Louis Leakey
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|---|---|
Louis Leakey examining skulls from Olduvai Gorge
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| Born |
Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey
7 August 1903 |
| Died | 1 October 1972 (aged 69) |
| Citizenship | Kenyan, British |
| Known for | Pioneering the study of human evolution in Africa |
| Spouse(s) |
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| Children | |
| Awards | Hubbard Medal (1962) Prestwich Medal (1969) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Archaeology, paleoanthropology, paleontology |
| Influenced | |
Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (7 August 1903 – 1 October 1972) was a Kenyan paleoanthropologist and archaeologist whose work was important in demonstrating that humans evolved in Africa, particularly through discoveries made at Olduvai Gorge with his wife, fellow paleontologist Mary Leakey. Having established a program of palaeoanthropological inquiry in eastern Africa, he also motivated many future generations to continue this scholarly work. Several members of Leakey's family became prominent scholars themselves.
Another of Leakey's legacies stems from his role in fostering field research of primates in their natural habitats, which he saw as key to understanding human evolution. He personally chose three female researchers, Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, and Birutė Galdikas, calling them The Trimates. Each went on to become an important scholar in the field of primatology. Leakey also encouraged and supported many other Ph.D. candidates, most notably from the University of Cambridge. Leakey also played a major role in creating organizations for future research in Africa and for protecting wildlife there.
Background
| “ | When I think back ... of the serval cat and a baboon that I had as pets in my childhood days—and that eventually I had to house in large cages—it makes me sad. It makes me sadder still, however, and also very angry, when I think of the innumerable adult animals and birds deliberately caught and locked up for the so-called 'pleasure' and 'education' of thoughtless human beings. ... surely there is today so many first-class films ... that the cruelty of keeping wild creatures in zoos should no longer be tolerated. | ” |
| — Louis Leakey, By the Evidence, Chapter 4 | ||
Louis's parents, Harry (1868–1940) and Mary (May) Bazett Leakey (died 1948), were Church of England missionaries in British East Africa (now Kenya). Harry was the son of James Shirley Leakey (1824–1871), one of the eleven children of the portrait painter James Leakey. Harry Leakey was assigned to an established post of the Church Mission Society among the Kikuyu at Kabete, in the highlands north of Nairobi. The station was at that time a hut and two tents. Louis's earliest home had an earthen floor, a leaky thatched roof, rodents and insects, and no heating system except for charcoal braziers. The facilities slowly improved over time. The mission, a center of activity, set up a clinic in one of the tents, and later a girls' school. Harry was working on a translation of the Bible into the Gikuyu language. He had a distinguished career in the CMS, becoming canon of the station.
Louis had a younger brother, Douglas, and two older sisters,
Gladys and Julia. Both sisters married missionaries: Gladys married Leonard Beecher, Anglican Bishop of Mombasa and then Archbishop of East Africa from 1960 to 1970; Julia married Lawrence Barham, the second Bishop of Rwanda and Burundi from 1964 to 1966; their son Ken Barham was later the Bishop of Cyangugu in Rwanda.
The Leakey household came to contain Miss Oakes (a governess),
Miss Higgenbotham (another missionary), and Mariamu (a Kikuyu nurse).
Louis grew up, played, and learned to hunt with the native Kikuyus. He
also learned to walk with the distinctive gait of the Kikuyu and speak
their language fluently, as did his siblings. He was initiated into the
Kikuyu ethnic group, an event of which he never spoke, as he was sworn
to secrecy.
Louis requested and was given permission to build and move into a
hut, Kikuyu style, at the end of the garden. It was home to his
personal collection of natural objects, such as birds' eggs and skulls.
All the children developed a keen interest in and appreciation of the
pristine natural surroundings in which they found themselves. They
raised baby animals, later turning them over to zoos. Louis read a gift book, Days Before History, by H. R. Hall (1907), a juvenile fictional work illustrating the prehistory of Britain. He began to collect tools and was further encouraged in this activity by a role model, Arthur Loveridge, first curator (1914) of the Natural History Museum in Nairobi, predecessor of the Coryndon Museum.
