| Great Basin National Park | |
|---|---|
IUCN category II (national park)
| |
Bristlecone pine and Wheeler Peak
| |
 
Great Basin
Location in Nevada
| |
| Location | White Pine County, Nevada, United States |
| Nearest city | Ely, Baker, Border |
| Coordinates | 39.00581°N 114.21969°WCoordinates: 39.00581°N 114.21969°W |
| Area | 77,180 acres (312.3 km2) |
| Established | October 27, 1986 |
| Visitors | 153,094 (in 2018) |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | Official website |
Great Basin National Park is an American national park located in White Pine County in east-central Nevada, near the Utah border, established in 1986. The park is most commonly entered by way of Nevada State Route 488, which is connected to U.S. Routes 6 and 50 by Nevada State Route 487 via the small town of Baker, the closest settlement.
The park derives its name from the Great Basin, the dry and mountainous region between the Sierra Nevada and the Wasatch Mountains. Topographically, this area is known as the Basin and Range Province. The park is located about 290 miles (470 km) north of Las Vegas and protects 77,180 acres (31,230 ha).
The park is notable for its groves of ancient bristlecone pines, the oldest known nonclonal organisms, and for the Lehman Caves at the base of 13,063-foot (3,982 m) Wheeler Peak, as well as Wheeler Peak Glacier.
President Warren G. Harding created Lehman Caves National Monument by presidential proclamation on January 24, 1922. The monument was redesignated a national park on October 27, 1986. A number of developed campsites are within the park, as well as excellent backcountry camping opportunities. The Highland Ridge Wilderness lies adjacent to Great Basin National Park. These two protected areas provide contiguous wildlife habitat and protection to 227.8 square miles (590.0 km2) of eastern Nevada's basin lands.
Natural history
Flora
Conifers thrive at middle elevations of Wheeler Peak.
Eleven species of conifer trees and over 800 species of plants are
found in Great Basin National Park and the neighboring valleys.
The area around the Visitor Center is dominated by plants such as sagebrush, saltbush, single-leaf pinyon, and Utah juniper. Higher elevations are home to mountain meadows, white fir, quaking aspen, Englemann spruce, and large Ponderosa pine. At treeline is an alpine area of low, delicate plants and rocky outcroppings.
Pinus longaeva
The oldest nonclonal organism ever discovered, a Great Basin bristlecone pine
tree at least 5,000 years old, grew at the treeline near Wheeler Peak
in the national park. It was cut down in 1964 by a graduate student and
U.S. Forest Service personnel for research purposes. It was given the
nickname Prometheus, after the mythological figure who stole fire from the gods and gave it to man.
Fauna
Sixty-one species of mammals,
18 species of reptiles, 238 species of birds, two species of
amphibians, and eight species of fish are in Great Basin National Park
and the neighboring valleys.
- Mammals
Townsend's big-eared bat
An abundance of wildlife has taken advantage of the habitat zones in Great Basin National Park. Jackrabbits, pygmy rabbits, mountain cottontails, ground squirrels, chipmunks, and various mice live in the low-elevation sagebrush desert. Pronghorns, coyotes, kit foxes, and badgers are less common inhabitants.
In the more rugged areas on the slopes of mountains and in the valley areas nearby, cougars, bobcats, marmots, rock squirrels, and mountain sheep can occasionally be seen throughout this park. Other animals that can be found here include elk, mule deer, spotted skunks, shrews, ringtail cats, and ermine.
- Fish
The Bonneville cutthroat trout
is the only fish native to Great Basin National Park. It arrived in the
mountain waters naturally and was eventually isolated by changing
climatic conditions. Other trout species, such as Lahontan cutthroat trout, rainbow, brook, and brown trout, were stocked in the lakes and streams of the South Snake Range until the park's incorporation in 1986.
- Birds
Many species of birds can be found in Great Basin National Park, including Canada geese, hawks, sparrows, bald eagles, tundra swans, barn owls, snow geese, killdeer, golden eagles, woodpeckers, mallards, wrens, greater roadrunners, chickadees, great horned owls, ravens, magpies, and swallows.
- Amphibians
Only two species of amphibians have been positively identified in the southern Snake Range and adjacent portions of Snake and Spring Valleys: the western spadefoot toad (Spea hammondii) and the leopard frog (Rana pipiens).
