Persistent link between solar activity and Greenland climate during the Last Glacial Maximum

• Florian Adolphi,
• Raimund Muscheler,
• Anders Svensson,
• Ala Aldahan,
• Göran Possnert,
• Jürg Beer,
• Jesper Sjolte,
• Svante Björck,
• Katja Matthes
• & Rémi Thiéblemont

• Affiliations
• Contributions
• Corresponding author

Nature Geoscience

(2014)

doi:10.1038/ngeo2225

Received

26 June 2014

Accepted

17 July 2014

Published online

17 August 2014

Original link:  http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo2225.html

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Changes in solar activity have previously been proposed to cause decadal- to millennial-scale fluctuations in both the modern and Holocene climates¹. Direct observational records of solar activity, such as sunspot numbers, exist for only the past few hundred years, so solar variability for earlier periods is typically reconstructed from measurements of cosmogenic radionuclides such as ¹⁰Be and ¹⁴C from ice cores and tree rings^{2, 3}. Here we present a high-resolution ¹⁰Be record from the ice core collected from central Greenland by the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP). The record spans from 22,500 to 10,000 years ago, and is based on new and compiled data^{4, 5, 6}. Using ¹⁴C records^{7, 8} to control for climate-related influences on ¹⁰Be deposition, we reconstruct centennial changes in solar activity. We find that during the Last Glacial Maximum, solar minima correlate with more negative δ¹⁸O values of ice and are accompanied by increased snow accumulation and sea-salt input over central Greenland. We suggest that solar minima could have induced changes in the stratosphere that favour the development of high-pressure blocking systems located to the south of Greenland, as has been found in observations and model simulations for recent climate^{9, 10}. We conclude that the mechanism behind solar forcing of regional climate change may have been similar under both modern and Last Glacial Maximum climate conditions.

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Secretive Company Claims Battery Breakthrough

The Michigan startup Sakti3 says its solid-state cells more than double the energy density of today’s best li-ion batteries 

 

Aug 20, 2014 |By Seth Fletcher

Original link:  http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/secretive-company-claims-battery-breakthrough/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+ScientificAmerican-News+%28Content%3A+News%29 

Sakti3’s technology is solid-state battery produced with the same thin-film deposition process used to make flat panel displays and photovoltaic solar cells. 
Credit: Sakti3

Two of the most sacred numbers in the electric-vehicle industry are 300 miles and $100. The first is generally considered to be the distance electric cars need to travel on a single charge for Americans to take them seriously. The second is the cost, per kilowatt-hour, to which batteries need to drop before EVs can compete with gas-powered cars on sticker price.

Sakti3, a Michigan startup that auto-industry insiders have been whispering about for years, says it might soon hit those two sacred targets. The company has long been in semi-stealth mode, talking to the press but offering few particulars about its technology. Now, Ann Marie Sastry, co-founder and CEO of the company, tells me that the company’s prototype solid-state lithium battery cells have reached a record energy density of 1,143 Watt-hours per liter— more than double the energy density of today’s best lithium-ion batteries.

Sakti3’s technology is solid-state battery produced with the same thin-film deposition process used to make flat panel displays and photovoltaic solar cells. The cell contains no liquid electrolyte; an “interlayer” acts as both the separator, which keeps the positive and negative electrodes from coming into contact, and the electrolyte, allowing desirable ion transfers to take place. Sastry says Sakti3 will commercialize its technology in a couple of years, and the first application will be consumer electronics. If all goes according to plan, electric-vehicle batteries will follow. And if Sakti3 delivers what it says it has, it could be the kind of battery to give us the 300-mile, $25,000 electric car.

Before everyone starts talking about the imminent arrival of the God Battery, however, some important caveats. Most of the technical details remain secret. The energy-density claims have yet to be independently verified. Turning a tiny prototype cell into a road-worthy car battery is a huge and uncertain undertaking. And the battery industry has a proud, century-long tradition of overpromising and underdelivering.

For what it’s worth, Sastry seems to understand all of this. “We’ve had several cells and runs that have demonstrated these numbers to the point that we’re confident,” Sastry says.

