| Juneteenth | |
|---|---|
Ashton Villa, where General Order No. 3 was read on June 19, 1865
| |
| Also called | Freedom Day, Jubilee Day, Liberation Day, Emancipation Day (TX) |
| Observed by | Americans (especially African Americans), 47 states of the United States |
| Type | Historical |
| Significance | Emancipation of remaining enslaved African-Americans in the Confederacy |
| Observances | African American history and progress |
| Date | June 19 |
| Next time | June 19, 2021 |
| Frequency | Annual |
Juneteenth (a portmanteau of June and nineteenth) – also known as Freedom Day, Jubilee Day, Liberation Day, and Emancipation Day – is a holiday celebrating the emancipation of those who had been enslaved in the United States. Originating in Texas, it is now celebrated annually on the 19th of June throughout the United States, with varying official recognition. Specifically, it commemorates Union army general Gordon Granger announcing federal orders in Galveston, Texas, on June 19, 1865, proclaiming that all slaves in Texas were free.
President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation had officially outlawed slavery in Texas and the other states in rebellion against the Union almost two and a half years earlier. Enforcement of the Proclamation generally relied on the advance of Union troops. Texas being the most remote of the slave states had a low presence of Union troops as the American Civil War ended; thus enforcement there had been slow and inconsistent before Granger's announcement. Although Juneteenth generally celebrates the end of slavery in the United States, it was still legal and practiced in two Union border states (Delaware and Kentucky) until later that year when ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution abolished non-penal slavery nationwide in December.
Celebrations date to 1866, at first involving church-centered community gatherings in Texas. It spread across the South and became more commercialized in the 1920s and 1930s, often centering on a food festival. During the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, it was eclipsed by the struggle for postwar civil rights, but grew in popularity again in the 1970s with a focus on African American freedom and arts. By the 21st century, Juneteenth was celebrated in most major cities across the United States. Activists are campaigning for the United States Congress to recognize Juneteenth as a national holiday. Hawaii, North Dakota and South Dakota are the only states that do not recognize Juneteenth, according to the Congressional Research Service.
Modern observance is primarily in local celebrations. Traditions include public readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, singing traditional songs such as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and "Lift Every Voice and Sing", and reading of works by noted African-American writers such as Ralph Ellison and Maya Angelou. Celebrations include rodeos, street fairs, cookouts, family reunions, park parties, historical reenactments, and Miss Juneteenth contests. The Mascogos, descendants of Black Seminoles, who escaped from U.S. slavery in 1852 and settled in Coahuila, Mexico, also celebrate Juneteenth.
History
End of slavery in Texas
General Order No. 3, June 19, 1865
Areas covered by the Emancipation Proclamation are in red. Slave-holding areas not covered are in blue.
During the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. It was formally issued on January 1, 1863, declaring that all enslaved persons in the Confederate States of America in rebellion and not in Union hands were freed.
More isolated geographically, planters and other slaveholders had
migrated into Texas from eastern states to escape the fighting, and
many brought enslaved people with them, increasing by the thousands the
enslaved population in the state at the end of the Civil War. Although most lived in rural areas, more than 1,000 resided in both Galveston and Houston by 1860, with several hundred in other large towns. By 1865, there were an estimated 250,000 enslaved people in Texas.
The news of General Robert E. Lee's surrender on April 9, 1865, reached Texas later in the month. The western Army of the Trans-Mississippi did not surrender until June 2. On June 18, Union Army General Gordon Granger arrived at Galveston Island with 2,000 federal troops to occupy Texas on behalf of the federal government. The following day, standing on the balcony of Galveston's Ashton Villa, Granger read aloud the contents of "General Order No. 3", announcing the total emancipation of those held as slaves:
The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere.
Although this event is popularly thought of as "the end of slavery",
the Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to those enslaved in
Union-held territory, who would not be freed until a proclamation
several months later, on December 18, 1865, that the Thirteenth Amendment had been ratified on December 6, 1865. The freedom of formerly enslaved people in Texas was given legal status in a series of Texas Supreme Court decisions between 1868 and 1874.