Geology
Park map
Many of the rocks formed during the Cambrian, when the region lay at the edge of a continental landmass called Laurentia. These rocks include the Cambrian strata. As the Paleozoic era progressed, several intensified geologic events occurred, including repeated episodes of faulting, and in turn, orogenies which involved upward lifting of a metamorphic core complex, creating mafic and rhyolitic dikes and sills.
Extensive volcanism also occurred during the middle to late
Cambrian, contributing further to the uplift of the area. This also
contributed to a second round of block faulting, in which conglomerates, ash flows, and tuffs accumulated in the Snake Range.
Wheeler Peak
Both continuous and intermittent fault movements also occurred, with
individual fault surfaces on both sides of the Snake Range thinning and
stretching.
- Glaciation
Glaciation, mostly during a series of ice ages in the Pleistocene, heavily eroded the peaks of the Snake Range, leaving canyon walls, U-shaped valleys, cirques, and moraines throughout the range.
- Lehman Caves
The Lehman Cave system began forming around 550 million years ago
(during the Cambrian), while it was still submerged in a relatively
warm, shallow ocean. The caves are made up of a marble and limestone
solution, for the most part, that forms the many cave decorations
throughout the caverns.
The cave system became much deeper during the Pleistocene, when a
prolonged and increased flow of water eroded through the cave's
fracturing bedrock. Eventually, the water level dropped, leaving glare
rooms and cavities in the rock, creating the depths of the Lehman Caves
system.
Scenic features
The park's scenic features include Lexington Arch, the Lehman Orchard and Aqueduct, Rhodes Cabin, Stella and Teresa Lakes, and Wheeler Peak Glacier.
Lehman Caves
The "Cypress Swamp" along the tourist trail in Lehman Cave
The Lehman Caves were originally protected as a national monument in 1922, which was combined with the national park in 1986.
According to the National Park Service, the caves were, most likely, discovered by Absalom Lehman in 1885.
Several living creatures occupy the Lehman Caves. Bacteria are the most common. Crickets, spiders, pseudoscorpions, mites, and springtails
may live their full lifecycles in the cave. They are dependent on
organic material packed in by other animals or washed in from the
surface.
Other animals use the cave, but must leave to forage for food. These include chipmunks, mice, pack rats, and several species of bats. Only insectivorous
bats occur in the Great Basin. At least 10 species of bats have been
found in the vicinity of Great Basin National Park, including the Townsend's big-eared bat.
Lexington Arch 38°50′39″N 114°12′30″W is 13 miles from Utah State Route 21 and one of the largest limestone arches in the western United States.
Trails
The park has 12 trails ranging from 0.3 to 13.1 miles (0.48 to 21.08 km).
Trails range from short nature trails at 6,825 feet (2,080 m) (Mountain
View Nature Trail), to the Wheeler summit trail starting at 10,160 feet
(3,097 m).
The Wheeler Summit trail is quite strenuous, and the altitude presents
significant hazards for unprepared or inexperienced hikers. Backcountry
routes are occasionally maintained throughout the more remote southern
portion of the park. A number of these trailheads are accessible by the
road that terminates at the primitive Shoshone campground.
Visitor centers
The Great Basin visitor center is located on Nevada State Route 487 in the town of Baker. The Lehman Caves visitor center is located on Nevada State Route 488, about 5.5 miles (8.9 km) from Baker, 1⁄2 mile (800 m) inside the park boundary. The Forgotten Winchester, a rifle manufactured in 1882 that was found leaning against a juniper tree in the park in 2014, is on display inside the Lehman Caves visitor center.
Both centers feature exhibits about the park's geology and natural and
cultural history, as well as theaters with orientation films.
The park received 168,028 visitors in 2017, and operated with a budget of $2.8 million.
Climate
Wheeler Peak and the Snake Range
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Great Basin National Park has a Cold Semi-Arid Climate (BSk). The plant hardiness zone at Lehman Caves Visitor Center is 6b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of -3.8 °F (-19.9 °C).
The park lies in an arid region and receives very little rainfall
during most of the year. Most precipitation is winter snow or summer
thunderstorms. All precipitation in this region evaporates, sinks
underground, or flows into lakes — i.e., it is endorheic. No water reaches the ocean.
Winters are cool and summers are mild to hot. Weather can change
quickly, especially in the back country or on Wheeler Peak at high
elevations.
Lehman Caves maintain a fairly constant temperature of 50 °F (10 °C) with 90% humidity year round.
The climate varies throughout the park, depending on elevation and
location. The following data are for the Lehman Caves Visitor Center
only. Higher elevations are cooler and receive more precipitation,
whereas lower elevations are hotter and drier.