For all its secrecy, Sakti3 is not an unknown quantity. If, in the past six or seven years, you’ve interacted with anyone at General Motors involved with the Chevy Volt, you’ve heard about Sastry and Sakti3. The story has always been this: Sakti3 is working on this new solid-state technology that could leapfrog lithium-ion—but that’s all I can tell you.

By now the company has received millions in funding from backers including Khosla Ventures and GM Ventures, the automaker’s tech-investment arm. Jon Lauckner, the former General Motors executive who was the brains behind the Chevy Volt, and who now leads GM Ventures, sits on Sakti3’s board.

The company grew out of the engineering department of the University of Michigan. Sometime in 2006, Sastry and her colleagues began doing complex mathematical optimization schemes trying to figure out which of the many competing variables that go into an electric car battery—energy, power, mass, volume, cost, safety—could give. Their calculations told them to get rid of the liquid electrolyte found in conventional lithium-ion batteries, along with all of the extra packaging that a liquid electrolyte entails.

It’s easy to see why. The electrolyte in a lithium-ion battery is a liquid not unlike gasoline, and it’s responsible for many of the secondary chemical reactions that over time degrade batteries or, worse, cause meltdowns and fires. Because of the delicacy of the liquid electrolyte, lithium-ion battery packs used in cars are often shrouded in packaging—liquid cooling tubes, electronic controls, and so on. Those things add cost and weight.

But it’s not easy to get rid of the electrolyte. People have tried. Notable failures include the Canadian company Avestor, which filed for bankruptcy in 2006 after the solid-state lithium batteries it sold AT&T began detonating inside U-Verse cable boxes around North America.

Avestor used a polymer separator to replace the electrolyte in its batteries. We don’t know what Sakti3 is using—that’s a trade secret. The composition of the positive electrode also remains a secret; Sastry says it is nothing unusual—“a very well understood electrochemistry.” We do know that, like most of the promising post-lithium-ion battery chemistries identified so far, the Sakti3 battery has a metallic-lithium anode, or negative electrode.

The vacuum deposition process Sakti3 uses to manufacture its cells is significantly different from the lamination process most battery makers use. Lithium-ion battery factories look like a combination between a printing press and an industrial bakery. In huge industrial mixers, chemical powders are blended into a wet slurry; that gets coated onto sheets of metallic film, which is then chopped into electrodes, which are placed in pouches with the electrolyte and other components.

In the solid-state manufacturing process, by contrast, the layers of the thin-film battery are deposited sequentially—first the cathode, then the current collector, then the interlayer, anode, and so on. The entire process takes place in a vacuum chamber.

It’s not immediately apparent how working in a vacuum chamber could ever be cheap, but Sastry says there are cost benefits. “First, solid-state does not have any aging requirement. Cells come out fully charged and ready to test, where with the incumbent technology cells need 30 to 60 days” before you can use them. “Next, it’s very high throughput.” The manufacturing rate, she says, crippled earlier solid-state-battery efforts. “When we started there were a number of solid-state batteries in the literature,” she says. “They were made exclusively on platforms that would always be expensive due to the rate. Our numerical simulations told us to restrict our efforts to cheap tooling,” like the custom prototype line the company is using today.

Sakti3 also benefits from the passage of time. They get to take advantage of the huge amount of engineering that has gone into manufacturing processes for solar panels, flat-panel displays, and other solid-state electronics. “While we were working on our technology there were significant advances in cost in technologies that are very similar to ours,” Sastry says. “We will benefit from those.”

All of this, she says, is why Sakti3 should eventually be able to hit that goal of $100 per kilowatt-hour.

There are plenty of other variables to consider. What about cycle life—that is, the number of times the battery can be charged and discharged before it starts to become worthless? Sastry says that because the chemical reactions in her cells are much simpler than those in conventional lithium-ion batteries, they should last longer. “We expect great cycle life.” What about safety? “Solid state eliminates the riskiest part of the battery cell,” she says. “You can snap one of the batteries into two pieces. Drop hot solder on it and it continues to operate.”