Early celebrations
An early celebration of Emancipation Day (Juneteenth) in 1900
Formerly enslaved people in Galveston celebrated after the announcement. The following year, freedmen in Texas organized the first of what became the annual celebration of "Jubilee Day" on June 19. Early celebrations were used as political rallies to give voting instructions to newly freed slaves. Early independence celebrations often occurred on January 1 or 4.
In some cities black people were barred from using public parks because of state-sponsored segregation of facilities. Across parts of Texas, freed people pooled their funds to purchase land to hold their celebrations. The day was first celebrated in Austin in 1867 under the auspices of the Freedmen's Bureau, and it had been listed on a "calendar of public events" by 1872.
That year black leaders in Texas raised $1,000 for the purchase of 10
acres (4 ha) of land to celebrate Juneteenth, today known as Houston's Emancipation Park.
The observation was soon drawing thousands of attendees across Texas;
an estimated 30,000 black people celebrated at Booker T. Washington Park
in Limestone County, Texas, established in 1898 for Juneteenth celebrations. By the 1890s Jubilee Day had become known as Juneteenth.
Emancipation Day celebration in Richmond, Virginia, 1905
In the early 20th century, economic and political forces led to a
decline in Juneteenth celebrations. From 1890 to 1908, Texas and all
former Confederate states passed new constitutions or amendments that
effectively disenfranchised black people, excluding them from the political process. White-dominated state legislatures passed Jim Crow laws imposing second-class status.
Gladys L. Knight writes the decline in celebration was in part because
"upwardly mobile blacks [...] were ashamed of their slave past and
aspired to assimilate into mainstream culture. Younger generations of
blacks, becoming further removed from slavery were occupied with school
[...] and other pursuits." Others who migrated to the Northern United States couldn't take time off or simply dropped the celebration.
The Great Depression
forced many black people off farms and into the cities to find work. In
these urban environments, African Americans had difficulty taking the
day off to celebrate. The Second Great Migration began during World War II, when many black people migrated to the West Coast where skilled jobs in the defense industry were opening up. A revival of Juneteenth began right before World War II began. From 1936 to 1951 the Texas State Fair
served as a destination for celebrating the holiday, contributing to
its revival. In 1936 an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people joined the
holiday's celebration in Dallas. In 1938, Texas governor J. V. Allred issued a proclamation stating in part:
Whereas, the Negroes in the State of Texas observe June 19 as the official day for the celebration of Emancipation from slavery; and
Whereas, June 19, 1865, was the date when General Robert [sic] S. Granger, who had command of the Military District of Texas, issued a proclamation notifying the Negroes of Texas that they were free; and
Whereas, since that time, Texas Negroes have observed this day with suitable holiday ceremony, except during such years when the day comes on a Sunday; when the Governor of the State is asked to proclaim the following day as the holiday for State observance by Negroes; and
Whereas, June 19, 1938, this year falls on Sunday; NOW, THEREFORE, I, JAMES V. ALLRED, Governor of the State of Texas, do set aside and proclaim the day of June 20, 1938, as the date for observance of EMANCIPATION DAY
in Texas, and do urge all members of the Negro race in Texas to observe the day in a manner appropriate to its importance to them.
Seventy thousand people attended a "Juneteenth Jamboree" in 1951. From 1940 through 1970, in the second wave of the Great Migration,
more than five million black people left Texas, Louisiana and other
parts of the South for the North and the West Coast. As historian Isabel Wilkerson writes, "The people from Texas took Juneteenth Day to Los Angeles, Oakland, Seattle, and other places they went." In 1945, Juneteenth was introduced in San Francisco by an immigrant from Texas, Wesley Johnson.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement
focused the attention of African Americans on expanding freedom and
integrating. As a result, observations of the holiday declined again
(though it was still celebrated regionally in Texas). It soon saw a revival as black people began tying their struggle to that of ending slavery. In Atlanta, some campaigners for equality wore Juneteenth buttons. During the 1968 Poor People's Campaign to Washington, DC, called by Rev. Ralph Abernathy, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference made June 19 the "Solidarity Day of the Poor People’s Campaign". In the subsequent revival, large celebrations in Minneapolis and Milwaukee emerged as well as across the Eastern United States. In 1974 Houston began holding large-scale celebrations again, and Fort Worth, Texas, followed the next year. Around 30,000 people attended festivities at Sycamore Park in Fort Worth the following year. The 1978 Milwaukee celebration was described as drawing over 100,000 attendees.