This interest may have predisposed him toward a career in archaeology.
His father was also a role model: Canon Leakey co-founded the East
Africa and Uganda Natural History Society.
Neither Harry nor May were of strong constitution. From 1904–1906 the entire family lived at May's mother's house in Reading, Berkshire, England, while Harry recovered from neurasthenia,
and again in 1911–1913, while May recovered from general frailty and
exhaustion. During the latter stay, Harry bought a house in Boscombe, Hampshire.
The formative years
Attendance at Cambridge
In
Britain, the Leakey children attended elementary school; in Africa,
they had a tutor. The family sat out World War I in Africa. When the sea
lanes opened again in 1919, they returned to Boscombe, where Louis was
sent to Weymouth College,
a private boys' school, when he was 16 years old. In three years there,
he did not do well and complained of hazing and rules that he
considered an infringement on his freedom. Advised by one teacher to
seek employment in a bank, he secured help from an English teacher in
applying to St John's College, Cambridge. He received a scholarship for his high scores on the entrance exams.
Louis matriculated at the University of Cambridge, his father's alma mater, in 1922, intending to become a missionary to British East Africa.
He frequently told a story about his final exams. When he had
arrived in Britain, he had notified the register that he was fluent in Swahili.
When he came to his finals, he asked to be examined in this language,
and the authorities agreed. Then one day, he received two letters. One
instructed him to report at a certain time and place for a viva voce examination in Swahili. The other asked if, at the same time and place, he would examine a candidate in Swahili.
Beginning archaeological and paleontological research
In 1922 the British had been awarded German East Africa as part of the settlement of World War I. Within the Tanganyika Territory the Germans had discovered a site rich in dinosaur fossils, Tendaguru. Louis was told by C. W. Hobley, a friend of the family, that the British Museum of Natural History
was going to send a fossil-hunting expedition led by William E. Cutler
to the site. Louis applied and was hired to locate the site and manage
the administrative details.
In 1924 they departed for Africa. They never found a complete dinosaur
skeleton, and Louis was recalled from the site by Cambridge in 1925.
Louis switched his focus to anthropology, and found a new mentor in Alfred Cort Haddon, head of the Cambridge department. In 1926, Louis graduated with a "double first",
or high honours, in anthropology and archaeology. He had used some of
his preexisting qualifications; for example, Kikuyu was offered and
accepted as the second modern language
in which he was required to be proficient, even though no one there
could test him on it. The university accepted an affidavit from a Kikuyu
chief signed with a thumbprint.
From 1925 on Louis lectured and wrote on African archaeological
and palaeontological topics. On graduation he was such a respected
figure that Cambridge sent him to East Africa to study prehistoric
African humans. He excavated dozens of sites, undertaking for the first
time a systematic study of the artifacts. Some of his names for
archaeological cultures are still in use; for example, the Elmenteitan.
Research fellow
St. John's College, Cambridge.
In 1927, Louis received a visit at a site called Gamble's Cave, near Lake Elmenteita,
by two women on a holiday, one of whom was Frida Avern (1902–1993).
Avern had done some course work in archaeology. Louis and Frida began a
relationship, which continued upon his return to Cambridge. In 1928,
they married and continued work near Lake Elmenteita. Finds from
Gamble's Cave were donated by Leakey to the British Museum in 1931. At that time he discovered the Acheulean site of Kariandusi, which he excavated in 1928.
On the strength of his work there, he obtained a post-graduate research fellowship at St. John's College
and returned to Cambridge in 1929 to classify and prepare the finds
from Elmenteita. His patron and mentor at Cambridge was now Arthur Keith. While cleaning two skeletons he had found, he noticed a similarity to one found in Olduvai Gorge by Professor Hans Reck, a German national, whom Louis had met in 1925 in Germany while on business for Keith.