One of the few experts privy to the details of Sakti3’s work is Wei Lu, a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of Michigan. Lu says he has no direct involvement with Sakti3 and no financial ties to the company. He also says he is impressed. “They have a very rigorous testing facility,” he says. “Their results are highly impressive and very accurate.”

Jurassic mammals were picky eaters, new study finds

Date:

August 20, 2014

Source:

University of Southampton

Summary:

New analyses of tiny fossil mammals from Glamorgan, South Wales are shedding light on the function and diets of our earliest ancestors, a team reports. Mammals and their immediate ancestors from the Jurassic period (201-145 million years ago) developed new characteristics - such as better hearing and teeth capable of precise chewing.

---

Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium.

Credit: Pamela Gill

 

Original link:  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140820135905.htm?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sciencedaily%2Ftop_news%2Ftop_science+%28ScienceDaily%3A+Top+Science+News%29

 

South Wales are shedding light on the function and diets of our earliest ancestors, a team including researchers from the University of Southampton report today in the journal Nature. Mammals and their immediate ancestors from the Jurassic period (201-145 million years ago) developed new characteristics -- such as better hearing and teeth capable of precise chewing.

By analysing jaw mechanics and fossil teeth, the team were able to determine that two of the earliest shrew-sized mammals, Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium, were not generalised insectivores but had already evolved specialised diets, feeding on distinct types of insects.

Lead author, Dr Pamela Gill of the University of Bristol, said: "None of the fossils of the earliest mammals have the sort of exceptional preservation that includes stomach contents to infer diet, so instead we used a range of new techniques which we applied to our fossil finds of broken jaws and isolated teeth. Our results confirm that the diversification of mammalian species at the time was linked with differences in diet and ecology."

The team used synchrotron X-rays and CT scanning to reveal in unprecedented detail the internal anatomy of these tiny jaws, which are only 2cm in length. As the jaws are in many pieces, the scans were 'stitched together' to make a complete digital reconstruction. Finite element modelling, the same technique used to design hip joints and bridges, was used to perform a computational analysis of the strength of the jaws. This showed that Kuehneotherium and Morganucodon had very different abilities for catching and chewing prey.

Study co-author, Dr Neil Gostling from the University of Southampton, said: "The improvement in CT scanning, both in the instrumentation, at Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland where we scanned or even the µ-VIS Centre at Southampton, along with access for research of this kind, allows us to make inroads into understanding the biology and the ecology of animals long dead. The questions asked of the technology do not produce 'speculation', rather the results show a clearly defined answer based on direct comparison to living mammals. This would not be possible without the computational techniques we have used here."

Using an analysis previously carried out on the teeth of present-day, insect-eating bats, the researchers found that the teeth of Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium had very different patterns of microscopic pits and scratches, known as 'microwear'. This indicated they were eating different things with Morganucodon favouring harder, crunchier food items such as beetles while Kuehneotherium selected softer foods such as scorpion flies which were common at the time.

Team leader, Professor Emily Rayfield from the University of Bristol, added: "This study is important as it shows for the first time that the features that make us unique as mammals, such as having only one set of replacement teeth and a specialised jaw joint and hearing apparatus, were associated with the very earliest mammals beginning to specialise their teeth and jaws to eat different things."

---

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by University of Southampton. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

---

Journal Reference:

1. Pamela G. Gill, Mark A. Purnell, Nick Crumpton, Kate Robson Brown, Neil J. Gostling, M. Stampanoni, Emily J. Rayfield. Dietary specializations and diversity in feeding ecology of the earliest stem mammals. Nature, 2014; 512 (7514): 303 DOI: 10.1038/nature13622

MIT Explains How To Turn an Old Car Battery Into a Working Solar Cell

26,065

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Kelsey Campbell-Dollaghan

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Kelsey Campbell-Dollaghan

Filed to: mit

• batteries
• solar cells
• lead
• solar power
• car batteries
• recycling

Monday 4:22pm

Original link:  http://gizmodo.com/mit-explains-how-to-turn-an-old-car-battery-into-a-work-1623439908

There are over 1 billion cars in the world, and the vast majority of them use batteries made from lead. As lithium batteries replace these old timers, eventually there may be many of the lead suckers sitting in landfills. Which is why MIT wanted to find a way to reuse them—by turning them into a new kind of solar cell. It's surprisingly simple.

