| Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve | |
|---|---|
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
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Oolah Valley in the Itkillik Preserve
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Location in northern Alaska
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| Location | Bettles, Alaska |
| Coordinates | 67°47′N 153°18′WCoordinates: 67°47′N 153°18′W |
| Area | 8,472,506 acres (34,287.02 km2) |
| Established | December 2, 1980 |
| Visitors | 9,591 (in 2018) |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | Official website |
Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve is an American national park that protects portions of the Brooks Range in northern Alaska. The park is the northernmost national park in the United States, situated entirely north of the Arctic Circle. The park is the second largest in the US at 8,472,506 acres (13,238 sq mi; 34,287 km2), slightly larger in area than Belgium. Gates of the Arctic was initially designated as a national monument on December 1, 1978, before being redesignated as a national park and preserve upon passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act in 1980. A large part of the park has additional protection as the Gates of the Arctic Wilderness which covers 7,167,192 acres (2,900,460 ha). The wilderness area adjoins the Noatak Wilderness and together they form the largest contiguous wilderness in the United States.
Activities
Hikers in the Itkillik River drainage, a group of tilted sedimentary peaks in the central Brooks Range
There are no roads in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve.
Owing to its remoteness and lack of supportive infrastructure, the park
is the least visited national park in the U.S., and one of the least visited areas in the entire U.S. National Park System,
which also includes national monuments, recreation areas, preserves,
and historic sites. In 2016, the park received just 10,047 visitors,
while Grand Canyon National Park received nearly 6 million visitors (about 600 times as many) in the same year.
Camping is permitted throughout the park, but may be restricted by easements when crossing Native Corporation lands within the park.
The park headquarters is in Fairbanks. Park Service operations in the park are managed from the Bettles Ranger Station, to the south of the park.
Geography
Park map
Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve lies to the west of the Dalton Highway, centered on the Brooks Range and covering the north and south slopes of the mountains. The park includes the Endicott Mountains and part of the Schwatka Mountains.
The majority of Gates of the Arctic is designated as national park, in
which only subsistence hunting by local rural residents is permitted.
Sport hunting is only permitted in the national preserve. To hunt and
trap in the preserve, a person must have all required licenses and
permits and follow all other state regulations.
The eastern boundary of the park generally follows the Dalton
Highway at a distance of a few miles, with the westernmost part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 10 miles (16 km) farther east. Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge is near the park's southeast boundary. Noatak National Preserve adjoins the western boundary, and the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska
adjoins the northwest corner of the park. Almost all of the park is
designated as wilderness, with the exception of areas around Anaktuvuk
Pass. A detached portion of the park surrounds the outlying Fortress Mountain and Castle Mountain to the north of the park.
Ten small communities outside the park's boundaries are
classified as "resident zone communities" and depend on park resources
for food and livelihood. They are Alatna, Allakaket, Ambler, Anaktuvuk Pass, Bettles, Evansville, Hughes, Kobuk, Nuiqsut, Shungnak, and Wiseman. There are no established roads, trails, visitor facilities, or campgrounds in the park. The Dalton Highway
(Alaska State Highway 11) comes within five miles (8 km) of the park's
eastern boundary, but requires a river crossing to reach the park from
the road. The Arctic Interagency Visitor Center in nearby Coldfoot
is open from late May to early September, providing information on the
parks, preserves and refuges of the Brooks Range, Yukon Valley and the
North Slope.
About 259,000 acres (105,000 ha) of the park and preserve are owned by
native corporations or the State of Alaska. 7,263,000 acres
(2,939,000 ha) are protected in the Gates of the Arctic Wilderness.
The park contains mountains such as the Arrigetch Peaks and Mount Igikpak. The park also features six Wild and Scenic Rivers:
- Alatna River 83 miles (134 km)
- John River 52 miles (84 km)
- Kobuk River 110 miles (177 km)
- the North Fork of the Koyukuk River 102 miles (164 km)
- part of the Noatak River
- Tinayguk River 44 miles (71 km)
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve has a Subarctic with Cool Summers and Year Around Rainfall Climate (Dfc). The plant hardiness zone at Anaktuvuk Pass Ranger Station is 2b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of -42.6 °F (-41.4 °C).
Geology
Aerial view of mountains in summer
The park includes much of the central and eastern Brooks Range. It extends to the east as far as the Middle Fork of the Koyukuk River, which is paralleled by the Dalton Highway and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. The park straddles the continental divide,
separating the drainages of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. The
northernmost section of the park includes small portions of the Arctic foothills tundra.
