 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Map of California with SR 1 highlighted in red
| ||||
| Route information | ||||
| Defined by Streets and Highways Code § 301 | ||||
| Maintained by Caltrans | ||||
| Length | 655.845 mi (1,055.480 km)
(broken into 5 pieces by U.S. Route 101)
| |||
| Existed | 1934–present | |||
| Tourist routes |
| |||
| Restrictions | ||||
| Major junctions | ||||
| South end |  I-5 in Dana Point | |||
| ||||
| North end |  US 101 near Leggett | |||
| Location | ||||
| Counties | Orange, Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Monterey, Santa Cruz, San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino | |||
| Highway system | ||||
| ||||
→State Route 1 (SR 1) is a major north–south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U.S. state of California. At a total of just over 656 miles (1,056 km), it is the longest state route in California. SR 1 has several portions designated as either Pacific Coast Highway (PCH), Cabrillo Highway, Shoreline Highway, or Coast Highway. Its southern terminus is at Interstate 5 (I-5) near Dana Point in Orange County and its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 101 (US 101) near Leggett in Mendocino County. SR 1 also at times runs concurrently with US 101, most notably through a 54-mile (87 km) stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, and across the Golden Gate Bridge.
The highway is designated as an All-American Road. In addition to providing a scenic route to numerous attractions along the coast, the route also serves as a major thoroughfare in the Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and several other coastal urban areas.
SR 1 was built piecemeal in various stages, with the first section opening in the Big Sur region in the 1930s. However, portions of the route had several names and numbers over the years as more segments opened. It was not until the 1964 state highway renumbering that the entire route was officially designated as SR 1. Although SR 1 is a popular route for its scenic beauty, frequent landslides and erosion along the coast have caused several segments to be either closed for lengthy periods for repairs, or re-routed inland.
Route description
SR 1 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and through the Los Angeles metro area, Monterey, Santa Cruz, San Francisco metro area, and Leggett is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 1 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System; however, only a few stretches between Los Angeles and San Francisco have officially been designated as a scenic highway,
meaning that there are substantial sections of highway passing through a
"memorable landscape" with no "visual intrusions", where the potential
designation has gained popular favor with the community. The Big Sur section from San Luis Obispo to Carmel is an official National Scenic Byway.
The entire route is designated as a Blue Star Memorial Highway to recognize those in the United States armed forces. In Southern California, the California State Legislature has designated the segment between Interstate 5 (I-5) in Dana Point and US 101 near Oxnard
as the Pacific Coast Highway (commonly referred to as "PCH"). Between
US 101 at the Las Cruces junction (8 miles [13 km] south of Buellton) and US 101 in Pismo Beach, and between US 101 in San Luis Obispo and Interstate 280 in San Francisco, the legislature has designated SR 1 as the Cabrillo Highway, after the explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
who sailed along the coast line. The legislature has also designated
the route as the Shoreline Highway between the Manzanita Junction near Marin City and Leggett. Smaller segments of the highway have been assigned several other names by the state and municipal governments. The legislature has also relinquished state control of segments within Dana Point, Newport Beach, Santa Monica, and Oxnard; those segments are now maintained by those respective municipalities.
In addition to connecting the coastal cities and communities
along its path, SR 1 provides access to beaches, parks, and other
attractions along the coast, making it a popular route for tourists. The
route annually helps bring several billion dollars to the state's
tourism industry.
For the most part, the route runs parallel to the coastline, or close
to it, but does turn several miles inland at various locations to avoid
several federally controlled or protected areas such as Vandenberg Air Force Base, Diablo Canyon Power Plant and Point Reyes National Seashore.
Segments of SR 1 range from a rural two-lane road to an urban
freeway. Because of the former, long distance thru traffic traveling
between the coastal metropolitan areas are instead advised to use faster
routes such as US 101 or I-5.
Orange County
Southbound PCH in Crystal Cove State Park near Laguna Beach
At its southernmost end in Orange County, SR 1 terminates at I-5 in Capistrano Beach in Dana Point.
It then travels west into the city center. After leaving Dana Point,
Pacific Coast Highway (PCH) becomes simply "Coast Highway" while at the
same time continues northwest along the coast through Laguna Beach (where it meets the southern terminus of SR 133) and Crystal Cove State Park.
