Big Sur, California
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Region of California
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The Big Sur coast
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Approximate boundaries of the Big Sur region
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Big Sur, California
Location in California
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| Coordinates: Coordinates: 36.299216°N 121.873402°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| Counties | Monterey, San Luis Obispo |
Big Sur is a rugged and mountainous section of the Central Coast of California between Carmel Highlands and San Simeon, where the Santa Lucia Mountains rise abruptly from the Pacific Ocean. It is frequently praised for its dramatic scenery. Big Sur has been called the "longest and most scenic stretch of undeveloped coastline in the contiguous United States," a "national treasure that demands extraordinary procedures to protect it from development" and "one of the most beautiful coastlines anywhere in the world, an isolated stretch of road, mythic in reputation." The stunning views, redwood forests, hiking, beaches, and other recreational opportunities have made Big Sur a popular destination for about 7 million people who live within a day's drive and visitors from across the world. It is among the top 35 tourist destinations world-wide. The region receives about the same number of visitors as Yosemite National Park, but offers extremely limited bus service, few restrooms, and a narrow two-lane highway with few places to park alongside the road. North-bound traffic during the peak summer season and holiday weekends is often backed up for about 20 miles (32 km) from Big Sur Village to Carmel.
The region is often confused with an unincorporated village, a collection of small roadside businesses and homes, also known as Big Sur, California. The larger region known as Big Sur does not have specific boundaries, but is generally considered to include the 71-mile (114 km) segment of California State Route 1 between Malpaso Creek near Carmel Highlands in the north and San Carpóforo Creek near San Simeon in the south, as well as the entire Santa Lucia range between these creeks. The interior region is mostly uninhabited, while the coast remains relatively isolated and sparsely populated, with between 1,800 and 2,000 year-round residents and relatively few visitor accommodations scattered among four small settlements. The region remained one of the most inaccessible areas of California and the entire United States until, after 18 years of construction, the Carmel–San Simeon Highway (now signed as part of State Route 1) was completed in 1937. Along with the ocean views, this winding, narrow road, often cut into the face of towering seaside cliffs, dominates the visitor's experience of Big Sur. The highway has been closed more than 55 times by landslides, and in May 2017, a 2,000,000-cubic-foot (57,000 m3) slide blocked the highway at Mud Creek, north of Salmon Creek near the San Luis Obispo County line, to just south of Gorda. The road was reopened on July 18, 2018.
The region is protected by the Big Sur Local Coastal Plan, which preserves it as "open space, a small residential community, and agricultural ranching." Approved in 1986, the plan is one of the most restrictive local-use programs in the state, and is widely regarded as one of the most restrictive documents of its kind anywhere. The program protects viewsheds from the highway and many vantage points, and severely restricts the density of development. About 60% of the coastal region is owned by governmental or private agencies which do not allow any development. The majority of the interior region is part of the Los Padres National Forest, Ventana Wilderness, Silver Peak Wilderness or Fort Hunter Liggett.
The original Spanish-language name for the mountainous terrain south of Monterey was el país grande del sur, which means "the big country of the south." The name el Sud (also meaning "the south") was first used in the Rancho El Sur land grant made in 1834. In 1915, English-speaking settlers formally adopted "Big Sur" as the name for their post office.
Location
Big Sur is not an incorporated town but a region without formal boundaries in California's Central Coast region. The region is often confused with the small community of buildings and services 26 miles (42 km) south of Carmel in the Big Sur River valley, sometimes referred to locals as Big Sur Village, but officially known as Big Sur.
Historical boundaries
The
various informal boundaries applied to the region have gradually
expanded north and south over time. Esther Pfeiffer Ewoldson, who was
born in 1904 and was a granddaughter of Big Sur pioneers Micheal and
Barbara Pfeiffer, wrote that the region extended from the Little Sur River 23 miles (37 km) south to Slates Hot Springs. Members of the Harlen family, who homesteaded the Lucia region 9 miles (14 km) south of Slates Hot Springs, said that Big Sur was "miles and miles to the north of us." Prior to the construction of Highway 1, residents on the south coast had little contact with residents to the north of them.
Northern and southern boundaries
Most current descriptions of the area refer to Malpaso Creek 4.5 miles (7.2 km) south of the Carmel River as the northern border. The southern border is generally accepted to be San Carpóforo Creek in San Luis Obispo County.
