The Yangtze Delta or Yangtze River Delta (YRD, Chinese: 长江三角洲 or simply Chinese: 长三角) is a triangle-shaped megalopolis generally comprising the Wu Chinese-speaking areas of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and northern Jiangxi. The area lies in the heart of the Jiangnan region (literally, "south of the River"), where the Yangtze River drains into the East China Sea. Having fertile soil, the Yangtze Delta abundantly produces grain, cotton, hemp and tea. In 2018, the Yangtze Delta had a GDP of approximately US$2.2 trillion, about the same size as Italy.
The urban build-up in the area has given rise to what may be the largest concentration of adjacent metropolitan areas
in the world. It covers an area of around 100,000 square kilometres
(39,000 sq mi) and is home to over 115 million people as of 2013, of
whom an estimated 83 million are urban. If based on the greater Yangtze
Delta zone, it has over 140 million people in this region. With about a
tenth of China's population and a fifth of the country's GDP, the YRD is
one of the fastest growing and richest regions in East Asia measured by
purchasing power parity.
Since the fourth century, when the national capital was moved to Jiankang (present-day Nanjing) at the start of the Eastern Jin dynasty (AD 317–420), the Yangtze Delta has been a major cultural, economic, and political centre of China. Hangzhou served as the Chinese capital during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), and Nanjing was the early capital of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) before the Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing in 1421.
Other key cities of the region in pre-modern times include Suzhou and Shaoxing. The ancient Suzhou was the capital of the Wu state (12th century BC–473 BC), and the ancient Shaoxing was the capital of the Yue state (20th century BC?–222 BC). Nanjing first served as a capital in the Three Kingdoms period as the capital of Eastern Wu (AD 229–280). In these periods, there were several concomitant states or empires in China and each one had its own capital.
Since the ninth century, the Yangtze Delta has been the most populous area in China, East Asia, and one of the most densely populated areas of the world. During the mid to late period of the Tang dynasty
(618-907), the region emerged as an economic centre, and the Yangtze
Delta became the most important agricultural, handicraft industrial and
economic centre for the late Tang dynasty.
In the Song dynasty, especially during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), with its capital situated in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou),
Lin'an became the biggest city in East Asia with a population more than
1.5 million, and the economic status of the Yangtze Delta became more
enhanced. Ningbo became one of the two biggest seaports in East Asia along with Quanzhou (in Fujian province).
During the mid-late Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the first bud of capitalism of East Asia was born and developed in this area, although it was disrupted by the Manchu invasion and controlled strictly and carefully by the Confucian central government in Beijing, it continued its development slowly throughout the rest of the Qing dynasty
(1644-1911). During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the delta became a
large economic centre for the country, and also played the most
important role in agriculture and handicraft industry.
During the Qianlong era (1735-1796) of the Qing dynasty, Shanghai
began developing rapidly and became the largest port in the Far East.
From late 19th century to early 20th century, Shanghai was the biggest
commercial centre in the Far East. The Yangtze Delta became the first
industrialized area in China.
In the middle and late feudal society of China, the Yangtze River Delta
region initially formed a considerable urban agglomeration.
After the Chinese economic reform program, which began in 1978, Shanghai again became the most important economic centre in mainland China,
and is emerging to become one of Asia's centres for commerce. In modern
times, the Yangtze Delta metropolitan region is centred at Shanghai,
and also flanked by the major metropolitan areas of Hangzhou, Suzhou, Ningbo, and Nanjing,
home to nearly 105 million people (of which an estimated 80 million are
urban residents). It is the centre of Chinese economic development, and
surpasses other concentrations of metropolitan areas (including the Pearl Delta) in China in terms of economic growth, productivity and per capita income.
The delta is one of the most densely populated regions on earth, and includes one of the world's largest cities on its banks — Shanghai,
with a density of 2,700 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,000/sq mi).
Because of the large population of the delta, and factories, farms, and
other cities upriver, the World Wide Fund for Nature says the Yangtze Delta is the biggest cause of marine pollution in the Pacific Ocean.
Most of the people in this region speak Wu Chinese (sometimes called Shanghainese, although Shanghainese is actually one of the dialects within the Wu group of Chinese) as their mother tongue, in addition to Mandarin. Wu is mutually unintelligible with other varieties of Chinese, including Mandarin.
The
Three Gorge Dam has huge impacts on both upstream and downstream. Since
2003, the Yangtze River delta front has experienced severe erosion and
significant sediment coarsening.