Well, maybe "simple" isn't the right word. But thanks to a new video produced by a MIT energy 

research team, it's surprisingly easy to understand. The team, which published its work in the Energy and Environmental Science, focused on fabricating a newer type of solar cell that uses perovskite, a mineral made of calcium titanate, that's being used to build cells that are nearly as efficient as the more conventional silicon solar cells most of us are familiar with.

According to MIT, solar cells made out of perovskite didn't make much sense originally, since they require the use of toxic lead. But given the fact that many car batteries may be thrown into dumps around the world down the road, an unexpected deal emerged: The lead from these batteries could be recycled into solar cells.

To demonstrate the process, they produced the video below—which shows how the electrode panels are "harvested" from an old car battery using a saw, then put through their paces on their way to becoming a cell. At one point, they even "roast" the Cathode lead dioxide for five hours:

So what's the exact exchange rate? According to the group, the amount of material harvested from just one car battery can make solar panels to power 30 homes.

It's a pretty incredible project, not only from a technical perspective but a broader societal one. The world is about to have a major dilemma on its hands, if toxic car batteries are no longer recycled to make new car batteries. "Once the battery technology evolves, over 200 million lead-acid batteries will potentially be retired in the United States, and that could cause a lot of environmental issues," one researcher told MIT News.

This is a way to transfer the embodied value of one technology into a newer, more nascent one, and it's a solution to a problem that's going to rear its head again and again in the future. We'd do well to focus on figuring out other ways to funnel the other rare earth minerals, metals, and materials from our outgoing tech into the new. [MIT News]

Jack Nicholson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jack Nicholson
Nicholson in a publicity photo, May 1981
Born	John Joseph Nicholson April 22, 1937 (age 77) Neptune City, New Jersey, United States
Residence	Hollywood Hills, California
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Actors Studio
Occupation	Actor, director, producer, screenwriter
Years active	1958–present
Home town	Neptune City, New Jersey
Spouse(s)	Sandra Knight (1962–1968)
Children	5; Jennifer Nicholson (1963), Caleb James Goddard (1970), Honey Hillman (1981), Lorraine Nicholson (1990), Ray Nicholson (1992)
Awards
Academy Awards
Best Actor 1975 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 1997 As Good as It Gets Best Supporting Actor 1983 Terms of Endearment
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor - Drama 1974 Chinatown 1975 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 2002 About Schmidt Best Actor - Musical or Comedy 1985 Prizzi's Honor 1997 As Good as It Gets Best Supporting Actor 1983 Terms of Endearment Cecil B. DeMille Award 1999
BAFTA Awards
Best Actor in a Leading Role 1974 The Last Detail / Chinatown 1976 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Best Actor in a Supporting Role 1981 Reds
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role 1997 As Good as It Gets
Critics' Choice Movie Awards
Best Actor 1997 As Good as It Gets 2002 About Schmidt

John Joseph "Jack" Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) is an American actor, film director, producer, and writer. Throughout his career, Nicholson has portrayed unique and challenging roles, many of which include dark portrayals of neurotic and psychopathic characters. Nicholson's 12 Oscar nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the history of the Academy Awards.

Nicholson has won two Academy Award for Best Actor; one for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and the other for As Good as It Gets. He also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Terms of Endearment. Nicholson is tied with Walter Brennan and Daniel Day-Lewis as one of three male actors to win three Academy Awards. He is well known for playing Frank Costello in The Departed, Jack Torrance in The Shining and the Joker in 1989's Batman.

Nicholson is one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s; the other was Michael Caine. He has won six Golden Globe Awards, and received the Kennedy Center Honor in 2001. In 1994, he became one of the youngest actors to be awarded the American Film Institute's Life Achievement Award. Notable films in which he has starred include Easy Rider, Five Easy Pieces, The Last Detail, Chinatown, The Passenger, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, The Shining, Reds, Wolf, A Few Good Men, The Pledge, About Schmidt,and The Departed.