SR 1 then enters Newport Beach and passes through several affluent neighborhoods, including Newport Coast and Corona Del Mar, spans the entrance to the Upper Newport Bay, which marks the boundary between East Coast Highway and West Coast Highway, and crosses California State Route 55 near its southern terminus. Upon entering Huntington Beach, SR 1 regains the Pacific Coast Highway designation. It passes Huntington State Beach and the southern terminus of California State Route 39 before reaching Bolsa Chica State Beach and the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve. PCH then continues along the coast into Seal Beach, the final city on its journey in Orange County.
Los Angeles and Ventura counties
PCH enters Los Angeles County and the city of Long Beach after crossing the San Gabriel River. SR 1 then continues northwest through the city to its junction with Lakewood Boulevard (State Route 19) and Los Coyotes Diagonal at the Los Alamitos Circle,
more than 2 miles (3.2 km) from the coast. From the traffic circle, it
continues inland west through Long Beach, including approximately one
mile adjacent to the southern boundary of Signal Hill.
PCH is marked as such in Long Beach, but originally bore the name of
Hathaway Avenue east of the traffic circle and State Street west of
there. PCH then passes through the Los Angeles districts of Wilmington and Harbor City. While bypassing the immediate coastline of Palos Verdes, SR 1 continues to head west into the cities of Lomita and Torrance along the route of the former Redondo-Wilmington Boulevard.
PCH then turns north through Redondo Beach and Hermosa Beach. Upon entering Manhattan Beach, it becomes Sepulveda Boulevard and turns back into PCH designation through El Segundo. At Imperial Highway, it regains the name Sepulveda Boulevard as it descends and passes under two runways of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) via the Sepulveda Boulevard Tunnel.
Southbound SR 1 between Santa Monica and LAX
After leaving LAX, SR 1 splits from Sepulveda and turns northwest, becoming Lincoln Boulevard and passing through the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Westchester, Playa Vista, and Venice, as well as the unincorporated community of Marina Del Rey. It then enters the city of Santa Monica, where SR 1 turns southwest, merging onto the westernmost segment of the Santa Monica Freeway. Passing through the McClure Tunnel (which also serves as the national western terminus of Interstate 10),
SR 1 emerges along the beachfront in Santa Monica and continues along
the coast; it is known locally also as Palisades Beach Road and formerly
as Roosevelt Highway. Upon leaving Santa Monica, it once again regains
the name PCH as it follows the coast, curving west through the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles before becoming the main thoroughfare of the city of Malibu while traversing the entire 21 miles (34 km) of that city.
PCH passing Mugu Rock at Point Mugu
SR 1 crosses the county line and continue through the Ventura County portion of the Malibu coast through Leo Carrillo State Park and Point Mugu State Park. After passing through a notch in the promontory that marks Point Mugu, the western end of the Santa Monica Mountains, and the beginning of the Oxnard Plain.
The road cut left a very large rock formation at the tip of the point
that is called the Mugu Rock. At that point, PCH leaves the coast and
heads north, and then northwest as a freeway along the northeastern
boundary of Naval Base Ventura County Point Mugu for several miles to an interchange at Rice Avenue, Pleasant Valley Road, and Oxnard Boulevard in Oxnard.
The reconstructed interchange at Rice Avenue and Pleasant Valley Road
channels traffic north on the surface street, Rice Avenue, towards the
interchange with US 101. The historic route along Oxnard Boulevard was
relinquished in 2014. Truck traffic to and from the Port of Hueneme
also uses this designated route at the Rice Avenue/Hueneme Road
connector to connect with Route 101 at the Rice Avenue Interchange.
After traveling through Ventura, SR 1 separates from US 101 to travel the historic beach route along the Rincon coast that was originally opened up by the construction of the Railroad Coastal Route from Emma Wood State Beach to the Mobil Pier Undercrossing near Sea Cliff, where it rejoins US 101 about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the Santa Barbara County line near La Conchita.
Central Coast
The
US 101/SR 1 concurrency (although actual signage mentioning SR 1
through this segment is nonexistent) from the Mobil Pier Undercrossing
runs for 54 miles (87 km), passing through the City of Santa Barbara and its neighboring communities along the coast of Santa Barbara County. The route then turns away from the coast at Gaviota, avoiding Point Conception, and heads due north through Gaviota State Park and the Gaviota Tunnel. In Las Cruces, SR 1, now named Cabrillo Highway, splits again from US 101 and heads northwest to the city of Lompoc. It is briefly joined with SR 246
along Lompoc's east-west Ocean Avenue, before turning north as H Street
to Harris Grade Road, where it then regains the Cabrillo Highway name.