Subaqueous delta
The
Yangtze River derived sediment has not really dispersed across the East
China Sea continental shelf, instead, an elongated (~800 km) distal
subaqueous mud wedge (up to 60 m thick) extending from the Yangtze
River mouth southward off the Zhejiang and Fujian coasts into the Taiwan
Strait.
Culture
The
Yangtze River Delta is not only a natural geographical area, but also a
social, economic and cultural area, with the same or similar cultural
traditions and historical memories. The Hui-style culture, Huaiyang culture, Wuyue culture, Shanghai style culture, Chu-Han culture,
etc. have their own charms, but also infiltrate and merge with each
other to form a colorful Yangtze River Delta culture. The profound
humanistic heritage provides an endless stream of spiritual strength for
the economic development of the Yangtze River Delta region, making it
one of the most active areas of economic development, the highest degree
of openness, and the strongest innovation capability in China.
Economy
The
area of the Yangtze Delta incorporates more than twenty relatively
developed cities in three provinces. The term can be generally used to
refer to the entire region extending as far north as Lianyungang, Jiangsu and as far south as Wenzhou,
Zhejiang. The region includes some of the fastest-growing economies in
China in recent years, and as of 2004 has occupied over 21% of China's
total gross GDP.
Fishing and agriculture
The Yangtze Delta contains the most fertile soils in all of China.
Rice is the dominant crop of the delta, but further inland fishing
rivals it. In Qing Pu, 50 ponds, containing five different species of
fish, produce 29,000 tons of fish each year. One of the biggest fears of
fish farmers in this region is that toxic water will seep into their
man-made lagoons and threaten their livelihood.
They've gradually established a three-tier model of governance on increased regional cooperation:
Leadership: Symposium of Governors of YRD Area (长三角地区主要领导座谈会)
Coordination: Joint Conference on Cooperation and Development of YRD Area (长三角地区合作与发展联席会议)
Operation:
Offices of the Joint Conference (联席会议办公室)
Office of YRD Regional Cooperation (长三角区域合作办公室)
Specialized Task Forces (专题合作组)
There is also a conference with longer history for economical cooperation:
Coordinative Conference on Economy for Cities in YRD (长三角城市经济协调会, since 1992)
Joint Conference of Majors (市长联席会议)
Office of the Coordination Society (协调会办公室)
Plans
Outline of the Regional Integration Development Plan of the Yangtze River Delta
Transportation
The
area is home to an extensive transport network. The area has one of the
highest private vehicle ownership rates in China, and traffic rules
governing Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang are relatively strict compared
to the rest of the country. The region contains major hubs for shipping and international trade, including the ports of Shanghai and Ningbo-Zhoushan, the world's largest container and cargo ports, respectively. The region also includes the Hangzhou Bay Bridge,
which at 36 km is the world's longest cross-sea bridge, and the densest
network of rapid-transport rails in the world, spread out across 12
railway lines.
Climate
Shanghai
Climate chart
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
51
8
1
57
9
2
99
13
6
89
19
11
102
24
16
170
28
21
156
32
25
158
31
25
137
27
21
63
23
15
46
17
9
37
11
3
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
The Yangtze Delta has a marine monsoonsubtropical
climate, with hot and humid summers, cool and dry winters, and warm
spring and fall. Winter temperatures can drop as low as -10 °C (a
record), however, and even in springtime, large temperature fluctuations
can occur.
Utopian socialism is the term often used to describe the first current of modern socialism and socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Étienne Cabet, and Robert Owen.
Utopian socialism is often described as the presentation of visions and
outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies, with positive
ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction.
Later socialists and critics of utopian socialism viewed utopian
socialism as not being grounded in actual material conditions of
existing society. These visions of ideal societies competed with revolutionary and social democratic movements.
As a term or label, utopian socialism is most often
applied to, or used to define, those socialists who lived in the first
quarter of the 19th century who were ascribed the label utopian by later
socialists as a pejorative in order to imply naïveté and to dismiss their ideas as fanciful and unrealistic. A similar school of thought that emerged in the early 20th century which makes the case for socialism on moral grounds is ethical socialism.
One key difference between utopian socialists and other socialists such as most anarchists and Marxists is that utopian socialists generally do not believe any form of class struggle or social revolution
is necessary for socialism to emerge. Utopian socialists believe that
people of all classes can voluntarily adopt their plan for society if it
is presented convincingly.
