Traditional Tibetan medicine (Tibetan: བོད་ཀྱི་གསོ་བ་རིག་པ་, Wylie: bod kyi gso ba rig pa), also known as Sowa-Rigpa medicine,
is a centuries-old traditional medical system that employs a complex
approach to diagnosis, incorporating techniques such as pulse analysis
and urinalysis,
and utilizes behavior and dietary modification, medicines composed of
natural materials (e.g., herbs and minerals) and physical therapies
(e.g. Tibetan acupuncture, moxabustion, etc.) to treat illness.
The Tibetan medical system is based upon Indian Buddhist literature (for example Abhidharma and Vajrayana tantras) and Ayurveda. It continues to be practiced in Tibet, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Ladakh, Siberia, China and Mongolia, as well as more recently in parts of Europe and North America. It embraces the traditional Buddhist belief that all illness ultimately results from the three poisons: ignorance, attachment and aversion. Tibetan medicine follows the Buddha's Four Noble Truths which apply medical diagnostic logic to suffering.
The Tibetan medical system is based upon Indian Buddhist literature (for example Abhidharma and Vajrayana tantras) and Ayurveda. It continues to be practiced in Tibet, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Ladakh, Siberia, China and Mongolia, as well as more recently in parts of Europe and North America. It embraces the traditional Buddhist belief that all illness ultimately results from the three poisons: ignorance, attachment and aversion. Tibetan medicine follows the Buddha's Four Noble Truths which apply medical diagnostic logic to suffering.
History
As Indian culture flooded Tibet in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, a number of Indian medical texts were also transmitted. For example, the Ayurvedic Astāngahrdayasamhitā (Heart of Medicine Compendium attributed to Vagbhata) was translated into Tibetan by Rinchen Zangpo (957–1055). Tibet also absorbed the early Indian Abhidharma literature, for example the fifth-century Abhidharmakosasabhasyam by Vasubandhu, which expounds upon medical topics, such as fetal development. A wide range of Indian Vajrayana tantras, containing practices based on medical anatomy, were subsequently absorbed into Tibet.
Some scholars believe that rgyud bzhi (the Four Tantras) was told by the Lord Buddha, while some believe it is the primary work of Yuthok Yontan Gonpo (708 AD). The former opinion is often refuted by saying "If it was told by the Lord Buddha, rgyud bzhi should have a Sanskrit
version". However, there is no such version and also no Indian
practitioners who have received unbroken lineage of rgyud bzhi. Thus,
the later thought should be scholarly considered authentic and
practical. The provenance is uncertain.
Youthog Yontag Gonopo adapted and synthesized the Four Tantras in
the 12th Century. The Four Tantras are scholarly debated as having
Indian origins or, as Remedy Master Buddha Bhaisajyaguru's word or, as
authentically Tibetan with Chinese origins. It was not formally taught
in schools at first but, intertwined with Tibetan Buddhism. Around the
turn of the 14th century, the Drangti family of physicians established a
curriculum for the Four Tantras (and the supplementary literature from
the Yutok school) at Sakya Monastery. The 5th Dalai Lama supported Desi Sangye Gyatso
to found the pioneering Chagpori College of Medicine in 1696. Chagpori
taught Gyamtso's Blue Beryl as well as the Four Tantras in a model that
spread throughout Tibet along with the oral tradition.
Four Tantras
The Four Tantras (Gyushi, rGyu-bzhi) is a native Tibetan text incorporating Indian, Chinese and Greco-Arab medical systems.
The Four Tantras is believed to have been created in the twelfth
century and still today is considered the basis of Tibetan medical
practise.
The Four Tantras is the common name for the text of the Secret Tantra
Instruction on the Eight Branches, the Immortality Elixir essence. It
considers a single medical doctrine from four perspectives. Sage
Vidyajnana expounded their manifestation. The basis of the Four Tantras is to keep the three bodily humors in balance; (wind rlung, bile mkhris pa, phlegm bad kan.)
- Root Tantra – A general outline of the principles of Tibetan medicine, it discusses the humors in the body and their imbalances and their link to illness. The Four Tantra uses visual observation to diagnose predominantly the analysis of the pulse, tongue and analysis of the urine (in modern terms known as urinalysis )
- Exegetical Tantra – This section discusses in greater detail the theory behind the Four Tantras and gives general theory on subjects such as anatomy, physiology, psychopathology, embryology and treatment.