Olduvai Gorge
The geology of Olduvai was known. In 1913, Reck had extricated a
skeleton from Bed II in the gorge wall. He argued that it must have the
date of the bed, which was believed to be 600,000 years, in the mid-Pleistocene.
Early dates for human evolution were not widely accepted by the general
public at the time. Reck became involved in a media uproar. He was
barred from going back to settle the question by the war and then the
terms of the transfer of Tanganyika from Germany to Britain. In 1929, Louis visited Berlin to talk to the now skeptical Reck. Noting an Acheulean tool in Reck's collection of artifacts from Olduvai, he bet Reck he could find ancient stone tools at Olduvai within 24 hours.
Louis received his PhD in 1930 at the age of 27. His first child,
a daughter named Priscilla Muthoni Leakey, was born in 1931. His
headaches and epilepsy returned, and he was prescribed Luminal, which he took for the rest of his life.
Reversals of fortune
The Defence of Reck
In November 1931, Louis led an expedition to Olduvai whose members included Reck,
whom Louis allowed to enter the gorge first. Leakey had bet Reck that
Leakey would find Acheulean tools within the first 24 hours, which he
did.
These verified the provenance of the 1913 find, now called Olduvai Man.
Non-humanoid fossils and tools were extracted from the ground in large
numbers. Frida delayed joining her husband and was less enthusiastic
about him on behalf of Priscilla. She did arrive eventually, however,
and Louis put her to work. Frida's site became FLK, for Frida Leakey's
Karongo ("gully").
Back in Cambridge, the skeptics were not impressed. To find
supporting evidence of the antiquity of Reck's Olduvai Man, Louis
returned to Africa, excavating at Kanam and Kanjera. He easily found more fossils, which he named Homo kanamensis.
While he was gone, the opposition worked up some "evidence" of the
intrusion of Olduvai Man into an earlier layer, evidence that seemed
convincing at the time, but is missing and unverifiable now. On his
return, Louis' finds were carefully examined by a committee of 26
scientists and were tentatively accepted as valid.
Scandal
With Frida's dowry money, the Leakeys bought a large brick house in Girton near Cambridge, which they named "The Close."
Frida was now pregnant and suffered from morning sickness most of the time and was unable to work on the illustrations for Louis's second book, Adam's Ancestors. At a dinner party given in his honor after a lecture of his at the Royal Anthropological Institute, Gertrude Caton-Thompson introduced her own illustrator, the twenty-year-old Mary Nicol.
Louis convinced Mary to take on the illustration of his book, and a few
months later companionship turned to
romance. Frida gave birth to Colin in December 1933, and the next month Louis asked her for a divorce. She would not sue for divorce until 1936.
A panel at Cambridge investigated his morals. Grants dried up,
but his mother raised enough money for another expedition to Olduvai,
Kanam and Kanjera, the latter two on the Winam Gulf. His previous work there was questioned by P. G. H. Boswell,
whom he invited to verify the sites for himself. Arriving at Kanam and
Kanjera in 1935, they found that the iron markers Louis had used to mark
the sites had been removed by the Luo
tribe for use as harpoons and the sites could not now be located. To
make matters worse, all the photos Louis took were ruined by a light
leak in the camera. After an irritating and fruitless two-month search,
Boswell left for England, promising, as Louis understood it, not to
publish a word until Louis returned.
Boswell immediately set out to publish as many words as he was able, beginning with a letter in Nature
dated 9 March 1935, destroying Reck's and Louis's dates of the fossils
and questioning Louis's competence. Despite the searches for the iron
markers, Boswell averred that "the earlier expedition (of 1931–32)
neither marked the localities on the ground nor recorded the sites on a
map."
In a field report of March 1935, Louis accused Boswell of reneging on
his word, but Boswell asserted he had made no such promise, and now
having public opinion on his side, warned Louis to withdraw the claim.