Early life

Nicholson was born in Neptune City, New Jersey,^[2] the son of a showgirl, June Frances Nicholson (stage name June Nilson).^[3][4] June had married Italian American showman Donald Furcillo (stage name Donald Rose) six months earlier in Elkton, Maryland, on October 16, 1936.^[5] Furcillo was already married. Although he reportedly offered to take care of the child, June's mother Ethel insisted that she bring up the baby, partly so that June could pursue her dancing career and partly because June was only 16 or 17 years old when she gave birth to Jack.^[6] Although Furcillo claimed to be Nicholson's biological father and to have committed bigamy by marrying June, biographer Patrick McGilligan asserted in Jack's Life that Latvian-born Eddie King (originally Edgar A. Kirschfeld),^[7] June's manager, may have been Nicholson's biological father. Other sources suggest June Nicholson was unsure of who the father was.^[3] Nicholson's mother was of Irish, English, and Pennsylvania Dutch (German) descent,^[8][9] though he and his family reportedly self-identified as Irish.^[10][11]

Nicholson was brought up believing that his maternal grandparents, John Joseph Nicholson (a department store window dresser in Manasquan, New Jersey) and Ethel May (née Rhoads, a hairdresser, beautician and amateur artist in Manasquan), were his parents. Nicholson only discovered that his "parents" were actually his grandparents and his "sister" was his mother in 1974, after a journalist for TIME magazine who was doing a feature on Nicholson informed him of the fact.^[12] By this time, both his mother and grandmother had died (in 1963 and 1970, respectively).

Nicholson grew up in Neptune City, New Jersey.^[13] He was raised in his mother's Roman Catholic religion.^[8][10] Before starting high school, his family moved to an apartment in Spring Lake, New Jersey.^[14][15] "Nick", as he was known to his high school friends, attended nearby Manasquan High School, where he was voted "class clown" by the Class of 1954. He was in detention every day for a whole school year.^[2] A theatre and a drama award at the school are named in his honor. In 2004, Nicholson attended his 50-year high school reunion accompanied by his aunt Lorraine.^[7]

Career

Early work

Nicholson as Wilbur Force in The Little Shop of Horrors (1960)

When Nicholson first came to Hollywood, he worked as a gofer for animation legends William Hanna and Joseph Barbera at the MGM cartoon studio. Seeing his talent as an artist, they offered Nicholson a starting level position as an animation artist. However, citing his desire to become an actor, he declined.^[16]

He made his film debut in a low-budget teen drama The Cry Baby Killer, in 1958, playing the title role. For the following decade, Nicholson was a frequent collaborator with the film's producer, Roger Corman. Corman directed Nicholson on several occasions, most notably in The Little Shop of Horrors, as masochistic dental patient and undertaker Wilbur Force, and also in The Raven, The Terror, and The St. Valentine's Day Massacre. He worked frequently with director Monte Hellman as well on low-budget westerns, though two in particular, Ride in the Whirlwind and The Shooting, initially failed to find interest from any US film distributors but gained cult success on the art house circuit in France and were later sold to television. Nicholson also appeared in two episodes of The Andy Griffith Show, one as Mavin Jenkins, a townsman accused of stealing merchandise from a local hardware store, originally aired in 1967. He also played a father who, with his wife, left a baby on the courthouse steps in the episode entitled, "Opie and the Baby".

Rise to fame

With his acting career heading nowhere, Nicholson seemed resigned to a career behind the camera as a writer/director. His first real taste of writing success was the screenplay for the 1967 counterculture film The Trip (directed by Corman), which starred Peter Fonda and Dennis Hopper. Nicholson also co-wrote, with Bob Rafelson, the movie Head, which starred The Monkees. In addition, he also arranged the movie's soundtrack. However, after a spot opened up in Fonda and Hopper's Easy Rider, it led to his first big acting break. Nicholson played hard-drinking lawyer George Hanson, for which he received his first Oscar nomination. The part of Hanson was a lucky break for Nicholson—the role had in fact been written for actor Rip Torn, who was a close friend of screen writer Terry Southern, but Torn withdrew from the project after a bitter argument with the film's director and co-star Dennis Hopper, during which the two men almost came to blows.^[17] In interview, Nicholson later acknowledged the importance of being cast in Easy Rider: "All I could see in the early films, before Easy Rider, was this desperate young actor trying to vault out of the screen and create a movie career."^[18]