The Brooks Range occupies the central section of the park, running on
an east-west line. To the south of the Brooks Range the Ambler-Chandalar
Ridge, with associated valleys and lakes, runs east-west. The
southernmost portion of the park includes the Kobuk-Selawik Lowlands,
with the headwaters of the Kobuk River.
The Brooks Range has seen repeated glaciation, with the most recent
called the Itkillik glaciation from about 24,000 years ago to roughly
1500 to 1200 years before the present.
Ecology
Wolverine on the bank of the Noatak River
The boreal forest extends to about 68 degrees north latitude, characterized by black and white
spruce mixed with poplar. To the north of that line, which coincides
with the spine of the Brooks Range, lies cold-arid land that has been
described as "Arctic desert." During the long winters temperatures can
reach −75 °F (−59 °C), but can reach 90 °F (32 °C) for a short time in
summer. The park lies above the Arctic circle.
Fauna include brown bears, black bears, muskoxen, moose, Dall sheep, timber wolves, wolverines, coyotes, Arctic and red foxes, lynxes, marmots, porcupines, river otters, beavers, snowshoe hares, muskrats, bald eagles, golden eagles, peregrine falcons, ospreys, great horned and northern hawk-owls. More than half a million caribou,
including the Central Arctic, Western Arctic, Teshekpuk, and Porcupine
herds, migrate through the central Brooks Range twice yearly, traveling
north in summer, and south in winter. Caribou are important as a food
source to native peoples. The park is the northernmost range limit for the Dall sheep. About 132 brown bears reside in the park and preserve, based on a density of about one bear per 100 square miles (260 km2).
History
Ancient seabed formations have weathered into cliffs, fins, pinnacles, and arches.
Nomadic peoples have inhabited the Brooks Range for as many as 12,500
years, living mainly on caribou and other wildlife. The Mesa site at
Iteriak Creek has yielded evidence of occupation between 11,500 and
10,300 years before the present. Later sites from around 6,000 years
before present have yielded projectile points, stone knives and net
sinkers. The Arctic small tool tradition
(ASTt) of about 4,500 BP has also been documented. A late phase of the
ASTt from between 2500 and 950 BP, the Ipuitak phase, has been
documented in the park at the Bateman Site at Itkillik Lake.
The earliest Inupiat people appeared about 1200 AD at the coast and spread to the Brooks Range, becoming the Nunamiut.
The Nunamiut people, who had left much of their traditional homelands
following a crash in the caribou populations in the early 1900s, resumed
a relatively isolated subsistence way of life after returning to the
mountains in the late 1930s. In 1949 the last two semi-nomadic bands
came together in the valley of the Anaktuvuk River, and over the next
decade established the community of Anaktuvuk Pass. The Gwich'in people, a Northern Athabaskan group also lived in the area in the last 1000 years, moving south of the park in historic times.
The Alaskan interior was not explored until the late 19th century, shortly before discovery of gold in the Klondike
brought prospectors to Alaska. Some encampments of explorers and survey
parties have been identified in the park. A few small mining operations
were established in the early 20th century, never amounting to much.
The park's name dates to 1929, when wilderness activist Bob Marshall, exploring the North Fork of the Koyukuk River,
encountered a pair of mountains (Frigid Crags and Boreal Mountain), one
on each side of the river. He christened this portal the "Gates of the
Arctic." Marshall spent time in Wiseman during the early 1930s, publishing an account of the place in his 1933 book Arctic Village. In the 1940s writer and researcher Olaus Murie proposed that Alaskan lands be preserved.
Proposals for a national park in the Brooks Range first emerged in the 1960s, and in 1968 a National Park Service survey team recommended the establishment of a 4,100,000-acre (1,700,000 ha) park in the area. That year, Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall recommended to President Lyndon B. Johnson that Johnson use the Antiquities Act to proclaim a national monument in the Brooks Range and other Alaskan locations, but Johnson declined. During the 1970s the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
(ANCSA) prompted serious examination of the disposition of lands held
by the federal government. A series of bills were considered to deal
with conservation land proposals authorized under ANCSA, but the
legislation that would become the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
(ANILCA) was held up in Congress in the late 1970s. Consequently, on
December 1, 1978 President Jimmy Carter used the Antiquities Act to
proclaim much of the proposed new Alaskan parklands as national
monuments, including Gates of the Arctic National Monument. In 1980
Congress passed ANILCA, and the monument became Gates of the Arctic
National Park and Preserve on December 2, 1980.
Looking southwest across Galbraith Lake into the northern section of the preserve, from the Dalton Highway