Louis was not only forced to retract the accusation in his final field
report in June 1935, but also to recant his support of Reck. Louis was
through at Cambridge. Even his mentors turned on him.
On the road in Africa
Meeting
Mary in Africa, he proceeded to Olduvai with a small party. Louis'
parents continued to urge him to return to Frida, and would pay for
everyone in the party but Mary. Mary joined him under a stigma but her
skill and competence eventually won over the other participants. Louis
and his associates did the groundwork for future excavation at Olduvai,
uncovering dozens of sites for a broad sampling, as was his method. They
were named after the excavator: SHK (Sam Howard's karongo), BK (Peter
Bell's), SWK (Sam White's), MNK (Mary Nicol's). Louis and Mary conducted
a temporary clinic for the Maasai, made preliminary investigations of Laetoli, and ended by studying the rock paintings at the Kisese/Cheke region.
Return to England
Steen Cottage, Nasty, Great Munden in 2011
Louis and Mary returned to England in 1935 without positions or any
place to stay except Mary's mother's apartment. They soon leased Steen
Cottage in Great Munden. This settlement was in Hertfordshire and had an unusual name which Louis, with his sense of humor noted in his Memoirs, Chapter 5, as "the village of Nasty."
They lived without heat, electricity, or plumbing, fetching water from a
well and writing by oil lantern. They lived in poverty for 18 months at
this low point of their fortunes, visited at first only by Mary's
relatives. Louis gardened for subsistence and exercise and improved the
house and grounds. He appealed at last to the Royal Society, who relented with a small grant to continue work on his collection.
In British East Africa
Return to British East Africa
Louis had already involved himself in Kikuyu tribal affairs in 1928, taking a stand against female genital cutting. He got into a shouting match in Kikuyu one evening with Jomo Kenyatta, later the president of Kenya, who was lecturing on the topic. R. Copeland at Oxford recommended he apply to the Rhodes Trust
for a grant to write a study of the Kikuyu and it was given late in
1936 along with a salary for two years. In January 1937 the Leakeys
travelled to Kenya. Colin would not see his father for 20 years.
Louis returned to Kiambaa near Nairobi
and persuaded Senior Chief Koinange, who designated a committee of
chiefs, to help him describe the Kikuyu the way they had been. Mary
excavated at Waterfall Cave.
She fell ill with double pneumonia and was near death for two weeks in
the hospital in Nairobi, during which time her mother was sent for.
Contrary to expectation, she recovered and began another excavation at Hyrax Hill and then Njoro River Cave.
Louis got an extension of his grant, which he used partially for
fossil-hunting. Leakey discoveries began to appear in the newspapers
again.
Tensions between the Kikuyu and the settlers increased
alarmingly. Louis jumped into the fray as an exponent of the middle
ground. In Kenya: Contrasts and Problems, he angered the settlers by proclaiming Kenya could never be a "white man's country."
The Fossil Police
The
government offered Louis work as a policeman in intelligence, which he
accepted. He traveled the country as a pedlar, reporting on the talk.
When Britain went to war in September 1939 the Kenyan government drafted
Louis into its African intelligence service. Apart from some bumbling around, during which he and some settlers stalked each other as possible saboteurs of the Sagana Railway Bridge, his first task was to supply and arm Ethiopian guerrillas against the Italian invaders of their country. He created a clandestine network using his childhood friends among the Kikuyu. They also hunted fossils on the sly.
Louis conducted interrogations, analyzed handwriting, wrote radio
broadcasts and took on regular police investigations. He loved a good
mystery of any sort. The white leadership of the King's African Rifles
used him extensively to clear up many cultural mysteries; for example,
he helped an officer remove a curse he had inadvertently put on his men.
Mary continued to find and excavate sites. Jonathan Leakey was born in 1940. She worked in the Coryndon Memorial Museum (later called the National Museums of Kenya)
where Louis joined her as an unpaid honorary curator in 1941. Their
life was a menage of police work and archaeology. They investigated Rusinga Island and Olorgesailie.