A Best Actor nomination came the following year for his persona-defining role in Five Easy Pieces (1970). Also that year, he appeared in the movie adaptation of On A Clear Day You Can See Forever, although most of his performance was left on the cutting room floor. He was the first choice to play the role of Father Damien Karras in The Exorcist, but the role was turned over to Jason Miller.

Other Nicholson roles included Hal Ashby's The Last Detail (1973), for which he was awarded Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival, and the Roman Polanski noir thriller, Chinatown (1974). Nicholson was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for both films. Nicholson was friends with the director long before the death of Polanski's wife, Sharon Tate, at the hands of the Manson Family, and supported him in the days following the deaths.^[19][20] After Tate's death, Nicholson began sleeping with a hammer under his pillow,^[20] and took breaks from work to attend the Manson trial.^[21] It was at Nicholson's home where the rape for which Polanski was convicted occurred. Nicholson would go on to star in The Who's Tommy (1975), directed by Ken Russell, and Michelangelo Antonioni's The Passenger (1975).

Nicholson (right) and Dennis Hopper at the 62nd Academy Awards, March 26, 1990

Nicholson earned his first Best Actor Oscar for portraying Randle P. McMurphy in the movie adaptation of Ken Kesey's novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, directed by Miloš Forman in 1975. His Oscar was matched when Louise Fletcher received the Best Actress Award for her portrayal of Nurse Ratched. After this, he began to take more unusual roles. He took a small role in The Last Tycoon, opposite Robert De Niro. He took a less sympathetic role in Arthur Penn's western The Missouri Breaks, specifically to work with Marlon Brando. He followed this by making his second directorial effort with the western comedy Goin' South.

Although he garnered no Academy Award for Stanley Kubrick's adaptation of Stephen King's The Shining (1980), it remains one of his more significant roles. His second Oscar, the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, came for his role of retired astronaut Garrett Breedlove in Terms of Endearment (1983), directed by James L. Brooks. Nicholson continued to work prolifically in the 1980s, starring in such films as The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981), Reds (1981), Prizzi's Honor (1985), The Witches of Eastwick (1987), Broadcast News (1987), and Ironweed (1987). Three Oscar nominations also followed (Reds, Prizzi's Honor, and Ironweed).

Nicholson introduced several acts at Live Aid at the JFK Stadium in July 1985. He turned down the role of John Book in Witness.^[22] The 1989 Batman movie, wherein Nicholson played the psychotic murderer and villain, The Joker, was an international smash hit, and a lucrative percentage deal earned him a percentage of the box office gross estimated at $60 million to $90 million.^[23] For his role as hot-headed Col. Nathan R. Jessup in A Few Good Men (1992), a movie about a murder in a U.S. Marine Corps unit, Nicholson received yet another Academy nomination.

Jack Nicholson with Vladimir Putin in 2001

In 1996, Nicholson collaborated once more with Batman director Tim Burton on Mars Attacks!, pulling double duty as two contrasting characters, President James Dale and Las Vegas property developer Art Land. At first studio executives at Warner Bros. disliked the idea of killing off Nicholson's character, so Burton created two characters and killed them both off. Not all of Nicholson's performances have been well received. He was nominated for Razzie Awards as worst actor for Man Trouble (1992) and Hoffa (1992). However, Nicholson's performance in Hoffa also earned him a Golden Globe nomination.^[24][25]

Nicholson went on to win his next Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Melvin Udall, a mean-spirited, compulsive obsessive neurotic author in As Good as It Gets (1997), again directed by Brooks. His Oscar was matched with the Academy Award for Best Actress for Helen Hunt as a Manhattan waitress drawn into a love/hate friendship with Udall, a frequent diner in the restaurant in which she worked. In 2001, Nicholson was the first actor to receive the Stanislavsky Award at the 23rd Moscow International Film Festival for "conquering the heights of acting and faithfulness".^[26]

