The first edition in any language was English. We by Yevgeny Zamyatin (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1924)
| |
| Author | Yevgeny Zamyatin |
|---|---|
| Original title | Мы |
| Translator | Various (list) |
| Cover artist | George Petrusov, Caricature of Aleksander Rodchenko (1933–1934) |
| Country | Soviet Union |
| Language | Russian |
| Genre | Dystopian novel, science fiction |
| Publisher | Avon Books |
Publication date
| 1920–1921 (written); 1988 (pub'd in USSR); 1993 (Penguin ed.) |
Published in English
| 1924 |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 226 pages 62,579 words |
| ISBN | 0-14-018585-2 |
| OCLC | 27105637 |
| 891.73/42 20 | |
| LC Class | PG3476.Z34 M913 1993 |
We (Russian: Мы, romanized: My) is a dystopian novel by Russian writer Yevgeny Zamyatin, written 1920–1921. The novel was first published as an English translation by Gregory Zilboorg in 1924 by E. P. Dutton in New York. The novel describes a world of harmony and conformity within a united totalitarian state. George Orwell claimed that Aldous Huxley's 1931 Brave New World must be partly derived from We, but Huxley denied it.
Setting
We is set in the future. D-503, a spacecraft engineer, lives in the One State, an urban nation constructed almost entirely of glass, which assists mass surveillance. The structure of the state is Panopticon-like, and life is scientifically managed F. W. Taylor-style.
People march in step with each other and are uniformed. There is no way
of referring to people except by their given numbers. The society is
run strictly by logic or reason as the primary justification for the
laws or the construct of the society. The individual's behaviour is based on logic by way of formulas and equations outlined by the One State.
Plot
A few hundred years after the One State's conquest of the entire world, the spaceship Integral
is being built in order to invade and conquer extraterrestrial planets.
Meanwhile, the project's chief engineer, D-503, begins a journal that he intends to be carried upon the completed spaceship.
Like all other citizens of One State, D-503 lives in a glass apartment building and is carefully watched by the secret police,
or Bureau of Guardians. D-503's lover, O-90, has been assigned by One
State to visit him on certain nights. She is considered too short to
bear children and is deeply grieved by her state in life. O-90's other
lover and D-503's best friend is R-13, a State poet who reads his verse
at public executions.
While on an assigned walk with O-90, D-503 meets a woman named
I-330. I-330 smokes cigarettes, drinks alcohol, and shamelessly flirts
with D-503 instead of applying for an impersonal sex visit; all of these
are highly illegal according to the laws of One State.
Both repelled and fascinated, D-503 struggles to overcome his
attraction to I-330. She invites him to visit the Ancient House, notable
for being the only opaque building in One State, except for windows.
Objects of aesthetic and historical importance dug up from around the
city are stored there. There, I-330 offers him the services of a corrupt
doctor to explain his absence from work. Leaving in horror, D-503 vows
to denounce her to the Bureau of Guardians, but finds that he cannot.
He begins to have dreams, which disturbs him, as dreams are thought to be a symptom of mental illness.
Slowly, I-330 reveals to D-503 that she is involved with the Mephi, an
organization plotting to bring down the One State. She takes him through
secret tunnels inside the Ancient House to the world outside the Green
Wall, which surrounds the city-state. There, D-503 meets the inhabitants
of the outside world: humans whose bodies are covered with animal fur.
The aims of the Mephi are to destroy the Green Wall and reunite the
citizens of One State with the outside world.
Despite the recent rift between them, O-90 pleads with D-503 to
impregnate her illegally. After O-90 insists that she will obey the law
by turning over their child to be raised by the One State, D-503
obliges. However, as her pregnancy progresses, O-90 realizes that she
cannot bear to be parted from her baby under any circumstances. At
D-503's request, I-330 arranges for O-90 to be smuggled outside the
Green Wall.