They feel their form of cooperative socialism can be established among
like-minded people within the existing society and that their small
communities can demonstrate the feasibility of their plan for society. Because of this tendency, utopian socialism was also related to classical radicalism, a left-wing liberal ideology.
Development
The term utopian socialism was introduced by Karl Marx in "For a Ruthless Criticism of Everything" in 1843 and then developed in The Communist Manifesto in 1848.
The term was used by later socialist thinkers to describe early
socialist or quasi-socialist intellectuals who created hypothetical
visions of egalitarian, communal, meritocratic, or other notions of perfect societies without considering how these societies could be created or sustained.
In The Poverty of Philosophy, Marx criticized the economic and philosophical arguments of Proudhon set forth in The System of Economic Contradictions, or The Philosophy of Poverty. Marx accused Proudhon of wanting to rise above the bourgeoisie. In the history of Marx's thought and Marxism,
this work is pivotal in the distinction between the concepts of utopian
socialism and what Marx and the Marxists claimed as scientific
socialism. Although utopian socialists shared few political, social, or
economic perspectives, Marx and Engels argued that they shared certain
intellectual characteristics. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote:
The
undeveloped state of the class struggle, as well as their own
surroundings, causes Socialists of this kind to consider themselves far
superior to all class antagonisms. They want to improve the condition of
every member of society, even that of the most favored. Hence, they
habitually appeal to society at large, without distinction of class;
nay, by preference, to the ruling class. For how can people, when once
they understand their system, fail to see it in the best possible plan
of the best possible state of society? Hence, they reject all political,
and especially all revolutionary, action; they wish to attain their
ends by peaceful means, and endeavor, by small experiments, necessarily
doomed to failure, and by the force of example, to pave the way for the
new social Gospel.
Marx and Engels associated utopian
socialism with communitarian socialism which similarly sees the
establishment of small intentional communities as both a strategy for
achieving and the final form of a socialist society. Marx and Engels used the term scientific socialism
to describe the type of socialism they saw themselves developing.
According to Engels, socialism was not "an accidental discovery of this
or that ingenious brain, but the necessary outcome of the struggle
between two historically developed classes, namely the proletariat and
the bourgeoisie. Its task was no longer to manufacture a system of
society as perfect as possible, but to examine the historical-economic
succession of events from which these classes and their antagonism had
of necessity sprung, and to discover in the economic conditions thus
created the means of ending the conflict". Critics have argued that
utopian socialists who established experimental communities were in fact
trying to apply the scientific method to human social organization and were therefore not utopian. On the basis of Karl Popper's definition of science as "the practice of experimentation, of hypothesis and test", Joshua Muravchik
argued that "Owen and Fourier and their followers were the real
'scientific socialists.' They hit upon the idea of socialism, and they
tested it by attempting to form socialist communities". By contrast,
Muravchik further argued that Marx made untestable predictions about the
future and that Marx's view that socialism would be created by
impersonal historical forces may lead one to conclude that it is
unnecessary to strive for socialism because it will happen anyway.
Social unrest between the employee and employer in a society
results from the growth of productive forces such as technology and
natural resources are the main causes of social and economic
development.
These productive forces require a mode of production, or an economic
system, that’s based around private property rights and institutions
that determine the wage for labor. Additionally, the capitalist rulers control the modes of production.
This ideological economic structure allows the bourgeoises to undermine
the worker’s sensibility of their place in society, being that the
bourgeoises rule the society in their own interests. These rulers of
society exploit the relationship between labor and capital, allowing for
them to maximize their profit.
To Marx and Engels, the profiteering through the exploitation of
workers is the core issue of capitalism, explaining their beliefs for
the oppression of the working class. Capitalism will reach a certain
stage, one of which it cannot progress society forward, resulting in the
seeding of socialism.
As a socialist, Marx theorized the internal failures of capitalism. He
described how the tensions between the productive forces and the modes
of production would lead to the downfall of capitalism through a social
revolution.
Leading the revolution would be the proletariat, being that the
preeminence of the bourgeoise would end. Marx’s vision of his society
established that there would be no classes, freedom of mankind, and the
opportunity of self-interested labor to rid any alienation. In Marx’s view, the socialist society would better the lives of the working class by introducing equality for all.
Since the mid-19th century, Engels overtook utopian socialism in
terms of intellectual development and number of adherents. At one time
almost half the population of the world lived under regimes that claimed
to be Marxist. Currents such as Owenism and Fourierism
attracted the interest of numerous later authors but failed to compete
with the now dominant Marxist and Anarchist schools on a political
level. It has been noted that they exerted a significant influence on
the emergence of new religious movements such as spiritualism and occultism.