After reaching the main entrance to Vandenberg Air Force Base, SR 1 turns northeast, away from the immediate coastline of the base, to join SR 135. Route 135 then splits from Route 1 south of Orcutt, and the Cabrillo Highway turns northwest back towards the coast to Guadalupe. It enters San Luis Obispo County, avoiding the immediate coastline of the protected Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes, before passing through Grover Beach and subsequently joining US 101 for the third time at Pismo Beach. The US 101/SR 1 concurrency then avoids the immediate coastline of Avila Beach and Diablo Canyon Power Plant, and instead heads straight inland to San Luis Obispo.
SR 1 splits from US 101 at Santa Rosa Street in San Luis Obispo
and then resumes as a four lane road as the Cabrillo Highway. It rejoins
the coast in Morro Bay, running through that city as a freeway, where it crosses Morro Creek at the site of a prehistoric Chumash settlement dating to the Millingstone Horizon. From there, SR 1 proceeds north to Cayucos until it again becomes a winding, two lane road with occasional passing lanes. It then continues along the coast through Cambria and San Simeon, and past the elephant seal colony at Piedras Blancas Light Station. SR 1 provides access to Hearst Castle in San Simeon in Northern San Luis Obispo County.
Big Sur
Looking south, showing the McWay Rocks, about 16 miles south of Big Sur
The Bixby Creek Bridge in Big Sur
SR 1 then enters the Big Sur region, crossing San Carpóforo Creek just south of the Monterey County line. For about 72 miles (116 km) from San Carpóforo Creek to Malpaso Creek,
the road winds and hugs the cliffs of Big Sur, passing various coastal
parks in the area, with no connection to the other side of the Santa Lucia Mountains except for Nacimiento-Fergusson Road.
The road briefly leaves the coast for a few miles, passing through a
redwood forest in the Big Sur River valley. The Big Sur segment of the
highway, built between 1919 and 1937, also crosses a number of now
historic bridges, including the scenic Bixby Creek Bridge, a reinforced concrete arch with a 320-foot (98 m) span that passes over the Bixby Creek gorge, the Rocky Creek Bridge, and the Big Creek Bridge.
Monterey Bay Area
After crossing the Carmel River, SR 1 turns inland and runs along the eastern boundary of Carmel before becoming a freeway in Monterey. After bypassing the immediate coastline of Pebble Beach and the rest of the Monterey Peninsula, the freeway heads north along the coast of Monterey Bay through Sand City, Seaside, and Marina. At the interchange with SR 156 near Castroville, SR 1 continues north as a two-lane rural road to Moss Landing.
SR 1 becomes a freeway once again just before entering into Santa Cruz County. This four-lane freeway continues up the Monterey Bay coast through Watsonville to its interchange with SR 17 in Santa Cruz. (This trumpet interchange
is locally known as The Fishhook due to its tight loop ramps that
resemble a fishhook when viewed from above). After a short expressway
section, it skirts downtown Santa Cruz as four-lane Mission Street,
regaining the Cabrillo Highway designation (local/historic name is
"Coast Road") after it leaves the city and continues north-west as a
two-lane road (with occasional four-lane sections) up the coast.
San Francisco Bay Area
Scene from SR 1 near Half Moon Bay at Tunitas Creek Beach
Entering San Mateo County, SR 1 follows the west coast of the San Francisco Peninsula, passing by the marine mammal colonies at Año Nuevo State Park, and the historic Pigeon Point Lighthouse, before reaching Half Moon Bay. Between Half Moon Bay and Pacifica, the highway bypasses a treacherous stretch known as Devil's Slide via the Tom Lantos Tunnels.
The Golden Gate Bridge, which SR 1 shares with US 101
SR 1 winds along the Marin County coast
SR 1 then becomes a freeway once again at Sharp Park in Pacifica before turning inland to join Interstate 280 in Daly City. Just short of reaching the City and County of San Francisco, SR 1 splits from Interstate 280, where the road becomes Junipero Serra Boulevard. Shortly thereafter, the highway makes a slight left, becoming the six-lane wide 19th Avenue; the San Francisco Municipal Railway's M Ocean View streetcar line runs in the median from this point until a junction to a rail only right-of-way near Rossmoor Drive. SR 1 then turns into Park Presidio Boulevard after it passes through the city's Golden Gate Park. Then after entering the Presidio of San Francisco, it goes through the MacArthur Tunnel before joining US 101 for a fourth time on the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge known as Doyle Drive.