In his last journal entry, D-503 indifferently relates that he
has been forcibly tied to a table and subjected to the "Great
Operation", which has recently been mandated for all citizens of One
State in order to prevent possible riots;
having been psycho-surgically refashioned into a state of mechanical
"reliability", they would now function as "tractors in human form".
This operation removes the imagination and emotions by targeting parts
of the brain with X-rays. After this operation, D-503 willingly informed
the Benefactor about the inner workings of the Mephi. However, D-503
expresses surprise that even torture could not induce I-330 to denounce
her comrades. Despite her refusal, I-330 and those arrested with her
have been sentenced to death, "under the Benefactor's Machine".
Meanwhile, the Mephi uprising gathers strength; parts of the
Green Wall have been destroyed, birds are repopulating the city, and
people start committing acts of social rebellion. Although D-503
expresses hope that the Benefactor shall restore "reason", the novel
ends with One State's survival in doubt. I-330's mantra is that, just as
there is no highest number, there can be no final revolution.
Major themes
Dystopian society
The dystopian society depicted in We is presided over by the Benefactor
and is surrounded by a giant Green Wall to separate the citizens from
primitive untamed nature. All citizens are known as "numbers". Every hour in one's life is directed by "The Table".
The action of We is set at some time after the Two Hundred Years' War, which has wiped out all but "0.2 of the earth's population".
The war was over a rare substance only mentioned in the book through a
biblical metaphor; the substance was called "bread" as the "Christians
gladiated over it"—as in countries fighting conventional wars. The war
only ended after the use of weapons of mass destruction, so that the One State is surrounded with a post-apocalyptic landscape.
Allusions and references
Many of the names and numbers in We are allusions to personal experiences of Zamyatin or to culture and literature.
For example, "Auditorium 112" refers to cell number 112, where Zamyatin was twice imprisoned, and the name of S-4711 is a reference to the Eau de Cologne number 4711.
The St. Alexander Nevsky, which was renamed Lenin after the Russian Revolution
Zamyatin, who worked as a naval architect, refers to the specifications of the icebreaker St. Alexander Nevsky.
The numbers [. . .] of the chief characters in WE are taken directly from the specifications of Zamyatin's favourite icebreaker, the Saint Alexander Nevsky, yard no. A/W 905, round tonnage 3300, where O–90 and I-330 appropriately divide the hapless D-503 [. . .] Yu-10 could easily derive from the Swan Hunter yard numbers of no fewer than three of Zamyatin's major icebreakers – 1012, 1020, 1021 [. . .]. R-13 can be found here too, as well as in the yard number of Sviatogor A/W 904.
Many comparisons to The Bible exist in We. There are similarities between Genesis Chapters 1–4 and We, where the One State is considered Paradise, D-503 is Adam, and I-330 is Eve.
The snake in this piece is S-4711, who is described as having a bent
and twisted form, with a "double-curved body" (he is a double agent).
References to Mephistopheles (in the Mephi) are seen as allusions to Satan and his rebellion against Heaven in the Bible (Ezekiel 28:11–19; Isaiah 14:12–15). The novel itself could be considered a criticism of organised religion given this interpretation. However, Zamyatin, influenced by Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Notes from Underground and The Brothers Karamazov, made the novel a criticism of the excesses of a militantly atheistic society. The novel displayed an indebtedness to H. G. Wells's dystopia When the Sleeper Wakes (1899).
The novel uses mathematical concepts symbolically. The spaceship that D-503 is supervising the construction of is called the Integral,
which he hopes will "integrate the grandiose cosmic equation". D-503
also mentions that he is profoundly disturbed by the concept of the square root of −1—which
is the basis for imaginary numbers (imagination being deprecated by the
One State). Zamyatin's point, probably in light of the increasingly
dogmatic Soviet government of the time, would seem to be that it is
impossible to remove all the rebels against a system. Zamyatin even says
this through I-330: "There is no final revolution. Revolutions are
infinite."