Inland extent
The
vast majority of visitors only see Big Sur's dramatic coastline and
consider the Big Sur region to include only the coastal flanks of the Santa Lucia Mountains, which at various points extend from 3 to 12 miles (5 to 19 km) inland.
Some residents place the eastern border at the boundaries of the
vast inland areas comprising the Los Padres National Forest, Ventana
Wilderness, and Silver Peak Wilderness, or the unpopulated regions all
the way to the eastern foothills of the Santa Lucia Mountains.
Author and local historian Jeff Norman considered Big Sur to extend
inland to include the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean. Author Lillian Ross described Big Sur as "not a place at all but a state of mind."
Etymology
Big Sur: rocky coast, fog and giant kelp
The name "Big Sur" has its origins in the area's early Spanish history. While the Portolá expedition was exploring Alta California, they arrived at San Carpóforo Canyon near present-day San Simeon
on September 13, 1769. Unable to penetrate the difficult terrain along
the coast, they detoured inland through the San Antonio and Salinas Valleys before arriving at Monterey Bay, where they founded Monterey and named it the provincial capital.
The Spanish referred to the vast and relatively unexplored coastal region to the south of Monterey as el país grande del sur, meaning "the big country of the south". This was often shortened to el sur grande (the big south). The two major rivers draining this portion of the coast were named El Rio Grande del Sur and El Rio Chiquito del Sur.
The first recorded use of the name "el Sud" (meaning "the South") was on a map of the Rancho El Sur land grant given by Governor José Figueroa to Juan Bautista Alvarado on July 30, 1834. The first American use of the name "Sur" was by the U.S. Coast Survey
in 1851, which renamed a point of land that looked like an island and
was shaped like a trumpet, known to the Spanish as "Morro de la Trompa"
and "Punta que Parece Isla", to Point Sur. A post office bearing the name "Sur" was established on October 30, 1889.
The English-speaking homesteaders petitioned the United States Post
Office in Washington D.C. to change the name of their post office from
Arbolado to Big Sur, and the rubber stamp using that name was returned
on March 6, 1915, cementing the name in place.
Popularity
The Big Sur coast, looking north toward Bixby Creek Bridge
Big Sur is renowned worldwide for its natural features and relatively
pristine scenery. It is rated among the top 35 tourist destinations in
the world.
The Big Sur coast has been called the "longest and most scenic stretch
of undeveloped coastline in the [contiguous] United States." The region has been described as a "national treasure that demands extraordinary procedures to protect it from development." The New York Times wrote that it is "one of the most stunning meetings of land and sea in the world." The Washington Times
stated that it is "one of the most beautiful coastlines anywhere in the
world, an isolated stretch of road, mythic in reputation." Condé Nast Traveler named State Route 1 through Big Sur one of the top 10 world-famous streets, comparable to Broadway in New York City and the Champs-Élysées in Paris.
Realtor Mark Peterson commented, "Big Sur’s popularity has erupted with
the growth of social media. It has become a year-round destination."
Writers have compared Big Sur to other natural wonders like the Grand Canyon. Novelist Herbert Gold described it as "one of the grand American retreats for those who nourish themselves with wilderness."
Big Sur is the California that men dreamed of years ago, this is the Pacific that Balboa looked at from the Peak of Darien, this is the face of the earth as the Creator intended it to look.
Scenic designations
The
section of Highway 1 running through Big Sur is widely considered one
of the most scenic driving routes in the United States, if not the
world. The views are one reason that Big Sur was ranked second among all United States destinations in TripAdvisor's 2008 Travelers' Choice Destination Awards.
The unblemished natural scenery owes much of its preservation to the
highly restrictive development plans enforced in Big Sur; no billboards
or advertisements are permitted along the highway and signage for
businesses must be modestly scaled and of a rural nature conforming to
the Big Sur region. The state of California designated the 72-mile
(116 km) section of the highway from Cambria to Carmel Highlands as the first California Scenic Highway in 1965. In 1966, First Lady Lady Bird Johnson led the official scenic road designation ceremony at Bixby Creek Bridge. In 1996, the road became one of the first designated by the federal government as an "All-American Road" under the National Scenic Byways Program. CNN Traveler named McWay Falls as the most beautiful place in California.