At the latter site they were assisted by a team of Italian experts
recruited from the prisoners of war and paroled for the purpose.
In 1942 the Italian menace ended, but the Japanese began to
reconnoiter with a view toward landing in force. Louis found himself in
counter-intelligence work, which he performed with zest and imagination.
Deborah was born, but died at three months. They lived in a rundown and
bug infested Nairobi home, provided by the museum. Jonathan was attacked by army ants in his crib.
The turn of the tide
In 1944 Richard Leakey
was born. In 1945 the family's income from police work all but
vanished. By now Louis was getting plenty of job offers but he chose to
stay on in Kenya as Curator of the Coryndon Museum, with an annual
salary and a house, but more importantly, to continue
palaeoanthropological research.
In January 1947 Louis conducted the first Pan-African Congress of
Prehistory at Nairobi. Sixty scientists from 26 countries attended,
delivering papers and visiting the Leakey sites. The conference restored
Louis to the scientific fold and made him a major figure in it. With
the money that now poured in Louis undertook the famous expeditions of
1948 and beyond at Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria, where Mary discovered the most complete Proconsul fossil up to that time.
Charles Watson Boise donated money for a boat to be used for transport on Lake Victoria, The Miocene Lady. Its skipper, Hassan Salimu, was later to deliver Jane Goodall to Gombe. Philip Leakey was born in 1949. In 1950, Louis was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University.
Kenyan affairs
| “ | ... I sought a personal interview with the governor, hoping to make him appreciate that it was no longer possible to continue along the lines of the old colonial regime. ... Colonial governors and senior civil servants are not easy people to argue with; and, of course, I was not popular, because of my criticism of the colonial service ... Had it been possible to make the government open its eyes to the realities of the situation, I believe that the whole miserable episode of what is frequently spoken of as 'the Mau Mau rebellion' need never have taken place. | ” |
| — Louis Leakey, By the Evidence,Chapter 18 | ||
While the Leakeys were at Lake Victoria, the Kikuyu struck at the
European settlers of the Kenyan highlands, who seemed to have the upper
hand and were insisting on a "white" government of a "white" Africa. In
1949 the Kikuyu formed a secret society, the Mau Mau, which attacked settlers and especially loyalist Kikuyu.
Louis had attempted to warn Sir Philip Mitchell,
governor of the colony, that nocturnal meetings and forced oaths were
not Kikuyu customs and foreboded violence, but was ignored. Now he found
himself pulled away from anthropology to investigate the Mau Mau.
During this period his life was threatened and a reward placed on his
head. The Leakeys began to pack pistols, termed "European National
Dress." The government placed him under 24-hour guard.
In 1952, after a massacre of loyal chiefs, the government arrested Jomo Kenyatta, president of the Kenya African Union.
Louis was summoned to be a court interpreter, but withdrew after an
accusation of mistranslation because of prejudice against the defendant.
He returned on request to translate documents only. Because of lack of
evidence linking Kenyatta to the Mau Mau, although convicted, he did not
receive the death penalty, but was sentenced to several years of hard
labor and banned from Kenya.
The government brought in British troops and formed a home guard
of 20,000 Kikuyu. During this time Louis played a difficult and
contradictory role. He sided with the settlers, serving as their
spokesman and intelligence officer, helping to ferret out bands of
guerrillas. On the other hand, he continued to advocate for the Kikuyu
in his 1954 book Defeating Mau Mau and numerous talks and
articles. He recommended a multi-racial government, land reform in the
highlands, a wage hike for the Kikuyu, and many other reforms, most of
which were eventually adopted.
The British realized the rebellion was being directed from urban
centers, instituted military law and rounded up the committees.