Literary significance and influences
Along with Jack London's The Iron Heel, We is generally considered to be the grandfather of the satirical futuristic dystopia genre. It takes the modern industrial society to an extreme conclusion, depicting a state that believes that free will
is the cause of unhappiness, and that citizens' lives should be
controlled with mathematical precision based on the system of industrial
efficiency created by Frederick Winslow Taylor. The Soviet attempt at implementing Taylorism, led by Aleksei Gastev, may have immediately influenced Zamyatin's portrayal of the One State.
Christopher Collins in Evgenij Zamjatin: An Interpretive Study finds the many intriguing literary aspects of We more interesting and relevant today than the political aspects:
- An examination of myth and symbol reveals that the work may be better understood as an internal drama of a conflicted modern man rather than as a representation of external reality in a failed utopia. The city is laid out as a mandala, populated with archetypes and subject to an archetypal conflict. One wonders if Zamyatin were familiar with the theories of his contemporary C. G. Jung or whether it is a case here of the common European zeitgeist.
- Much of the cityscape and expressed ideas in the world of We are taken almost directly from the works of H. G. Wells, a popular apostle of scientific socialist utopia whose works Zamyatin had edited in Russian.
- In the use of color and other imagery Zamyatin shows he was influenced by Kandinsky and other European Expressionist painters.
The little-known Russian dystopian novel Love in the Fog of the Future, published in 1924 by Andrei Marsov, has also been compared to We.
George Orwell claimed that Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) must be partly derived from We. However, in a letter to Christopher Collins in 1962, Huxley says that he wrote Brave New World as a reaction to H. G. Wells's utopias long before he had heard of We.
Kurt Vonnegut said that in writing Player Piano (1952), he "cheerfully ripped off the plot of Brave New World, whose plot had been cheerfully ripped off from Yevgeny Zamyatin's We". Ayn Rand's Anthem (1938) has many significant similarities to We, although it is stylistically and thematically different. Vladimir Nabokov's novel Invitation to a Beheading may suggest a dystopian society with some similarities to Zamyatin's; Nabokov read We while writing Invitation to a Beheading.
Orwell began Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) some eight months after he read We in a French translation and wrote a review of it. Orwell is reported as "saying that he was taking it as the model for his next novel". Brown writes that for Orwell and certain others, We "appears to have been the crucial literary experience". Shane states that "Zamyatin's influence on Orwell is beyond dispute". Robert Russell, in an overview of the criticism of We, concludes that "1984 shares so many features with We
that there can be no doubt about its general debt to it", however there
is a minority of critics who view the similarities between We and 1984
as "entirely superficial". Further, Russell finds that "Orwell's novel
is both bleaker and more topical than Zamyatin's, lacking entirely that
ironic humour that pervades the Russian work".
In The Right Stuff (1979), Tom Wolfe describes We as a "marvelously morose novel of the future" featuring an "omnipotent spaceship" called the Integral whose "designer is known only as 'D-503, Builder of the Integral'". Wolfe goes on to use the Integral as a metaphor for the Soviet launch vehicle, the Soviet space programme, or the Soviet Union.
Jerome K. Jerome has been cited as an influence on Zamyatin’s novel. Jerome’s short story The New Utopia (1891) describes a regimented future city, indeed world, of nightmarish egalitarianism,
where men and women are barely distinguishable in their grey uniforms
(Zamyatin's "unifs") and all have short black hair, natural or dyed. No
one has a name: women wear even numbers on their tunics, and men wear
odd, just as in We. Equality is taken to such lengths that people
with well-developed physiques are liable to have lopped limbs. In
Zamyatin, similarly, the equalisation of noses is earnestly proposed.
Jerome has anyone with an overactive imagination subjected to a
levelling-down operation—something of central importance in We.
There is a shared depiction by both Jerome and Zamyatin that individual
and, by extension, familial love is a disruptive and humanizing force.
Jerome's works were translated in Russia three times before 1917.
Jerome's Three Men in a Boat is a set book in Russian schools.