2002–present

Jack Nicholson at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival

In About Schmidt (2002), Nicholson portrayed a retired Omaha, Nebraska actuary who questions his own life following his wife's death. His quietly restrained performance earned him an Academy Award Nomination for Best Actor. In Anger Management (2003), he played an aggressive therapist assigned to help an overly pacifist man (Adam Sandler). In 2003, Nicholson also starred in Something's Gotta Give, as an aging playboy who falls for the mother (Diane Keaton) of his young girlfriend. In late 2006, Nicholson marked his return to the dark side as Frank Costello, a sadistic Boston Irish Mob boss presiding over Matt Damon and Leonardo DiCaprio in Martin Scorsese's Oscar-winning The Departed, a remake of Andrew Lau's Infernal Affairs. The role earned Nicholson world-wide critical praise along with various award wins and nominations including a Golden Globe nomination for supporting actor.

In November 2006, Nicholson began filming his next project, Rob Reiner's The Bucket List, a role for which he shaved his head. The film starred Nicholson and Morgan Freeman as dying men who fulfill their list of goals. The film was released on December 25, 2007 (limited), and January 11, 2008 (wide). In researching the role, Nicholson visited a Los Angeles hospital to see how cancer patients coped with their illnesses. His last film role to date saw him reunite with Terms of Endearment and As Good as It Gets director James L. Brooks for a small supporting role as Paul Rudd's father in How Do You Know.

On September 4, 2013, reports spread around the internet from various sources claiming that Nicholson was retiring from acting due to memory loss, unable to remember the lines for his scripts. Hours later, an unidentified source informed NBC News that the rumors were false and that Nicholson was actively reading scripts and is looking forward to his next project.^[27]

Personal life

Relationships

Nicholson's only marriage was to Sandra Knight from 1962 to 1968. They had one daughter together, Jennifer (born 1963). Actress Susan Anspach contends that her son, Caleb Goddard (born 1970), was fathered by Nicholson, though he is not convinced he is the father.^[28][29] He dated Michelle Phillips in the early 1970s. Between 1973 and 1990, Nicholson had a high-profile but intermittent relationship with actress Anjelica Huston that included periods of overlap with other women, including Danish model Winnie Hollman, by whom he fathered a daughter, Honey Hollmann (born 1981). From 1989 to 1994 Nicholson had a relationship with actress Rebecca Broussard; they had two children together: daughter Lorraine (born 1990) and son Raymond (born 1992).

Vandalism charge

In a criminal lawsuit filed on February 8, 1994, Robert Blank stated that Nicholson, then 56, approached Blank's Mercedes-Benz while he was stopped at a red light in North Hollywood. After accusing the other man of cutting him off in traffic, Nicholson used a golf club to bash the roof and windshield of Blank's car. A witness confirmed Blank's account of the incident, and misdemeanor charges of assault and vandalism were filed against Nicholson. Charges were dropped after Nicholson apologized to Blank and the two reached an undisclosed settlement, which included a reported $500,000 check from Nicholson.^[30]

Nicholson later expressed regret about the incident in an interview with Us Magazine, calling it "a shameful incident in my life." He explained that a close friend had recently died, and that he had also been under a good deal of stress during the shooting of his most recent movie, The Crossing Guard. According to Nicholson, he went "out of [his] mind" after being cut off and snatched one of his golf clubs from the trunk of his car. Though press reports of the incident variously reported that the club in question had been a three- or a five-iron, Nicholson (who started golfing seriously after learning the game for the filming of 1990's The Two Jakes) cleared up the issue in a 2007 interview with Golf Digest. "I was on my way to the course, and in the midst of this madness I somehow knew what I was doing," he says, "because I reached into my trunk and specifically selected a club I never used on the course: my two-iron."^[31]