Driving popularity
The
drive along Highway 1 has been described as "one of the best drives on
Earth", and is considered one of the top 10 motorcycle rides in the
United States. Highway 1 was named the most popular drive in California in 2014 by the American Automobile Association.
Protection
Despite
and because of its popularity, the region is heavily protected to
preserve the rural and natural character of the land. The Big Sur Local
Coastal Plan, approved by Monterey County Supervisors in 1981, states
that the region is meant to be an experience that visitors transit
through, not a destination. For that reason, development of all kinds is
severely restricted.
Attractions
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Bixby Creek Bridge, shown here looking southwest, is a popular attraction in Big Sur
Bixby Creek Bridge at night
Besides sightseeing from the highway, Big Sur offers hiking and
outdoor activities. There are a large number of state and federal lands
and parks, including McWay Falls at Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park,
one of only two waterfalls on the Pacific Coast that plunge directly
into the ocean. The waterfall is located near the foundation of a grand
stone cliffside house built in 1940 by Lathrop and Hélène Hooper Brown
that was the region's first electrified home. However, parking is very
limited and usually unavailable on summer weekends and holidays.
Another notable landmark is Point Sur Lightstation, the only complete nineteenth century lighthouse complex open to the public in California.
The Ventana Wildlife Center near Andrew Molera State Park
features a free Discovery Center that enables visitors to learn about
the California Condor recovery program and other wildlife.
The Henry Miller Memorial Library (Miller lived in Big Sur from '44 to February '63, and wrote a book about the Place, Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymus Bosch)
is a nonprofit bookstore and arts center that opened in 1981 as a
tribute to the legendary writer. It is a gathering place for locals and
has become the focal point of individuals with a literary mind, a cultural center devoted to Miller's life and work, and a popular attraction for tourists.
Santa Lucia Range from Nepenthe restaurant
Camping
There
are both public and private camp grounds along the coast. Kirk Creek,
Limekiln, and Plaskett Creek Campgrounds are located very near Highway
1. The public sites accommodate at least one vehicle while Plaskett
Creek offers large group camping. The public campgrounds are privately
managed and fill months ahead of time.
Beaches
There
are a few small, scenic beaches that are accessible to the public and
popular for walking, but usually unsuitable for swimming because of
unpredictable currents, frigid temperatures and dangerous surf.
The beach at Garrapata State Park is sometimes rated as the best beach
in Big Sur. Depending on the season, visitors can view sea otters, sea
lions, seals and migrating whales from the beach. The beach is barely
visible from Highway 1.
Pfeiffer Beach is very popular but is only accessible via the
narrow 2 miles (3.2 km) Sycamore Canyon Road. The parking lot at the
beach only accommodates 60 vehicles and is usually full on summer and
holiday weekends. During the summer, a shuttle operates from the US
Forest Service headquarters to the beach. The wide sandy expanse offers
views of a scenic arch rock offshore. It is sometimes confused with the
beach at Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park to the south.
In the south, Sand Dollar Beach is the longest stretch of beach
in Big Sur. It is popular with hikers and photographers for its views of
nearby bluffs. The beach is 25 miles (40 km) south of the Big Sur
village on Highway 1. A steep staircase leads down to the beach from the
highway. Jade Cove, 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Sand Dollar Beach, is also sometimes popular with visitors.
Two beaches are surrounded by private land owned by the El Sur
Ranch and are inaccessible to the public. The first is the beach at the
mouth of the Little Sur River. Another is Point Sur Beach, a long sandy
beach located below and to the north of Point Sur Lighthouse. Fences
around the beaches are posted with "Private Property" and "No
Trespassing" signs.
Three other beaches are inaccessible to the public. Swiss Canyon
Beach is north of Andrew Molera State Park. The beach at the foot of
McWay falls is not accessible from the shore. And to the south near the
county line, Gamboa Point Beach is also closed to the public.
Hiking
The Pine Ridge Trail (USFS 3E06) is the most popular hiking route into the Ventana Wilderness.
Currently closed, hikers could use it to access many campsites in the
back country, including Ventana Camp, Terrace Creek, Barlow Flats,
Sykes, and Redwood camps. When open, it is accessible from the Big Sur Station.
The trail, connecting trails, and the campsites along its route were
closed during the Soberanes Fire in July 2016. They were damaged by the
fire itself and further damaged by the heavy rains during the following
winter. As of August 2017, the trail was blocked by four major washouts
and more than 100 fallen trees across the path. Reopening the trail will
require an environmental assessment and perhaps re-routing the trail
entirely. The trail is closed indefinitely.
