed crude shelters from boat timbers, plastic sheeting,
flattened tin cans, and palm fronds. Sanitation
in the crowded conditions was the greatest problem. The United States
and other governments had representatives on the island to interview
refugees for resettlement. With the expansion of the numbers to be
resettled after the July 1979 Geneva Conference, the population of
Bidong slowly declined. The last refugee left in 1991.
Galang Refugee Camp was also on an island, but with a much larger
area than Bidong. More than 170,000 Indochinese, the great majority
Boat People, were temporarily resident at Galang while it served as a
refugee camp from 1975 until 1996. After they became well-established,
Galang and Bidong and other refugee camps provided education, language
and cultural training to boat people who would be resettled abroad.
Refugees usually had to live in camps for several months—and sometimes
years—before being resettled.
In 1980, the Philippine Refugee Processing Center was established on the Bataan Peninsula
in the Philippines. The center housed up to 18,000 Indochinese
refugees who were approved for resettlement in the United States and
elsewhere and provided them English language and other cross-cultural
training.
1980s surge and response
Between
1980 and 1986, the outflow of boat people from Vietnam was less than
the numbers resettled in third countries. In 1987, the numbers of boat
people began to grow again. The destination this time was primarily Hong
Kong and Thailand. On June 15, 1988, after more than 18,000 Vietnamese
had arrived that year, Hong Kong authorities announced that all new
arrivals would be placed in detention centres and confined until they
could be resettled. Boat people were held in prison-like conditions and
education and other programs were eliminated. Countries in Southeast
Asia were equally negative about accepting newly arriving Vietnamese
boat people into their countries. Moreover, both asylum and
resettlement countries were doubtful that many of the newer boat people
were fleeing political repression and thus merited refugee status.
Another international refugee conference in Geneva in June 1989 produced the Comprehensive Plan of Action
(CPA) which had the aim of reducing the migration of boat people by
requiring that all new arrivals be screened to determine if they were
genuine refugees. Those who failed to qualify as refugees would be repatriated,
voluntarily or involuntarily, to Vietnam, a process that would take
more than a decade. The CPA quickly served to reduce boat people
migration.
In 1989, about 70,000 Indochinese boat people arrived in five
Southeast Asian countries and Hong Kong. By 1992, that number declined
to only 41 and the era of the Vietnamese Boat People fleeing their
homeland definitively ended. However, resettlement of Vietnamese
continued under the Orderly Departure Program, especially of former
re-education camp inmates, Amerasian children, and to reunify families.
Resettlement and repatriation
The
boat people comprised only part of the Vietnamese resettled abroad from
1975 until the end of the twentieth century. A total of more than
1.6 million Vietnamese were resettled between 1975 and 1997. Of that
number more than 700,000 were boat people; the remaining 900,000 were
resettled under the Orderly Departure Program or in China or Malaysia.
(For complete statistics see Indochina refugee crisis).
UNHCR statistics for 1975 to 1997 indicate that 839,228
Vietnamese arrived in UNHCR camps in Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. They
arrived mostly by boat, although 42,918 of the total arrived by land in
Thailand. 749,929 were resettled abroad. 109,322 were repatriated,
either voluntarily or involuntarily. The residual caseload of
Vietnamese boat people in 1997 was 2,288, of whom 2,069 were in Hong
Kong. The four countries resettling most Vietnamese boat people and
land arrivals were the United States with 402,382; France with 120,403;
Australia with 108,808; and Canada with 100,012.
Memorial and tribute of Vietnamese refugees in Hamburg
The Orderly Departure Program
from 1979 until 1994 helped to resettle refugees in the United States
and other Western countries. In this program, refugees were asked to go
back to Vietnam and wait for assessment. If they were deemed to be
eligible to be resettled in the United States (according to criteria
that the US government had established), they would be allowed to
emigrate.
Humanitarian Program for Former Political Detainees, popularly
called Humanitarian Operation or HO due to the "H" subgroup designation
within the ODP and trailing numbers 01-09 (e.g., H01-H09, H10, etc.),
was set up to benefit former South Vietnamese who were involved in the
former regime or worked for the United States. They were to be allowed
to immigrate to the U.S. if they had suffered persecution by the
communist regime after 1975. Half-American children in Vietnam,
descendants of servicemen, were also allowed to immigrate along with
their mothers or foster parents. This program sparked a wave of rich
Vietnamese parents buying the immigration rights from the real mothers
or foster parents. They paid money (in the black market) to transfer the
half-American children into their custody, then applied for visas to
emigrate to the United States.
Most of these half-American children were born of American
soldiers and prostitutes. They were subject to discrimination, poverty,
neglect, and abuse. On November 15, 2005, the United States and Vietnam
signed an agreement allowing additional Vietnamese to immigrate who were
not able to do so before the humanitarian program ended in 1994.
Effectively, this new agreement was an extension and final chapter of
the HO program.