Utopian socialists were seen as wanting to expand the principles
of the French revolution in order to create a more rational society.
Despite being labeled as utopian by later socialists, their aims were
not always utopian and their values often included rigid support for the
scientific method and the creation of a society based upon scientific
understanding.
In literature and in practice
Robert Owen was one of the founders of utopian socialism.
Robert Owen (1771–1858) was a successful Welsh businessman who devoted much of his profits to improving the lives of his employees. His reputation grew when he set up a textile factory in New Lanark, Scotland, co-funded by his teacher, the utilitarianJeremy Bentham and introduced shorter working hours, schools for children and renovated housing. He wrote about his ideas in his book A New View of Society which was published in 1813 and An Explanation of the Cause of Distress which pervades the civilized parts of the world in 1823. He also set up an Owenite commune called New Harmony in Indiana. This collapsed when one of his business partners ran off with all the profits.
Owen's main contribution to socialist thought was the view that human
social behavior is not fixed or absolute and that humans have the free
will to organize themselves into any kind of society they wished.
Charles Fourier (1772–1837) contributed significantly even if indirectly to the socialist movement. He rejected the Industrial Revolution altogether and thus the problems that arose with it. Fourier viewed societies of factories and moneymaking as cruel and inhumane. He thought industrial development turned human existence bland and left people unstimulated.
Referring back to Adam Smith's Pin factory idea, although production
was roaring, one's day was filled with the same monotonous tasks. Fourier proposed a system of harmony in which people would lead fulfilling and purposeful lives by following their passions. He imagined small communities called Phalanstere which would contain workshops, libraries, and even opera houses. He envisioned people of many different passions coming together to complete tasks they had to carry out. These passions would create 810 different character types. There would be the passion of the butterfly, the fondness of engaging in many different activities. The passion of the cabalist, the desire for intrigue and plots. There would be something to account for every person's true desires. There would be no wages, but instead, people would share the profits that the phalanstery made. Fourier waited for his phalansteries to be brought to life, but this did not occur to his disappointment.
Fourier wrote about people growing tails with eyes on them, six moons
appearing, and the seas would turn into lemonade after setting up his
phalansteries.
He also wrote that humans would form friendships with wild animals and
have friendly anti-tigers carry people around on their backs. His writings often led to people thinking he was a mad man.
However, his ideas and writings brought to light an important question
that many utopian socialists faced: how will there be work that
stimulated all parts of one's personality? Fourier made various fanciful claims about the ideal world he envisioned. His writings about turning work into play influenced the young Karl Marx and helped him devise his theory of alienation.contributed significantly even if indirectly to the socialist movement. Several colonies based on Fourier's ideas were founded in the United States by Albert Brisbane and Horace Greeley.contributed significantly even if indirectly to the socialist movement.
Many Romantic authors, most notably William Godwin and Percy Bysshe Shelley, wrote anti-capitalist works and supported peasant revolutions across early 19th century Europe. Étienne Cabet (1788–1856), influenced by Robert Owen, published a book in 1840 entitled Travel and adventures of Lord William Carisdall in Icaria in which he described an ideal communal society. His attempts to form real socialist communities based on his ideas through the Icarian movement did not survive, but one such community was the precursor of Corning, Iowa. Possibly inspired by Christianity, he coined the word communism and influenced other thinkers, including Marx and Engels.
Utopian socialist pamphlet of Swiss social medical doctor Rudolf Sutermeister (1802–1868)
Edward Bellamy (1850–1898) published Looking Backward
in 1888, a utopian romance novel about a future socialist society. In
Bellamy's utopia, property was held in common and money replaced with a
system of equal credit for all. Valid for a year and non-transferable
between individuals, credit expenditure was to be tracked via
"credit-cards" (which bear no resemblance to modern credit cards which
are tools of debt-finance). Labour was compulsory from age 21 to 40 and
organised via various departments of an Industrial Army to which most
citizens belonged. Working hours were to be cut drastically due to
technological advances (including organisational). People were expected
to be motivated by a Religion of Solidarity and criminal behavior was
treated as a form of mental illness or "atavism". The book ranked as
second or third best seller of its time (after Uncle Tom's Cabin and Ben Hur). In 1897, Bellamy published a sequel entitled Equality as a reply to his critics and which lacked the Industrial Army and other authoritarian aspects.