Following Louis' suggestion, thousands of Kikuyu were placed in
re-education camps and resettled in new villages. The rebellion
continued from bases under Mt. Kenya until 1956, when, deprived of its
leadership and supplies, it had to disperse. The state of emergency
lasted until 1960. In 1963 Kenya became independent, with Jomo Kenyatta
as prime minister.
Work in Palaeoanthropology
Olduvai Gorge
| “ | We know from the study of evolution that, again and again, various branches of animal stock have become over-specialized, and that over-specialization has led to their extinction. Present-day Homo sapiens is in many physical respects still very unspecialized ... But in one thing man, as we know him today, is over-specialized. His brain power is very over-specialized compared to the rest of his physical make-up, and it may well be that this over-specialization will lead, just as surely, to his extinction. ... if we are to control our future, we must first understand the past better. | ” |
| — Louis Leakey, Adam's Ancestors, 4th ed., final page | ||
Beginning in 1951, Louis and Mary began intensive research at Olduvai
Gorge. A trial trench in Bed II at BK in 1951 was followed by a more
extensive excavation in 1952. They found what Louis termed an Oldowan
"slaughter-house", an ancient bog where animals had been trapped and
butchered. Excavations stopped in 1953 but were briefly resumed in 1955
with Jean Brown.
In 1959, excavations at Bed I were opened. While Louis was sick in camp, Mary discovered the fossilized skull OH 5 at FLK, Paranthropus boisei, famously identified as "Zinjanthropus" or "Zinj." The question was whether the fossil belonged to a previous genus discovered by Robert Broom, Paranthropus, or a member of a different genus ancestral to humans. Louis opted for Zinjanthropus, a decision opposed by Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, but one which attracted the attention of Melville Bell Grosvenor, president of the National Geographic Society. That contact resulted in an article in National Geographic and a large grant to continue work at Olduvai.
In 1960, geophysicists Jack Evernden and Garniss Curtis dated Bed I from 1.89 to 1.75 million years ago, confirming the great antiquity of fossil hominids in Africa.
In 1960, Louis appointed Mary director of excavation at Olduvai. She brought in a staff of Kamba assistants, including Kamoya Kimeu,
who later discovered many of eastern Africa's most famous fossils. At
Olduvai, Mary set up Camp 5 and began work with her own staff and
associates.
At "Jonny's site", FLK-NN, Jonathan Leakey discovered two skull fragments without the Australopithecine sagittal crest, which Mary connected with Broom's and Robinson's Telanthropus. The problem with it was its contemporaneity with Zinjanthropus. When mailed photographs, Le Gros Clark retorted casually "Shades of Piltdown." Louis cabled him immediately and had some strong words at this suggestion of his incompetence. Clark apologized.
Not long afterwards, in 1960, Louis, his son Philip and Ray Pickering discovered a fossil he termed "Chellean Man", (Olduvai Hominid 9), in context with Oldowan tools. After reconstruction Louis and Mary called it "Pinhead." It was subsequently identified as Homo erectus, contemporaneous with Paranthropus at 1.4 million years old.
In 1961 Louis got a salary as well as a grant from the National Geographic Society
and turned over the acting directorship of Coryndon to a subordinate.
He created the Centre for Prehistory and Paleontology on the same
grounds, moved his collections to it, and appointed himself director.
This was his new operations center. He opened another excavation at Fort Ternan on Lake Victoria. Shortly after, Heselon discovered Kenyapithecus wickeri, named after the owner of the property. Louis promptly celebrated with George Gaylord Simpson, who happened to be present, aboard the Miocene Lady with "Leakey Safari Specials", a drink made of condensed milk and cognac.
In 1962 Louis was visiting Olduvai when Ndibo Mbuika discovered the first tooth of Homo habilis at MNK. Louis and Mary thought it was female and named her Cinderella, or Cindy. Phillip Tobias identified Jonny's Child with it and Raymond Dart came up with the name Homo habilis at Louis' request, which Tobias translated as "handyman." It was seen as intermediary between gracile Australopithecus and Homo.