The Mt. Manuel Trail (USFS 2E06) begins within Pfeiffer Big Sur
State Park. It follows a northeasterly route up the slopes of Mt.
Manuel. Hikers following this route can access Vado, Launtz Creek, and
Tin House camp sites. It connects to the Little Sur trail that provides
access to the Little Sur River watershed. The trail is not maintained.
The North Coast Ridge Road (USFS 20S05) is accessible from the road to the Ventana Inn and indirectly from the south via Limekiln State Park.
Parking is available in the north at Cadillac Flat near the Ventana
Inn. From Ventana Inn, the trail climbs steeply to the crest of the
coast ridge and south about 30 miles (48 km) to near Cone Peak.
There are wide views in all directions for almost the entire hike. It
connects to a number of trails over its length, including Terrace Creek
Trail (closed as of January 2018), Boronda Trail, DeAngulo Trail, Big
Sur Trail, Marble Peak Trail, Bee Camp Trail, Lost Valley Connector
Trail, Rodeo Flat Trail, and the Arroyo Seco Trail. It provides access
to Timber Top and Cold Spring Camp. It passes near the summit of
Anderson Peak (4,099 feet (1,249 m)) and Marble Peak (4,031 feet
(1,229 m)), and through to the Nacimiento-Fergusson Road and connects to
the Cone Peak Road. It is not open to vehicular traffic or bicycles. As
of January 2018, the trail is closed.
Garrapata State Park, Andrew Molera State Park, Pfeiffer Big Sur
State Park, and Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park all contain short hiking
trails. As of January 2018, almost all trails on the east side of
Highway 1 in these parks are closed due to the Soberanes Fire and damage
sustained during heavy rains the following winter. Some trails west of
Highway 1 are open.
Places of contemplation
An evening aerial view of the Esalen Institute
Among the places that draw visitors is the formerly counterculture but now upscale Esalen Institute. Esalen hosted many figures of the nascent "New Age" and, in the 1960s, played an important role in popularizing Eastern philosophies, the "Human Potential Movement", and Gestalt therapy in the United States.
Esalen is named after the Native Americans who congregated there at the
natural hot springs possibly for thousands of years. Far from the coast
within the Los Padres National Forest, the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, accessible via a steep, narrow, 12-mile (19 km) dirt road, is only open to guests during the summer months.
Big Sur is also the location of a Catholic monastery, the New Camaldoli Hermitage.
The Hermitage in Big Sur was founded in 1957. It rents a few simple
rooms for visitors who would like to engage in silent meditation and
contemplation. Normally all retreats are silent and undirected.
Historic menu cover from Nepenthe restaurant, a Big Sur icon since 1949
McWay Falls and McWay Cove
Special events
The Big Sur International Marathon is an annual marathon that begins south of Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park
and ends at the Crossroads Shopping Center in Carmel-by-the-Sea. The
marathon was established in 1986 and attracts about 4,500 participants
annually.
Civic leaders in Big Sur stage a run each year in October to
raise funds for the Big Sur Volunteer Fire Brigade and the Big Sur
Health Center. Since the race, known as the Big Sur River Run, was
founded in 1971, more than $1,025,104 has been donated to the two
organizations. The run through the redwoods was cancelled in 2016 due to
the Soberanes Fire and in 2017 due to winter storms.
The Big Sur Folk Festival was held from 1964 to 1971. It began unintentionally when Nancy Carlen, a friend of singer Joan Baez,
organized a weekend seminar at the Esalen Institute in June 1964 titled
"The New Folk Music". On Sunday afternoon, they invited all the
neighbors for a free, open performance. This became the first festival.
The festival was held yearly on the grounds of the Esalen Institute,
except for 1970, when it was held at the Monterey County Fairgrounds.
Even when then well-known acts like Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young or the Beach Boys performed, the event was purposefully kept small with no more than a few thousand in attendance.
Limited mobile service
Due
to the remoteness of the region, there is limited or no mobile phone
service along much of the highway. Coverage can vary depending on the
topography, time of day, weather, and whether you’re inside or outside
of a vehicle or building. There is service at Point Sur Lighthouse Station and vicinity as well as a repeater for Northern California State Parks System.
