Leonard Susskind
| |
|---|---|
Leonard Susskind
| |
| Born | 1940
South Bronx, New York City, US
|
| Residence | United States |
| Nationality | United States |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Alma mater | City College of New York Cornell University |
| Known for | Holographic principle String theory Matrix theory (physics) String theory landscape Color confinement Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory RST model Susskind–Glogower operator Kogut–Susskind fermions Fischler–Susskind mechanism ER=EPR |
| Awards | Pomeranchuk Prize (2008) American Institute of Physics' Science Writing Award Sakurai Prize (1998) Boris Pregel Award, New York Academy of Sciences (1975)[1] |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics, mathematics |
| Institutions | Yeshiva University Tel Aviv University Stanford University Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics Korea Institute for Advanced Study Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics |
| Thesis | Quantum mechanical approach to strong interactions (1965) |
| Doctoral advisor | Peter A. Carruthers |
| Doctoral students | Eduardo Fradkin |
Leonard Susskind (/ˈsʌskɪnd/; born 1940) is an American physicist, who is a professor of theoretical physics at Stanford University, and founding director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics. His research interests include string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology. He is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, an associate member of the faculty of Canada's Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics,[6] and a distinguished professor of the Korea Institute for Advanced Study.
Susskind is widely regarded as one of the fathers of string theory. He was the first to give a precise string-theoretic interpretation of the holographic principle in 1995 and the first to introduce the idea of the string theory landscape in 2003.
Susskind was awarded the 1998 J. J. Sakurai Prize, and the 2018 Oskar Klein Medal.
Early life and education
Leonard Susskind was born to a Jewish family from the South Bronx in New York City. He began working as a plumber at the age of 16, taking over from his father who had become ill. Later, he enrolled in the City College of New York as an engineering student, graduating with a B.S. in physics in 1962. In an interview in the Los Angeles Times,
Susskind recalls the moment he discussed with his father that changed
his career path: "When I told my father I wanted to be a physicist, he
said, 'Hell no, you ain’t going to work in a drug store.' I said, 'No,
not a pharmacist.' I said, 'Like Einstein.' He poked me in the chest
with a piece of plumbing pipe. 'You ain’t going to be no engineer,' he
said. 'You're going to be Einstein.'" Susskind then studied at Cornell University under Peter A. Carruthers where he earned his Ph.D. in 1965.
Career
Susskind giving 2014 Messenger Lecture at Cornell.
Susskind was an assistant professor of physics, then an associate professor at Yeshiva University (1966–1970), after which he went for a year to the Tel Aviv University (1971–72), returning to Yeshiva to become a professor of physics (1970–1979). Since 1979 he has been professor of physics at Stanford University, and since 2000 has held the Felix Bloch professorship of physics.
Susskind was awarded the 1998 J. J. Sakurai Prize for his "pioneering contributions to hadronic string models, lattice gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics,
and dynamical symmetry breaking." Susskind's hallmark, according to
colleagues, has been the application of "brilliant imagination and
originality to the theoretical study of the nature of the elementary
particles and forces that make up the physical world."
In 2007, Susskind joined the faculty of Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, as an associate member. He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is also a distinguished professor at Korea Institute for Advanced Study.
Scientific career
Susskind was one of at least three physicists, alongside Yoichiro Nambu and Holger Bech Nielsen, who independently discovered during or around 1970 that the Veneziano dual resonance model of strong interactions could be described by a quantum mechanical model of oscillating strings,[16] and was the first to propose the idea of the string theory landscape. Susskind has also made important contributions in the following areas of physics:
- The independent discovery of the string theory model of particle physics
- The theory of quark confinement
- The development of Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory known as Kogut-Susskind fermions
- The theory of scaling violations in deep inelastic electroproduction
- The theory of symmetry breaking sometimes known as "technicolor theory"
- The second, yet independent, theory of cosmological baryogenesis (Andrei Sakharov's work was first, but was mostly unknown in the Western hemisphere)
- String theory of black hole entropy
- The principle of black hole complementarity
- The causal patch hypothesis
- The holographic principle
- M-theory, including development of the BFSS matrix model
- Introduction of holographic entropy bounds in physical cosmology
- The idea of an anthropic string theory landscape
- The Census Taker's Hat (FRW/CFT duality)
- Most recently, application of ideas from information and computation theory, such as quantum complexity, to the physics and thermodynamics of black holes, and holographic theories in general.