After crossing the bridge and entering Marin County, SR 1 then splits from US 101 again near Marin City, where it leaves the city and, as the Shoreline Highway, returns to a winding, two lane road as it passes over the Marin Hills to rejoin the coast at Muir Beach. After passing Stinson Beach and the Bolinas Lagoon, SR 1 avoids the immediate coastline of Point Reyes National Seashore and the rest of the Point Reyes Peninsula, and instead heads towards, and then along, the eastern shore of Tomales Bay.
Leaving Tomales Bay, SR 1 heads further inland to intersect with Valley Ford Road just north of the Sonoma County border. It then rejoins the coast in Bodega Bay, where its name changes to Coast Highway past the Sonoma Coast State Beaches. After bridging the Russian River at Jenner, SR 1 continues to wind along the rugged coast to Fort Ross, Salt Point State Parks, and the planned community of Sea Ranch.
Mendocino County
SR 1 crosses Russian Gulch State Park on the Frederick W. Panhorst Bridge
SR 1 then crosses the Gualala River and enters Mendocino County. The highway enters the city of Point Arena,
in which it becomes Main Street, before following School Street to the
northwest and then becoming Shoreline Highway once again. It bridges the
Garcia River and then, near Elk, the Navarro River, where it meets SR 128.
At the town of Albion, the Albion River is spanned by the Albion River Bridge, the only remaining wooden trestle bridge on the highway. SR 1 then passes through Little River and Van Damme State Park, crosses Big River and passes through Mendocino Headlands State Park and the Victorian community of Mendocino. Continuing north, SR 1 crosses Russian Gulch State Park on the Frederick W. Panhorst Bridge, and passes through the town of Caspar. It passes through a roundabout just south of the intersection with the western terminus of SR 20, where it widens to two lanes, then bridges the Noyo River at Noyo, becomes Main Street of Fort Bragg, and crosses the California Western Railroad.
North of Fort Bragg as a two-lane highway again, SR 1 passes MacKerricher State Park and the towns of Cleone and Inglenook before crossing Ten Mile River. After passing Westport-Union Landing State Beach, the road goes through a series of redwood-forested switchbacks before reaching Rockport. North of Rockport, the highway turns away from the Lost Coast to avoid steep and unstable highlands created by Mendocino Triple Junction
uplift. The highway follows Cottaneva Creek inland through
redwood-forested mountainous terrain before terminating at US 101 just
outside Leggett.
History
SR 1 has become famous worldwide,
but the highway was signed as several other routes prior to 1964. When
the road was first envisioned in the World War I era, California
highways were referred to by either a highway name or a route number.
The route numbers were used by state highway planners and the
Legislature from 1915 until 1964, but were never posted on highways,
referred to by the auto clubs or public, nor used on maps. The SR 1
designation was first assigned in 1939. Various portions of SR 1 have
been posted and referred to by various names and numbers over the years.
State construction of what became SR 1 started after the state's third
highway bond issue passed before 1910.
Segments initially constructed
Bixby Canyon Bridge under construction in 1932
Convict labor from Folsom Prison was paid 35 cents per day to help build the roadway.
Eager for a direct coastal route between Ventura and Santa Barbara, civic boosters used locally raised funds to begin building the Rincon Sea Level Road in 1911. The route between the Ventura River and Carpinteria had been an unimproved route along small alluvial fan beaches that skirted coastal bluff rock outcroppings at low tide. Construction of the Southern Pacific Coast Line railroad had created a road flanked by riprap along this area. In order to make this part of the first coastal route for motorists driving from San Francisco to Los Angeles, they paved the road and built wooden causeways where the route flooded from the ocean waves. Local funding ran out, but the newly formed State Highway Commission took over and completed the road in 1913.
One of the most difficult routes to build was along the Big Sur coast. The state first approved building Route 56, or the Carmel-San Simeon Highway,
to connect Big Sur to the rest of California in 1919. Federal funds
were appropriated and in 1921 voters approved additional state funds. San Quentin State Prison set up three temporary prison camps to provide unskilled convict labor to help with road construction. One was set up by Little Sur River, one at Kirk Creek and a third was later established in the south at Anderson Creek.