State and federal lands
State parks
Point Sur and light station from the north
The state parks in Big Sur grew out of the original residents' desire
to protect and preserve the land they admired. "The early settlers
considered land stewardship their obligation to community."
The first was Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park. John Pfeiffer, son of
pioneers Michael Pfeiffer and Barbara Laquet, was offered $210,000 for
his land near Sycamore Canyon by a Los Angeles developer, who wanted to
build a subdivision on the land. Instead, Pfeiffer sold 700 acres (2.8
km2) to the state of California in 1933.
As of January 2018, portions of most of these parks are closed due to after effects of the Soberanes Fire.
From north to south, the following state parks are in use:
- Garrapata State Park
- Point Sur State Historic Park
- Andrew Molera State Park
- Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park
- Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park
- John Little State Natural Reserve
- Limekiln State Park
State reserves
Federal land
As of January 2018,
some trails and campsites within the following areas are closed due to
damage caused by the 2016 Soberanes Fire and the following winter's
rains.
Overuse issues
During most summer weekends and on all major holidays, Big Sur is overwhelmingly crowded. Although some Big Sur residents catered to adventurous travelers in the early twentieth century,
the modern tourist economy began when Highway 1 opened the region to
automobiles in 1937, but only took off after World War II-era gasoline
rationing and a ban on pleasure driving ended in August 1945. Big Sur has become a destination for travelers both within the United States and internationally.
Increasing numbers of visitors
The number of visitors to Big Sur has risen from about 1.5 million in 1978, to about 3 million in 1980, to an estimated 4 to 5 million during 2014 and 2015, comparable to or greater than the number of visitors to Yosemite National Park.
Unlike Yosemite, which is managed by a single federal entity, about
one-quarter of the land in Big Sur is privately owned and the remainder
is managed by a conglomeration of federal, state, local, and private
agencies. Yosemite offers 5,400 parking spots and a free, daily,
park-wide bus service. In Big Sur during the summer, there is a single
public bus that runs three times daily and a single shuttle van that
operates on Thursday through Sunday from the Big Sur Station to Pfeiffer Beach.
The owner of the Nepenthe restaurant estimated in 2017 that the number
of visitors had increased by 40% since 2011. Big Sur residents and
business owners are concerned about the impact visitors are having on
the region. Traffic and parking is constantly bad during summer and
holidays weekends and some visitors don't obey the laws.
Residents began discussing the potential necessity of shuttle
buses, tollgates along Highway 1, and limits on the number of private
autos allowed on the highway in 1978. One of the reasons for Big Sur's popularity is that it is only a one-day drive for about 7 million people. With the advent of social media, hashtags like "#sykeshotsprings" and "#pineridgetrail", two popular destinations within Big Sur, encourage more visitors. Visitors must pay $15 for a parking spot at a trailhead parking lot and take a 14 passenger van to Pfeiffer Beach.
In response to visitor abuses, an anonymous Big Sur resident began an
Instagram account in May 2019 named BigSurHatesYou intended to shame
visitors into treating the Big Sur region better.
Restricted public transportation
Public transportation is available to and from Monterey on Monterey–Salinas Transit.
The summer schedule operates from Memorial Day to Labor Day three times
a day, while the winter schedule only offers bus service on weekends.
The route is subject to interruption due to wind and severe inclement
weather.
Limited vehicle services
There are only six gas stations along Highway 1 in Big Sur, from Ragged Point
in the south to Carmel Highlands in the north. Three of them are in the
north near Big Sur Valley. The filling station in Gorda has one of the
highest prices in the United States, as it is far from the electrical grid
and part of the cost of auto fuel is used to support operation of a
diesel generator. All of them only operate during regular business hours
and none of them supply diesel fuel. There are three Tesla recharging
stations near Posts.
Lack of restrooms
It's a 'scenic highway' with piles of shit up and down the highway.
— Butch Kronlund, Coast Property Owners Association Executive Director
The television series Big Little Lies, which is filmed in the Monterey and Big Sur area, has increased the number of visitors to the area.
There are only 16 public restrooms along the entire coast to
accommodate the almost 5 million annual visitors. The number of visitors
far exceeds the available restrooms, and most restrooms are not available in locations where tourists frequently visit. Businesses report that the large number of visitors using their bathroom has overwhelmed their septic systems.