Books
Susskind is the author of several popular science books.
The Cosmic Landscape
The Cosmic Landscape: String Theory and the Illusion of Intelligent Design is Susskind's first popular science book, published by Little, Brown and Company on December 12, 2005.
It is Susskind's attempt to bring his idea of the anthropic landscape
of string theory to the general public. In the book, Susskind describes
how the string theory landscape was an almost inevitable consequence of
several factors, one of which was Steven Weinberg's prediction of the cosmological constant
in 1987. The question addressed here is why our universe is fine-tuned
for our existence. Susskind explains that Weinberg calculated that if
the cosmological constant was just a little different, our universe
would cease to exist.
The Black Hole War
The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics is Susskind's second popular science book, published by Little, Brown, and Company on July 7, 2008.
The book is his most famous work and explains what he thinks would
happen to the information and matter stored in a black hole when it
evaporates. The book sparked from a debate that started in 1981, when
there was a meeting of physicists to try to decode some of the mysteries
about how particles of particular elemental compounds function. During
this discussion Stephen Hawking stated that the information inside a
black hole is lost forever as the black hole evaporates. It took 28
years for Leonard Susskind to formulate his theory that would prove
Hawking wrong. He then published his theory in his book, The Black Hole
War. Like The Cosmic Landscape, The Black Hole War is
aimed at the lay reader. He writes: "The real tools for understanding
the quantum universe are abstract mathematics: infinite dimensional
Hilbert spaces, projection operators, unitary matrices and a lot of
other advanced principles that take a few years to learn. But let's see
how we do in just a few pages".
The Theoretical Minimum book series
Susskind co-authored a series of companion books to his lecture series The Theoretical Minimum. The first of these, The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Know to Start Doing Physics, was published in 2013 and presents the modern formulations of classical mechanics. The second of these, Quantum Mechanics: The Theoretical Minimum, was published in February 2014. The third book, Special Relativity and Classical Field Theory: The Theoretical Minimum (September 26, 2017), introduces readers to Einstein's special relativity and Maxwell's classical field theory.
The Theoretical Minimum lecture series
Susskind teaches a series of Stanford Continuing Studies courses about modern physics referred to as The Theoretical Minimum. The title of the series is a clear reference to the Landau's
famous comprehensive exam called the "Theoretical Minimum" which
students were expected to pass before admission to his school. The Theoretical Minimum lectures later formed the basis for the books of the same name.
The goal of the courses is to teach the basic but rigorous theoretical
foundations required to study certain areas of physics. The sequence
covers classical mechanics, relativity, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and cosmology, including the physics of black holes.
These courses are available on The Theoretical Minimum website, on iTunes, and on YouTube. The courses are intended for the mathematically literate
public as well as physical science/mathematics students. Susskind aims
the courses at people with prior exposure to algebra, and calculus.
Homework and study outside of class is otherwise unnecessary. Susskind
explains most of the mathematics used, which form the basis of the
lectures.
Cornell Messenger Lectures
Susskind gave 3 lectures "The Birth of the Universe and the Origin of Laws of Physics" April 28-May 1, 2014 in the Cornell Messenger Lecture series which are posted on a Cornell website.
Smolin–Susskind debate
The Smolin–Susskind debate refers to the series of intense postings in 2004 between Lee Smolin and Susskind, concerning Smolin’s argument that the "anthropic principle cannot yield any falsifiable predictions, and therefore cannot be a part of science."
It began on July 26, 2004, with Smolin's publication of "Scientific
alternatives to the anthropic principle." Smolin e-mailed Susskind
asking for a comment. Having not had the chance to read the paper,
Susskind requested a summarization of his arguments. Smolin obliged, and
on July 28, 2004, Susskind responded, saying that the logic Smolin
followed "can lead to ridiculous conclusions."
The next day, Smolin responded, saying that "If a large body of our
colleagues feels comfortable believing a theory that cannot be proved
wrong, then the progress of science could get stuck, leading to a
situation in which false, but unfalsifiable theories dominate the
attention of our field." This was followed by another paper by Susskind
which made a few comments about Smolin's theory of "cosmic natural
selection."
The Smolin-Susskind debate finally ended with each of them agreeing to
write a final letter which would be posted on the edge.org website, with
three conditions attached: (1) No more than one letter each; (2)
Neither sees the other's letter in advance; (3) No changes after the
fact.
Personal life
He has been married twice, first in 1960, and has four children. Susskind is a great-grandfather.