Inmates were paid 35 cents per day and had their prison sentences
reduced in return. The route necessitated construction of 33 bridges,
the largest of which was the Bixby Creek Bridge. Six more concrete arch bridges were built between Point Sur and Carmel.
After 18 years of construction, aided by New Deal funds during the Great Depression, the paved two-lane road was completed and opened on June 17, 1937.
The road was initially called the Carmel-San Simeon Highway (Route 56),
but was better known as the Roosevelt Highway, honoring the current
President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A 1921 law extended Route 56 south over the county road to Cambria.
Route 60, from Oxnard via the coast to San Juan Capistrano, was extended from Oxnard to El Rio (midway to Ventura, now the site of the Oxnard Boulevard interchange with US 101), in 1925. At Point Mugu, a path for the highway was cut through the mountains using surplus World War I explosives, thus creating Mugu Rock. The 1921 legislation, in theory, made Route 60 a continuous coastal loop, with both ends at what became US 101 in Oxnard and at Capistrano Beach (since 1964 the southern terminus of SR 1 at Interstate 5 in Orange County). Route 56 was extended further south from Cambria to connect to present-day US 101 in San Luis Obispo in 1931.
The route from San Simeon to Carmel (connecting with existing county highways
at each end) was one of two sections designated as SR 1. It and Route
60 were intended as links in a continuous coastal roadway from Oregon to Mexico.
A large expansion of the state highway system in 1933 resulted in
Route 56 being extended in both directions. To the south, a second
section was added, beginning at Pismo Beach on US 101 (Route 2) and heading south through Guadalupe and Lompoc to rejoin US 101 at a junction called Los Cruces (sic), just north of Gaviota Pass. (A short piece near Orcutt and Los Alamos had been part of Route 2, which originally followed present SR 135 from Los Alamos to Santa Maria.) To the north, Route 56 was continued along the coast from Carmel through Santa Cruz to San Francisco. Several discontinuous pieces were added north of San Francisco, one from Route 1 (US 101) north of the Golden Gate to the county line near Valley Ford, another from the Russian River near Jenner (where the new Route 104 ended) to Westport, and a third from Ferndale to Route 1 near Fernbridge.
Except for the gaps in Route 56 north of San Francisco, these additions
completed the coastal highway, with other sections formed by Routes 1,
2, and 71.
The section of SR 1 from Santa Monica to Oxnard, via Malibu, went
out to contract in 1925 as "Coast Boulevard", but was designated
"Theodore Roosevelt Highway" when it was dedicated in 1929. Before the
completion of its present alignment in 1937, a narrow, winding, steep
road known as Pedro Mountain Road connected Montara with Pacifica. That highway was completed in 1914 and provided competition to the Ocean Shore Railroad,
which operated between San Francisco and Tunitas Creek from 1907 to
1920. SR 1 also used to run along the coast between Pacifica and Daly
City, but this segment was damaged and rendered unusable after a 5.3 magnitude earthquake on March 22, 1957. A small stub remains near Thornton Beach.
Route 56 along Big Sur was incorporated into the state highway
system and re-designated as SR 1 in 1939. The section of road along the
Big Sur Coast was declared the first State Scenic Highway in 1965, and
in 1966 the first lady, Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson, led the official designation ceremony at Bixby Creek Bridge. The route was designated as an All American Road by the US Government.
Signs first posted
 | |
|---|---|
| Location | San Juan Capistrano - Oxnard |
| Existed | 1934–1935 |
  | |
|---|---|
| Location | San Juan Capistrano - Oxnard |
| Existed | 1936–1964 |
 | |
|---|---|
| Location | Rockport - Leggett |
| Existed | 1964–1984 |
SR 1 signs first went up after California decided to number its highways, in 1934. The section for Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma, Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties was posted as SR 1, that section of the road known Route 56 (Las Cruces to Fernbridge). For Ventura, Los Angeles and Orange counties, Route 60 (San Juan Capistrano to the Oxnard area) became SR 3, and a few SR 3 signs were actually posted.
The SR 3 signs were replaced by US 101 Alt. shields by 1936, as the
road was built out; this change also allowed the extension of US 66 to end at another U.S. Route, in Santa Monica.
The gaps of non-state highway along the northern coast were finally filled in by the Legislature in 1951, though the State Department of Public Works
was not required to maintain the newly added portions immediately. A
connection from near Rockport to Legislative Route 1 (signed US 101) at Leggett was also added to the Legislative Route 56 definition, as the existing county road north from Rockport to Ferndale had not yet been paved.