Nicholson in 2008

The road rage incident was not the last time Nicholson's volatile temper made news. A legendary fan of the Los Angeles Lakers professional basketball team, Nicholson has more than once been threatened with ejection from his courtside seats because he argued with or shouted at the game's referees. As BBC News reported, Nicholson was almost ejected from a Lakers playoff game against the San Antonio Spurs in May 2003 after he yelled at the game's referee^[32] for calling a third foul on Lakers star Shaquille O'Neal. The incident occurred shortly after the release of his latest movie at the time, Anger Management, where he played the role of a therapist.^[33]

Celebrity friendships

Nicholson lived next door to Marlon Brando for a number of years on Mulholland Drive in Beverly Hills. Warren Beatty also lived nearby, earning the road the nickname "Bad Boy Drive." After Brando's death in 2004, Nicholson purchased his bungalow for $6.1 million, with the purpose of having it demolished. Nicholson stated that it was done out of respect to Brando's legacy, as it had become too expensive to renovate the "derelict" building which was plagued by mold.^[34]

Nicholson's friendship with author-journalist Hunter S. Thompson is described in Thompson's autobiography Kingdom of Fear. According to Thompson, they would exchange "bizarre" presents which resulted in a perceived assassination attempt against the actor. Thompson appeared outside Nicholson's home on the night of Nicholson's birthday, having set off a high-powered spotlight and gunfire, playing a tape of animal cries through an amplifier to awaken him. Thompson then left a freshly cut-out elk's heart on Nicholson's door as a joke before leaving when it appeared that nobody would exit the house.^{[citation needed]} Following the death of Thompson in 2005, Nicholson and fellow actors Johnny Depp, John Cusack, and Sean Penn attended the private memorial service in Colorado.^[35]

Nicholson was also a close friend of Robert Evans, the producer of Chinatown in which Nicholson was one of the stars, and after Evans lost his home, Woodland, as the result of a 1980s drug bust, Nicholson and other friends of the producer purchased Woodland to give it back to Evans.^[36][37]

Hobbies

Nicholson in his courtside seat at the Staples Center

Nicholson is a fan of the New York Yankees and Los Angeles Lakers. He has been a Laker season ticket holder since 1970 and has held courtside season tickets for the past 25 years next to the opponent's benches at both The Forum and the Staples Center, missing very few games. In a few instances, Nicholson has engaged in arguments with game officials and opposing players, and even walked onto the court.^[38] Studios were rumored to schedule filming around the Lakers home schedule^[38][39] although he disputed this claim in an interview with BBC radio in 2008.^[40] Traditionally, television shots of the various celebrities at Lakers games conclude with a shot of Nicholson.

In addition to being an avid basketball fan, Nicholson also enjoys boxing, and is frequently seen at ringside for major fights in the United States.

Nicholson is a collector of 20th century and contemporary art, including the work of Henri Matisse, Tamara de Lempicka,^{[citation needed]} Andy Warhol, and Jack Vettriano.^[41] In 1995, artist Ed Ruscha was quoted saying that "Jack Nicholson has one of the best collections out here".^[42]

Honors

Footprints and handprints of Jack Nicholson at Grauman's Chinese Theatre.

Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced on May 28, 2008, that Nicholson would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. The induction ceremony took place on December 15, 2008, where he was inducted alongside 11 other legendary Californians.^[43][44]
In 2010, Nicholson was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.^[45]

In 2011, Nicholson received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from Brown University at its two hundred and forty-third commencement. At the ceremony Ruth Simmons, Brown University's president, called him, "the most skilled actor of our lifetime".^[46]

Awards and nominations

With twelve Academy Award nominations (eight for Best Actor and four for Best Supporting Actor), Nicholson is the most nominated male actor in Academy Awards history. Only Nicholson, Michael Caine, and Laurence Olivier (1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades: the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and the 2000s.
With three Oscar wins, he also ties with Walter Brennan, Daniel Day-Lewis, Ingrid Bergman, and Meryl Streep (who has the most acting nominations of anyone) for the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. Only Katharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, has won more.

At the 79th Academy Awards, Nicholson had fully shaved his head for his role in The Bucket List. In 2013, Nicholson co-presented the Academy Award for Best Picture with first lady Michelle Obama. This ceremony marked the eighth time he has presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2013). Nicholson is an active and voting member of the Academy.