Publication history
The 1924 Zilboorg translation (from a 1959 republication)
Zamyatin's literary position deteriorated throughout the 1920s, and
he was eventually allowed to emigrate to Paris in 1931, probably after
the intercession of Maxim Gorky.
The novel was first published in English in 1924 by E. P. Dutton in New York in a translation by Gregory Zilboorg, but its first publication in the Soviet Union had to wait until 1988, when glasnost resulted in it appearing alongside George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. A year later, We and Brave New World were published together in a combined edition.
In 1994, the novel received a Prometheus Award in the "Hall of Fame" category.
Russian language editions
- Zamiatin, Evgenii Ivanovich (1952). Мы. Niu-Iork: Izd-vo im. Chekhova. ISBN 978-5-7390-0346-1. (bibrec) (bibrec (in Russian))
- The first complete Russian language edition of We was published in New York in 1952. (Brown, p. xiv, xxx)
- Zamiatin, Evgenii Ivanovich (1967). Мы (in Russian). vstupitel'naya stat'ya Evgenii Zhiglevich, stat'ya posleslovie Vladimira Bondarenko. New York: Inter-Language Literary Associates. ISBN 978-5-7390-0346-1.
- Zamiatin, Evgenii Ivanovich (1988). Selections (in Russian). sostaviteli T.V. Gromova, M.O. Chudakova, avtor stati M.O. Chudakova, kommentarii Evg. Barabanova. Moskva: Kniga. ISBN 978-5-212-00084-0. (bibrec) (bibrec (in Russian))[permanent dead link]
- We was first published in the USSR in this collection of Zamyatin's works. (Brown, p. xiv, xxx)
- Zamyatin, Yevgeny; Andrew Barratt (1998). Zamyatin: We. Bristol Classical Press. ISBN 978-1-85399-378-7. (also cited as Zamyatin: We, Duckworth, 2006) (in Russian and English)
- Edited with Introduction and Notes by Andrew Barratt. Plain Russian text, with English introduction, bibliography and notes.
Translations
- Zamiatin, Eugene (1924). We. Gregory Zilboorg (trans.). New York: Dutton. ISBN 978-0-88233-138-6.
- Zamjatin, Jevgenij Ivanovič (1927). My (in Czech). Václav Koenig (trans.). Prague (Praha): Štorch-Marien.
- Zamâtin, Evgenij Ivanovic (1929). Nous autres (in French). B. Cauvet-Duhamel (trans.). Paris: Gallimard.
- Zamiatin, Eugene (1954). We. Gregory Zilboorg (trans.). New York: Dutton. ISBN 978-84-460-2672-3.
- Zamjàtin, Evgenij (1955). Noi (in Italian). Ettore Lo Gatto (trans.). Bergamo (Italy): Minerva Italica.
- Замјатин, Јевгениј (1969). Ми (in Serbian). Мира Лалић (trans.). Београд (Serbia): Просвета.
- Zamyatin, Yevgeny (1970). We. Bernard Guilbert Guerney (trans.). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0394707174.
- Zamjatin, Jevgenij (1970). Wij (in Dutch). Dick Peet (trans.). Amsterdam (The Netherlands): De Arbeidserspers. ISBN 90 295 5790 7.
- Zamiatin, Yevgueni (1970). Nosotros. Juan Benusiglio Berndt (trans.). Barcelona: Plaza & Janés.
- Zamyatin, Yevgeny (1999) [1972]. We. Mirra Ginsburg (trans.). New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-552-67271-9.
- Zamjatin, Evgenij Ivanovič (1975). Mi. Drago Bajt (trans.). Ljubljana (Slovenia): Cankarjeva založba.
- Zamyatin, Evgeny (1987). We. S.D. Cioran (trans.). US: Ardis. ISBN 978-0-88233-821-7.
- Zamyatin, Yevgenij (1988). BİZ (in Turkish). Füsun Tülek (trans.). İstanbul (Turkey): Ayrıntı.
- Zamiatin, Eugeniusz (1989). My (in Polish). Adam Pomorski (trans.). Warsaw (Poland): Alfa. ISBN 978-83-7001-293-9.