The state Legislature in 1963 tossed out the old conflicting Legislative Route Numbers (1964 renumbering),
got rid of some famous old U.S. routes, and renumbered many state
highways. It abolished US 101A in Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura
counties and renumbered it as SR 1. The Rockport to Leggett connection
then became State Route 208. The cover of "California Highways" magazine in fall 1964 shows state engineers posting the new shield at Point Mugu.
The same year, the Legislature by state law named SR 1 "Pacific Coast
Highway" in Orange, Los Angeles and Ventura counties, "Cabrillo Highway"
from Santa Barbara north to San Francisco, and "Shoreline Highway" from
Marin County to its northern terminus. Many cities, however, did not
change the name of city streets that are part of SR 1, such as Lincoln
and Sepulveda boulevards in Los Angeles, Santa Monica and El Segundo;
and Junipero Serra and Park Presidio boulevards in San Francisco.
Several other cities and communities like Newport Beach and Bodega Bay
merely named their respective city streets as "Coast Highway".
Modern alignments
Signs
marking the northern terminus of SR 1 near Leggett; the route was
originally proposed to run further north, but these plans were abandoned
to avoid the steep and unstable highlands of the Lost Coast region.
The freeway portion of SR 1 from Highway 68 in Monterey to Munras
Avenue opened in 1956–1960. The segment from Munras Avenue to the
northern border of Sand City and Seaside opened in 1968, and bypasses
the original highway alignment of Munras Avenue and Fremont Street in
Monterey, and Fremont Boulevard through Seaside. North of Seaside, the
freeway was built over the original SR 1 alignment through Fort Ord
in 1973. North of Fort Ord, SR 1 now veers to the left of the original
alignment and bypasses Marina to the west. This segment including the
interchange with SR 156 and the short, 2-lane Castroville Bypass opened in 1976. Originally SR 1 followed the SR 156 alignment to the SR 183
intersection in Castroville, then turned northwest, following the
present-day SR 183 through Castroville before rejoining its existing
alignment at the northern terminus of the Castroville Bypass.
Plans to upgrade SR 1 to a freeway from its southern terminus all
the way to Oxnard, including building an offshore causeway from the Santa Monica Pier to Topanga Canyon Boulevard south of Malibu, were ultimately killed by 1971 due to local opposition. In 1980, another section was added northwest of Ventura near Emma Wood State Beach, when several miles of the old two-lane alignment of U.S. Route 101
were posted as SR 1 where the freeway had bypassed it in about 1960.
Then in 1988, the segment from Purisima Road in Lompoc to SR 135 was
re-routed from Harris Grade Road to the former County Route S20 so it
could directly serve Vandenberg Air Force Base.
Construction to bridge the gap in the Lost Coast
region between Rockport and Ferndale was eventually abandoned. The
steepness and related geotechnical challenges of the coastal mountains
made this stretch of coastline too costly for highway builders to
establish routes through the area.
In 1984, SR 1 was then re-routed to replace State Highway 208,
connecting Rockport and Leggett, while the segment between Ferndale and
Fernbridge was renumbered as State Highway 211. Most of the coastline in the area is now part of Sinkyone Wilderness State Park and the King Range National Conservation Area.
The roadway along Devil's Slide, south of Pacifica, became the site of frequent deadly crashes and roadway-closing landslides. Beginning in 1958, Caltrans supported a plan to construct an inland bypass over Montara Mountain
as an alternate route, but was eventually opposed by community and
environmental groups who supported a tunnel instead. After decades of
legal disputes, the Federal Highway Administration
ordered Caltrans in 1995 to re-evaluate the proposed tunnel. Then on
November 5, 1996, San Mateo County voters approved Measure T to change
the county's official preference from the bypass to the tunnel. Ground
eventually broke in 2005, and the Tom Lantos Tunnels opened in April 2013.
In 2014, two-way traffic was restored along the original PCH
segment from Copper Lantern to Blue Lantern streets in the Dana Point
city center after 25 years of one-way operation.
During that period, only northbound traffic had flowed along this
section of PCH while southbound traffic had been diverted onto the
parallel Del Prado Avenue.
SR 1 has never been planned to extend south into San Diego, or north into Crescent City,
where I-5 (which replaced the US 101 designation and signage between
Los Angeles and San Diego) and US 101 serve as the coastal highways in
those areas, respectively.