Governor Tom Wolf signing legislation to officially recognize Juneteenth in Pennsylvania in 2019
First official recognition
In the late 1970s, the Texas Legislature declared Juneteenth a "holiday of significance [...] particularly to the blacks of Texas". It was the first state to establish Juneteenth as a state holiday under legislation introduced by freshman Democratic state representative Al Edwards. The law passed through the Texas Legislature in 1979 and was officially made a state holiday on January 1, 1980.
Juneteenth is a "partial staffing" holiday in Texas; government offices
do not close but agencies may operate with reduced staff, and employees
may either celebrate this holiday or substitute it with one of four
"optional holidays" recognized by Texas.
In the late 1980s, there were major celebrations of Juneteenth in
California, Wisconsin, Illinois, Georgia, and Washington, D.C.
In 1996, the first legislation to recognize "Juneteenth
Independence Day" was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives,
H.J. Res. 195, sponsored by Barbara-Rose Collins
(D-MI). In 1997 Congress recognized the day through Senate Joint
Resolution 11 and House Joint Resolution 56. In 2013, the U.S. Senate
passed Senate Resolution 175, acknowledging Lula Briggs Galloway (late
president of the National Association of Juneteenth Lineage) who
"successfully worked to bring national recognition to Juneteenth
Independence Day", and the continued leadership of the National
Juneteenth Observance Foundation.
Activists are pushing Congress to recognize Juneteenth as a national holiday.
Organizations such as the National Juneteenth Observance Foundation are
seeking a Congressional designation of Juneteenth as a national day of
observance.
In 2020, state governors of Virginia and New York signed an
executive order recognizing Juneteenth as a paid day of leave for state
employees.
Subsequent growth
Juneteenth Flag
Since the 1980s and 1990s, the holiday has been more widely
celebrated among African-American communities and has seen increasing
mainstream attention in the US. In 1991, there was an exhibition by the Anacostia Museum (part of the Smithsonian Institution) called “Juneteenth ’91, Freedom Revisited”. In 1994, a group of community leaders gathered at Christian Unity Baptist Church in New Orleans to work for greater national celebration of Juneteenth. Expatriates have celebrated it in cities abroad, such as Paris. Some US military bases in other countries sponsor celebrations, in addition to those of private groups. In 1999, Ralph Ellison's novel Juneteenth was published, increasing recognition of the holiday. By 2006, at least 200 cities celebrated the day.
The holiday has gained mainstream awareness outside
African-American communities through depictions in entertainment media,
such as episodes of TV series Atlanta (2016) and Black-ish (2017), the latter of which featured musical numbers about the holiday by Aloe Blacc, The Roots, and Fonzworth Bentley. In 2018 Apple added Juneteenth to its calendars in iOS under official US holidays. In 2020, several American corporations and educational institutions including Twitter, the National Football League, Nike, announced that they would treat Juneteenth as a company holiday, providing a paid day off to their workers, and Google Calendar added Juneteenth to its US Holidays calendar. Also in 2020, a number of major universities formally recognized Juneteenth, either as a "day of reflection" or as a university holiday with paid time off for faculty and staff.
In 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and the worldwide protests sparked by the police killing of George Floyd, controversy ensued when President Donald Trump scheduled his first political rally since the pandemic's outbreak for Juneteenth in Tulsa, Oklahoma, site of the 1921 race massacre in the Greenwood district. In response, he rescheduled the rally for the following day. In an interview with The Wall Street Journal,
Trump said, "I did something good: I made Juneteenth very famous. It’s
actually an important event, an important time. But nobody had ever
heard of it."