Hong Kong adopted the "port of first asylum policy" in July 1979
and received over 100,000 Vietnamese at the peak of migration in the
late 1980s. Many refugee camps were set up in its territories.
Frequent violent clashes between the boat people and security forces
caused public outcry and mounting concerns in the early 1990s since many
camps were very close to high-density residential areas.
By the late 1980s, Western Europe, the United States, and Australia received fewer Vietnamese refugees. It became much harder for refugees to get visas to settle in those countries.
As hundreds of thousands of people were escaping out of Vietnam,
Laos, and Cambodia via land or boat, countries of first arrival in South-East Asia
were faced with the continuing exodus and the increasing reluctance by
third countries to maintain resettlement opportunities for every exile.
The countries threatened push-backs of the asylum seekers. In this crisis, the Comprehensive Plan of Action
For Indochinese Refugees was adopted in June 1989. The cut-off date
for refugees was March 14, 1989. Effective from this day, the
Indochinese Boat people would no longer automatically be considered as prima facie refugees, but only asylum seekers and would have to be screened to qualify for refugee status. Those who were "screened-out" would be sent back to Vietnam and Laos, under an orderly and monitored repatriation program.
The refugees faced prospects of staying years in the camps and
ultimate repatriation to Vietnam. They were branded, rightly or wrongly,
as economic refugees.
By the mid-1990s, the number of refugees fleeing from Vietnam had
significantly dwindled. Many refugee camps were shut down. Most of the
well educated or those with genuine refugee status had already been
accepted by receiving countries.
There appeared to be some unwritten rules in Western countries.
Officials gave preference to married couples, young families, and women
over 18 years old, leaving single men and minors to suffer at the camps
for years. Among these unwanted, those who worked and studied hard and
involved themselves in constructive refugee community activities were
eventually accepted by the West by recommendations from UNHCR workers.
Hong Kong was open about its willingness to take the remnants at its
camp, but only some refugees took up the offer. Many refugees would have
been accepted by Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, but hardly
any wanted to settle in these countries.
The market reforms of Vietnam, the imminent handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China
by Britain scheduled for July 1997, and the financial incentives for
voluntary return to Vietnam caused many boat people to return to Vietnam
during the 1990s. Most remaining asylum seekers were voluntarily or
forcibly repatriated to Vietnam, although a small number (about 2,500)
were granted the right of abode by the Hong Kong Government
in 2002. In 2008, the remaining refugees in the Philippines (around
200) were granted asylum in Canada, Norway, and the United States,
marking an end to the history of the boat people from Vietnam.
Memorials
Bronze plaque in the Port of Hamburg dedicated by Vietnamese refugees giving thanks to Rupert Neudeck and the rescue ship Cap Anamur
South Vietnamese Boat People Memorial, in Brisbane, QLD, dedicated 2 December 2012, executed by Phillip Piperides
Some monuments and memorials were erected to commemorate the dangers
and the people, who died on the journey to escape from Vietnam. Among
them are:
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1995): "Refugee Mother and Child" Monument, Preston Street at Somerset
Marne-la-Vallée, France: André Malraux intersection avenue and boulevard des Genets of Bussy-Saint-Georges commune (September 12, 2010)., statue by sculptor Vũ Đình Lâm.
Sydney, Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia (November 2011) at Saigon Place. This is the bronze statue, weighing more than three tons by sculptor Terrence Plowright.
Perth, Western Australia, Australia (November 1, 2013) in Wade
Street Park Reserve. 5.5 meter high monument of sculptor Coral Lowry.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada (November 18, 2015) by UniAction. Courage
& Inspiration is the commemorative and collective artwork of 14'L
x4'H highlighting the 40th anniversary of Vietnamese Boat people
refugees in Canada. It has been inaugurated and displayed at the Montreal City Hall, hosted by Frantz Benjamin, City Council President and Thi Be Nguyen, Founder of UniAction, from November 18 to 28, 2015.
Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The Robert D Ray Asian Gardens is a
pagoda and garden erected along the banks of the Des Moines River.
Paid for in part by the thousands of Tai Dam refugees living in Iowa,
the garden memorializes Governor Ray being the first elected official in
the US to advocate for their resettlement.
In popular culture
Boat People is a 1982 Hong Kong film based on research on Vietnamese refugees
Turtle Beach is a 1992 Australian film about raising awareness for the plight of the boat people
The Beautiful Country is a 2004 film about Vietnamese refugees and their journey to the US
Journey from the Fall
is a 2005 independent film by Ham Tran, about the Vietnamese
re-education camp and boat people experience following the Fall of
Saigon
Ru is a novel by Kim Thúy on the life of a Vietnamese woman who leaves Saigon as a boat person and eventually immigrates to Quebec
Pakistan
Iran
Germany
Turkey
Austria
France
Sweden
Greece
India
United States
Switzerland
Italy
Australia
United Kingdom
Indonesia
Tajikistan
Netherlands
Belgium
Norway
Finland
Malaysia
Romania
Canada
Denmark