As a cycling venue
Cyclists descend SR 1 at Devil's Slide on Stage 2 of the 2012 Tour of California before the segment was bypassed one year later by the Tom Lantos Tunnels
For the 1932 Summer Olympics, the segment of the SR 1 between Oxnard and Santa Monica (then known as the Theodore Roosevelt Highway) hosted part of the road cycling events. Portions of SR 1 have also hosted stages of the Tour of California.
Maintenance
California’s coastline is constantly changing and continually presents us with challenges. Through hard work and determination, we continue to keep this scenic highway open.
— Malcolm Dougherty, director of Caltrans.
Landslides
Frequent landslides
and erosion along the coast have caused portions of SR 1 to either be
closed for long periods of time, or be re-routed entirely. Some of these
include:
- A segment along the coast between Pacifica and Daly City in what is now Thornton Beach was damaged and rendered unusable after a 5.3 magnitude earthquake on March 22, 1957. SR 1 was then eventually re-routed to turn inland to join Interstate 280.
- The Piedras Blancas Realignment Project plans to re-route the road up to 475 feet (145 m) further inland to avoid the expected coastal erosion from the Piedras Blancas Light Station to the Arroyo de la Cruz Bridge in San Luis Obispo County.
- Big Rock Mesa landslide in Malibu was one of the worst in state history. A total of 250 homes collapsed, cracked or slid off their foundation with 30 homes being condemned. The state agreed to pay forty million dollars as cutting through the hillside to build Pacific Coast Highway was a contributing cause.
- The Devil's Slide area has been prone to major landslides. One slide in 1995 caused the road to be closed for five months, while another in 2006 led to a four-month closure. The Tom Lantos Tunnels, named after former U.S. Congressman Tom Lantos, opened in 2013 to bypass the area.
- In 2011, major reconstruction was completed between Muir Beach and Stinson Beach, including the addition of a 523-foot-long (159 m), 20-foot-high (6.1 m), but mostly buried, retaining wall. This followed a four-month, $25 million reconstruction that repaired damage from a 2007 landslide.
- A March 2011 landslide in the Big Sur region forced Caltrans to close the highway for several months. A section south of Lucia that is also prone to frequent landslides, known as Pitkins Curve and Rain Rocks, was replaced with a bridge and a covered rock shed.
- During the winter of 2016–2017, the Big Sur region received more than 60 inches (150 cm) of rain. The road was closed or partially closed due to mudslides and landslides in at least six locations. On February 20, Caltrans declared that the Pfeiffer Canyon Bridge just south of Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park was damaged beyond repair, closing that segment of SR 1 for eight months, and effectively splitting Big Sur in half. Some businesses, cut off from customers and without access to supplies, were forced to close. For some residents, the only means of getting out was via helicopter. In March, Caltrans demolished the bridge and began construction of the replacement. The rebuilt bridge opened on October 13, 2017 at a cost of $24 million.
- Another major slide at Mud Creek closed a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the highway in May 2017. The huge slide at Mud Creek covered about one-third mile (0.54 km) of road with 40 feet (12 m) of dirt and rock. The slide was on a section of the road that was already closed due to smaller slides. The scale of the slide was compared to a very large slide during the winter of 1983–1984 that closed SR 1 for more than a year. A replacement roadway was built over the landslide and opened in July 2018, at a cost of $40 million.
Future projects
Since
1976, widening of SR 1 beyond one lane in each direction has been
prohibited in rural areas within the California Coastal Zone, per
California Public Resources Code section 30254.
In 2014, Caltrans relinquished the portion of SR 1 in Oxnard
along Oxnard Boulevard. The plan is then for PCH between Pleasant Valley
Road and US 101 to be re-routed from Oxnard Boulevard onto Rice Avenue. That segment of Rice Avenue includes a railroad grade crossing at 5th Avenue that was the site of the February 2015 Oxnard train derailment, which eventually led to one death and 29 injuries. This was the twelfth accident at the crossing in ten years.
An overpass has been planned at that site for almost two decades, but
funding has not been available in Ventura County for the estimated $35
million grade separation project.
In 2015, a $20 million project was proposed to add over 150
safety improvements to the stretch of the highway in Malibu. This
follows a string of fatal accidents in the area, including one involving
Caitlyn Jenner that claimed another person's life.
The Calera Parkway project proposes to widen the non-freeway segment in Pacifica between the Rockaway Beach and Vallemar districts, but faces opposition by local residents and environmentalists.