- Zamjàtin, Evgenij (1990). Noi (in Italian). Ettore Lo Gatto (trans.). Milano (Italy): Feltrinelli. ISBN 978-88-07-80412-0.
- Zamyatin, Evgeny (1991). We. Alex Miller (trans.). Moscow: Raduga. ISBN 978-5-05-004845-5.
- Zamyatin, Yevgeny (1993). We. Clarence Brown (trans.). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-018585-0. (preview)
- Zamiatin, Eugene (2000). We. Gregory Zilboorg (trans.). US: Transaction Large Print. ISBN 978-1-56000-477-6. (author photo on cover)
- Zamyatin, Yevgeny (2006). We. Natasha Randall (trans.). New York: Modern Library. ISBN 978-0-8129-7462-1.
- Zamjatin, Jevgeni (2006). Meie. Maiga Varik (trans.). Tallinn: Tänapäev. ISBN 978-9985-62-430-2.
- Zamjatyin, Jevgenyij (2008) [1990]. Mi (in Hungarian). Pál Földeák (trans.). Budapest (Hungary): Cartaphilus. ISBN 978-963-266-038-7.
- Zamyatin, Yevgeny (2009). We. Hugh Aplin (trans.). London: Hesperus Press. ISBN 978-1843914464.
- Zamiatin, Jevgenij (2009). Mes. Irena Potašenko (trans.). Vilnius (Lithuania): Kitos knygos. ISBN 9789955640936.
- Zamiatin, Yeuveni (2010). Nosotros. Julio Travieso (trad. y pról.). México: Lectorum. ISBN 9788446026723.
- Zamiatin, Yeuveni (2011). Nosotros. Alfredo Hermosillo y Valeria Artemyeva (trads.) Fernando Ángel Moreno (pról.). Madrid: Cátedra. ISBN 9788437628936.
- Zamjatin, Jevgenij (2015) [1959]. Vi (in Swedish). Sven Vallmark (trans.). Stockholm (Sweden): Modernista. ISBN 978-91-7645-209-7.
- Zamyatin, Yevgeny (2015). Nosaltres (in Catalan). Miquel Cabal Guarro (trans.). Catalunya: Les Males Herbes. ISBN 9788494310850.
- Zamiátin, Ievguêni (2017). Nós (in Portuguese). Gabriela Soares (trans.). Brazil: Editora Aleph. ISBN 978-85-7657-311-1.
- Zamiatine, Evgueni (2017). Nous (in French). Hélène Henry (trans.). Arles (France): Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2-330-07672-6.
Adaptations
Films
The German TV network ZDF adapted the novel for a TV movie in 1982, under the German title Wir (English:We).
The novel has also been adapted, by Alain Bourret, a French director, into a short film called The Glass Fortress (2016). The Glass Fortress is an experimental film that employs a technique known as freeze frame, and is shot in black-and-white, which help support the grim atmosphere of the story's dystopian society. The film is technically similar to La Jetée (1962), directed by Chris Marker, and refers somewhat to THX 1138 (1971), by George Lucas, in the "religious appearance of the Well Doer". According to film critic Isabelle Arnaud, The Glass Fortress has a special atmosphere underlining a story of thwarted love that will be long remembered.
Theatre
Montreal company Théâtre Deuxième Réalité produced an adaptation of the novel in 1996, adapted and directed by Alexandre Marine, under the title Nous Autres.
Music
Released in 2015, The Glass Fortress is a musical and narrative adaptation of the novel by Rémi Orts Project and Alan B.
Legacy
We, the 1921 Russian novel, directly inspired:
- Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) (Disputed by Huxley, see above.)
- Ayn Rand's Anthem (1938)
- George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)
- Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano (1952)
- William F. Nolan & George Clayton Johnson's Logan's Run (1967)
- Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed (1974)
- Vladimir Nabokov's Invitation to a Beheading (1935–1936)