- Instructional Tantra – The longest of the Tantras is mainly a practical application of treatment, it explains in detail illnesses and which humoral imbalance which causes the illness. This section also describes their specific treatments.
- Subsequent Tantra – Diagnosis and therapies, including the preparation of Tibetan medicine and cleansing of the body internally and externally with the use of techniques such as moxibustion, massage and minor surgeries.
Some believe the Four Tantra to be the authentic teachings of the Buddha 'Master of remedies' which was translated from Sanskrit,
others believe it to be solely Tibetan in creation by Yuthog the Elder
or Yuthog the Younger. Noting these two theories there remain others
sceptical as to its original author.
Believers in the Buddhist origin of the Four Tantras and how it
came to be in Tibet believe it was first taught in India by the Buddha
when he manifested as the 'Master of Remedies'. The Four Tantra was then
in the eighth century translated and offered to Padmasambhava by Vairocana and concealed in Samye
monastery. In the second half of the eleventh century it was
rediscovered and in the following century it was in the hands of Yuthog
the Younger who completed the Four Tantras and included elements of
Tibetan medicine, which would explain why there is Indian elements to
the Four Tantras.
Although there is clear written instruction in the Four Tantra,
the oral transmission of medical knowledge still remained a strong
element in Tibetan Medicine, for example oral instruction may have been
needed to know how to perform a moxibustion technique.
Three principles of function
Like other systems of traditional Asian medicine, and in contrast to biomedicine,
Tibetan medicine first puts forth a specific definition of health in
its theoretical texts. To have good health, Tibetan medical theory
states that it is necessary to maintain balance in the body's three
principles of function [often translated as humors]: rLung (pron. Loong), mKhris-pa (pron. Tree-pa) [often translated as bile], and Bad-kan (pron. Pay-gen) [often translated as phlegm].
• rLung
is the source of the body's ability to circulate physical substances
(e.g. blood), energy (e.g. nervous system impulses), and the
non-physical (e.g. thoughts). In embryological development, the mind's
expression of materialism is manifested as the system of rLung. There are five distinct subcategories of rLung each with specific locations and functions: Srog-'Dzin rLüng, Gyen-rGyu rLung, Khyab-Byed rLüng, Me-mNyam rLung, Thur-Sel rLüng.
• mKhris-pa
is characterized by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of
heat, and is the source of many functions such as thermoregulation,
metabolism, liver function and discriminating intellect. In
embryological development, the mind's expression of aggression is
manifested as the system of mKhris-pa. There are five distinct subcategories of mKhris-pa each with specific locations and functions: 'Ju-Byed mKhris-pa, sGrub-Byed mKhris-pa, mDangs-sGyur mKhris-pa, mThong-Byed mKhris-pa, mDog-Sel mKhris-pa.
• Bad-kan
is characterized by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of
cold, and is the source of many functions such as aspects of digestion,
the maintenance of our physical structure, joint health and mental
stability. In embryological development, the mind's expression of
ignorance is manifested as the system of Bad-kan. There are five distinct subcategories of Bad-kan each with specific locations and functions: rTen-Byed Bad-kan, Myag-byed Bad-kan, Myong-Byed Bad-kan, Tsim-Byed Bad-kan, 'Byor-Byed Bad-kan.
Usage
A key objective of the government of Tibet is to promote traditional Tibetan medicine among the other ethnic groups in China. Once an esoteric monastic secret, the Tibet University of Traditional Tibetan Medicine and the Qinghai University Medical School now offer courses in the practice. In addition, Tibetologists from Tibet have traveled to European countries such as Spain to lecture on the topic.
The Tibetan government-in-exile has also kept up the practise of
Tibetan Medicine in India since 1961 when it re-established the Men-Tsee-Khang (the Tibetan Medical and Astrological Institute). It now has 48 branch clinics in India and Nepal.
The Government of India has approved the establishment of the National Institute for Sowa-Rigpa (NISR) in Leh to provide opportunities for research and development of Sowa-Rigpa.