Recognition
United States Congresswoman Sheila Jackson campaigns for Juneteenth to be a national holiday.
Recognition of Juneteenth varies across the United States. It is not officially recognized by the federal government, although the Senate unanimously passed a simple resolution in 2018 in honor of the day, and legislation has been introduced in Congress several times to make it either a "national day of observance" (akin to Flag Day or Patriot Day) or a full-scale federal holiday.
Recognition of Juneteenth as a holiday in the US
Recognized before 2000
Recognized between 2000 and 2009
Recognized in 2010 or after
Most states recognize it in some way, either as a ceremonial
observance or a state holiday. Texas was the first state to recognize
the date, in 1980. By 2002, eight states officially recognized
Juneteenth and four years later 15 states recognized the holiday. By 2008, nearly half of states observed the holiday as a ceremonial observance. By 2019, 47 states and the District of Columbia recognized Juneteenth, although only one state (Texas) has adopted the holiday as a paid holiday for state employees. In 2020, Massachusetts Governor Charles Baker
issued a proclamation that the day would be marked as "Juneteenth
Independence Day". This followed the filing of bills by both the House
and Senate to make Juneteenth a state holiday. Baker did not comment on
these bills specifically, but promised to grant the observance of
Juneteenth greater importance.
The only three states yet to legally recognize Juneteenth as
either a state or ceremonial holiday are Hawaii, North Dakota, and South
Dakota.
Governor Kristi Noem of South Dakota proclaimed June 19, 2020, as
Juneteenth Day, spurring calls for it to be recognized annually, rather
than just for 2020. Similarly, North Dakota Governor Doug Burgum announced that the state would formally recognize Friday, June 19, 2020, as Juneteenth Day in North Dakota for the year 2020.
Some cities and counties have recognized Juneteenth through proclamation. In 2020, Juneteenth was formally recognized by New York City (as an annual official city holiday and public school holiday, starting in 2021); by the City and County of Honolulu (as an "annual day of honor and reflection"), and by Portland, Oregon (as a day of remembrance and action and a paid holiday for city employees).
Some private companies have adopted Juneteenth as a paid day off
for employees, while others have officially marked the day in other
ways, such as moments of silence.
Celebrations
The holiday is considered the "longest running African-American holiday" and has been called "America's second Independence Day". It is often celebrated on the third Sunday in June.
Historian Mitch Kachun considers that celebrations of the end of
slavery have three goals: "to celebrate, to educate, and to agitate". Early celebrations consisted of baseball,
fishing, and rodeos. African Americans were often prohibited from using
public facilities for their celebrations, so they were often held at
churches or near water. Celebrations were also characterized by
elaborate large meals and people wearing their best clothing. It was common for former slaves and their descendants to make a pilgrimage to Galveston.
As early festivals received news coverage, Janice Hume and Noah
Arceneaux consider that they "served to assimilate African-American
memories within the dominant 'American story'. "
Observance today is primarily in local celebrations. In many places Juneteenth has become a multicultural holiday. Traditions include public readings of the Emancipation Proclamation, singing traditional songs such as "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" and "Lift Every Voice and Sing", and reading of works by noted African-American writers such as Ralph Ellison and Maya Angelou. Celebrations include picnics, rodeos, street fairs, cookouts, family reunions, park parties, historical reenactments, blues festivals and Miss Juneteenth contests. Strawberry soda is a traditional drink associated with the celebration. The Mascogos, the descendants of Black Seminoles, who have resided in Coahuila, Mexico since 1852, also celebrate Juneteenth.
Juneteenth celebrations often include lectures and exhibitions on African-American culture. The modern holiday places much emphasis upon teaching about African-American heritage. Karen M. Thomas wrote in Emerge
that "community leaders have latched on to [Juneteenth] to help instill
a sense of heritage and pride in black youth." Celebrations are
commonly accompanied by voter registration efforts, the performing of plays, and retelling stories. The holiday is also a celebration of soul food and other food with African-American influences. In Tourism Review International, Anne Donovan and Karen DeBres write that "Barbecue is the centerpiece of most Juneteenth celebrations".