Calico Hills
In 1959 Leakey, while at the British Museum of Natural History in London, received a visit from Ruth DeEtte Simpson, an archaeologist from California. Simpson had acquired what looked like ancient scrapers from a site in the Calico Hills and showed it to Leakey.
In 1963, Leakey obtained funds from the National Geographic Society and commenced archaeological excavations with Simpson. Excavations at the site carried out by Leakey and Simpson revealed that they had located stone artifacts which were dated 100,000 years or older, suggesting a human presence in North America much earlier than others had estimated.
The geologist Vance Haynes had made three visits to the site in 1973 and had claimed that the artifacts found by Leakey were naturally formed geofacts. According to Haynes, the geofacts were formed by stones becoming fractured in an ancient river on the site.
In her autobiography, Mary Leakey
wrote that because of Louis's involvement with the Calico Hills site
she had lost academic respect for him and that the Calico excavation
project was "catastrophic to his professional career and was largely
responsible for the parting of our ways".
The Trimates
One of Louis's greatest legacies stems from his role in fostering
field research of primates in their natural habitats, which he
understood as key to unraveling the mysteries of human evolution. He personally chose three female researchers, Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, and Birute Galdikas, calling them The Trimates.
Each went on to become an important scholar in the field of
primatology, immersing themselves in the study of chimpanzees, gorillas,
and orangutans, respectively. Leakey also encouraged and supported many
other Ph.D. candidates, most notably from Cambridge University.
The last years
During
his final years Louis became famous as a lecturer in the United Kingdom
and United States. He did not excavate any longer, as he was crippled
with arthritis,
for which he had a hip replacement in 1968. He raised funds and
directed his family and associates. In Kenya he was a facilitator for
hundreds of scientists exploring the East African Rift system for fossils.
In 1968, Louis refused an honorary doctorate from the University
of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, primarily because of apartheid in
South Africa. Mary accepted one, and thereafter led separate
professional lives.
In the last few years Louis' health began to fail more seriously.
He had his first heart attacks and spent six months in the hospital. An
empathy over health brought him and Dian Fossey
together for a brief romance, which she broke off. Richard began to
assume more and more of his father's responsibilities, which Louis
resisted, but in the end was forced to accept.
Death and legacy
Death
On 1 October 1972, Louis had a heart attack
in Jane Goodall's apartment in London. Jane sat up all night with him
in St. Stephen's Hospital and left at 9:00 a.m. He died 30 minutes
later at the age of 69.
Mary wanted to cremate Louis and fly the ashes back to Nairobi. Richard intervened. Louis was flown home and interred at Limuru, near the graves of his parents.
In denial, the family did not face the question of a memorial
marker for a year. When Richard went to place a stone on the grave he
found one already there, courtesy of Rosalie Osborn. The inscription was
signed with the letters, ILYFA, "I'll love you forever always", which Rosalie used to place on her letters to him. Richard left it in place.
Prominent organizations
- 1958. Louis founded the Tigoni Primate Research Center with Cynthia Booth, on her farm north of Nairobi. Later it was the National Primate Research Center, currently the Institute of Primate Research, now in Nairobi. As the Tigoni center, it funded Leakey's Angels.
- 1961. Louis created the Centre for Prehistory and Paleontology on the same grounds as Coryndon Museum, appointing himself director.
- 1968. Louis assisted with the founding of The Leakey Foundation, to ensure the legacy of his life's work in the study of human origins. The Leakey Foundation exists today as the number-one funder of human-origins research in the United States.
Prominent family members
Louis Leakey was married to Mary Leakey, who made the noteworthy discovery of fossil footprints at Laetoli. Found preserved in volcanic ash in Tanzania, they are the earliest record of bipedal gait.
He is also the father of paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey and the botanist Colin Leakey. Louis's cousin, Nigel Gray Leakey, was a recipient of the Victoria Cross during World War II.