William Morris (1834–1896) published News from Nowhere in 1890, partly as a response to Bellamy's Looking Backwards,
which he equated with the socialism of Fabians such as Sydney Webb.
Morris' vision of the future socialist society was centred around his
concept of useful work as opposed to useless toil and the redemption of
human labour. Morris believed that all work should be artistic, in the
sense that the worker should find it both pleasurable and an outlet for
creativity. Morris' conception of labour thus bears strong resemblance
to Fourier's, while Bellamy's (the reduction of labour) is more akin to
that of Saint-Simon or in aspects Marx.
Many participants in the historical kibbutz movement in Israel were motivated by utopian socialist ideas. Augustin Souchy
(1892–1984) spent most of his life investigating and participating in
many kinds of socialist communities. Souchy wrote about his experiences
in his autobiography Beware! Anarchist! Behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner (1904–1990) published Walden Two in 1948. The Twin Oaks Community was originally based on his ideas. Ursula K. Le Guin (1929-2018) wrote about an impoverished anarchist society in her book The Dispossessed,
published in 1974, in which the anarchists agree to leave their home
planet and colonize a barely habitable moon in order to avoid a bloody
revolution.
The Yangtze Delta or Yangtze River Delta (YRD, Chinese: 长江三角洲 or simply Chinese: 长三角) is a triangle-shaped megalopolis generally comprising the Wu Chinese-speaking areas of Shanghai, southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and northern Jiangxi. The area lies in the heart of the Jiangnan region (literally, "south of the River"), where the Yangtze River drains into the East China Sea. Having fertile soil, the Yangtze Delta abundantly produces grain, cotton, hemp and tea. In 2018, the Yangtze Delta had a GDP of approximately US$2.2 trillion, about the same size as Italy.
The urban build-up in the area has given rise to what may be the largest concentration of adjacent metropolitan areas
in the world. It covers an area of around 100,000 square kilometres
(39,000 sq mi) and is home to over 115 million people as of 2013, of
whom an estimated 83 million are urban. If based on the greater Yangtze
Delta zone, it has over 140 million people in this region. With about a
tenth of China's population and a fifth of the country's GDP, the YRD is
one of the fastest growing and richest regions in East Asia measured by
purchasing power parity.
Since the fourth century, when the national capital was moved to Jiankang (present-day Nanjing) at the start of the Eastern Jin dynasty (AD 317–420), the Yangtze Delta has been a major cultural, economic, and political centre of China. Hangzhou served as the Chinese capital during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), and Nanjing was the early capital of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) before the Yongle Emperor moved the capital to Beijing in 1421.
Other key cities of the region in pre-modern times include Suzhou and Shaoxing. The ancient Suzhou was the capital of the Wu state (12th century BC–473 BC), and the ancient Shaoxing was the capital of the Yue state (20th century BC?–222 BC). Nanjing first served as a capital in the Three Kingdoms period as the capital of Eastern Wu (AD 229–280). In these periods, there were several concomitant states or empires in China and each one had its own capital.
Since the ninth century, the Yangtze Delta has been the most populous area in China, East Asia, and one of the most densely populated areas of the world. During the mid to late period of the Tang dynasty
(618-907), the region emerged as an economic centre, and the Yangtze
Delta became the most important agricultural, handicraft industrial and
economic centre for the late Tang dynasty.
In the Song dynasty, especially during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279), with its capital situated in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou),
Lin'an became the biggest city in East Asia with a population more than
1.5 million, and the economic status of the Yangtze Delta became more
enhanced. Ningbo became one of the two biggest seaports in East Asia along with Quanzhou (in Fujian province).
During the mid-late Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the first bud of capitalism of East Asia was born and developed in this area, although it was disrupted by the Manchu invasion and controlled strictly and carefully by the Confucian central government in Beijing, it continued its development slowly throughout the rest of the Qing dynasty
(1644-1911). During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the delta became a
large economic centre for the country, and also played the most
important role in agriculture and handicraft industry.
During the Qianlong era (1735-1796) of the Qing dynasty, Shanghai
began developing rapidly and became the largest port in the Far East.
From late 19th century to early 20th century, Shanghai was the biggest
commercial centre in the Far East. The Yangtze Delta became the first
industrialized area in China.
In the middle and late feudal society of China, the Yangtze River Delta
region initially formed a considerable urban agglomeration.
After the Chinese economic reform program, which began in 1978, Shanghai again became the most important economic centre in mainland China,
and is emerging to become one of Asia's centres for commerce. In modern
times, the Yangtze Delta metropolitan region is centred at Shanghai,
and also flanked by the major metropolitan areas of Hangzhou, Suzhou, Ningbo, and Nanjing,
home to nearly 105 million people (of which an estimated 80 million are
urban residents). It is the centre of Chinese economic development, and
surpasses other concentrations of metropolitan areas (including the Pearl Delta) in China in terms of economic growth, productivity and per capita income.
The delta is one of the most densely populated regions on earth, and includes one of the world's largest cities on its banks — Shanghai,
with a density of 2,700 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,000/sq mi).
Because of the large population of the delta, and factories, farms, and
other cities upriver, the World Wide Fund for Nature says the Yangtze Delta is the biggest cause of marine pollution in the Pacific Ocean.
Most of the people in this region speak Wu Chinese (sometimes called Shanghainese, although Shanghainese is actually one of the dialects within the Wu group of Chinese) as their mother tongue, in addition to Mandarin. Wu is mutually unintelligible with other varieties of Chinese, including Mandarin.
The
Three Gorge Dam has huge impacts on both upstream and downstream. Since
2003, the Yangtze River delta front has experienced severe erosion and
significant sediment coarsening.
Subaqueous delta
The
Yangtze River derived sediment has not really dispersed across the East
China Sea continental shelf, instead, an elongated (~800 km) distal
subaqueous mud wedge (up to 60 m thick) extending from the Yangtze
River mouth southward off the Zhejiang and Fujian coasts into the Taiwan
Strait.
Culture
The
Yangtze River Delta is not only a natural geographical area, but also a
social, economic and cultural area, with the same or similar cultural
traditions and historical memories. The Hui-style culture, Huaiyang culture, Wuyue culture, Shanghai style culture, Chu-Han culture,
etc. have their own charms, but also infiltrate and merge with each
other to form a colorful Yangtze River Delta culture. The profound
humanistic heritage provides an endless stream of spiritual strength for
the economic development of the Yangtze River Delta region, making it
one of the most active areas of economic development, the highest degree
of openness, and the strongest innovation capability in China.
Economy
The
area of the Yangtze Delta incorporates more than twenty relatively
developed cities in three provinces. The term can be generally used to
refer to the entire region extending as far north as Lianyungang, Jiangsu and as far south as Wenzhou,
Zhejiang. The region includes some of the fastest-growing economies in
China in recent years, and as of 2004 has occupied over 21% of China's
total gross GDP.
Fishing and agriculture
The Yangtze Delta contains the most fertile soils in all of China.
Rice is the dominant crop of the delta, but further inland fishing
rivals it. In Qing Pu, 50 ponds, containing five different species of
fish, produce 29,000 tons of fish each year. One of the biggest fears of
fish farmers in this region is that toxic water will seep into their
man-made lagoons and threaten their livelihood.
They've gradually established a three-tier model of governance on increased regional cooperation:
Leadership: Symposium of Governors of YRD Area (长三角地区主要领导座谈会)
Coordination: Joint Conference on Cooperation and Development of YRD Area (长三角地区合作与发展联席会议)
Operation:
Offices of the Joint Conference (联席会议办公室)
Office of YRD Regional Cooperation (长三角区域合作办公室)
Specialized Task Forces (专题合作组)
There is also a conference with longer history for economical cooperation:
Coordinative Conference on Economy for Cities in YRD (长三角城市经济协调会, since 1992)
Joint Conference of Majors (市长联席会议)
Office of the Coordination Society (协调会办公室)
Plans
Outline of the Regional Integration Development Plan of the Yangtze River Delta
Transportation
The
area is home to an extensive transport network. The area has one of the
highest private vehicle ownership rates in China, and traffic rules
governing Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang are relatively strict compared
to the rest of the country. The region contains major hubs for shipping and international trade, including the ports of Shanghai and Ningbo-Zhoushan, the world's largest container and cargo ports, respectively. The region also includes the Hangzhou Bay Bridge,
which at 36 km is the world's longest cross-sea bridge, and the densest
network of rapid-transport rails in the world, spread out across 12
railway lines.
The Yangtze Delta has a marine monsoonsubtropical
climate, with hot and humid summers, cool and dry winters, and warm
spring and fall. Winter temperatures can drop as low as -10 °C (a
record), however, and even in springtime, large temperature fluctuations
can occur.
Chángjiāng sānjiǎozhōu (help·info)