If visitors can locate them, they can use bathrooms within
California State Parks or federal campgrounds without paying an entrance
fee.
But many of the bathrooms are not visible from Highway 1. This is due
in part to the fact that restroom signs along Highway 1 were removed for
aesthetic reasons.
As a result, visitors often resort to defecating in the bushes near locations like the Bixby Creek Bridge.
Residents complain that visitors regularly defecate along Highway 1.
Toilet paper, human waste, and trash litter the roadsides.
Local residents have taken it upon themselves to clean up after
visitors. The California Department of Transportation, which cleans the
roadside areas about once a week, finds human waste during every
cleanup.
Butch Kronlund, Executive Director of the Coast Property Owners
Association, criticized the lack of rest rooms. He says, "It's a 'scenic
highway' with piles of shit up and down the highway."
Few visitors' services
Deetjen's Big Sur Inn is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The land use
restrictions that preserve Big Sur's natural beauty also mean that
visitor accommodations are limited, often expensive, and places to stay
fill up quickly during the busy summer season.
There are no urban areas, just three small clusters of restaurants, gas stations, motels, and camp grounds: Posts in the Big Sur River valley, Lucia, near Limekiln State Park, and Gorda,
on the southern coast. Scattered among these distant settlements are
nine small grocery stores, a few gift shops, and no chain hotels,
supermarkets, or fast-food outlets, and no plans to add facilities or
shopping. Among the places to stay and eat are the luxury Ventana Inn, Post Ranch, and the Nepenthe restaurant, built around the cabin Orson Welles and Rita Hayworth impulsively bought.
Limited accommodations
One of the accommodations at the Treebones camp site and resort in Big Sur
There are fewer than 300 hotel rooms on the entire 90-mile (140 km) stretch of Highway 1 between San Simeon and Carmel.
Lodging include a few cabins, motels, and campgrounds, and higher-end
resorts. There are some short-term rentals, but their legality is still
being determined.
Illegal camping
Some
social media sites report the availability of free camping on the side
of roads, but camping of any sort along highways and secondary roads is
illegal and subject to fines. Casual campers have turned every wide spot
along the Nacimiento-Fergusson Road into a campsite, although there are
no bathrooms or fire pits. Residents complain about the campers
building illegal camp fires and defecating along the road without using
proper sanitation. Camping is only permitted within designated private and state or federal park campsites or within USFS lands. On July 22, 2016, an illegal campfire within Garrapata State Park, where camping is not permitted, got out of control. The resulting Soberanes Fire
burned 132,127 acres (53,470 ha), 57 homes and 11 outbuildings, and
killed a bulldozer operator. It took almost three months to extinguish
and cost about $236 million to suppress. In October, 2017, a visitor from Florida was arrested for starting an illegal campfire that grew out of control.
Culture
The
arrival of Bay Area artists in Carmel-by-the-Sea beginning in 1904 was
the beginning of a literary and artistic colony on the northern edge of
Big Sur. Robinson Jeffers
moved to Carmel in September 1914, and over his lifetime wrote many
evocative poems about the isolation and natural beauty of Big Sur.
Beginning in the 1920s, his poetry introduced the romantic idea of Big
Sur's wild, untamed spaces to a national audience, which encouraged many
of the later visitors.
The Henry Miller Memorial Library. Author Henry Miller lived in Big Sur from 1944 to 1962.
Henry Miller moved to Big Sur at the invitation of the Greco-French artist Jean Varda, uncle of filmmaker Agnès Varda. He lived in Big Sur for 20 years, from 1944 to 1962. When he first arrived, he was broke and novelist Lynda Sargent was renting a cabin from a local riding club. She allowed Miller to live rent free for a while. But when the cabin was sold to Orson Welles and Rita Hayworth in 1945, Miller moved several miles south to a wood cabin on Partington Ridge that had been owned by his friend Emil White.
While in Big Sur, Miller, avant-garde musician Harry Partch and Jean Varda
were part of a local group of bohemians known as the Anderson Creek
Gang, many of whom lived at the former highway work camp near the mouth
of Anderson Creek.
Miller lived in a shack there during 1946 before moving back to the
cabin on Partington Ridge in 1947. In his 1957 essay/memoir/novel Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymus Bosch, Miller described the joys and hardships that came from escaping the "air conditioned nightmare" of modern life.
Bohemian reputation
Hunter S. Thompson
worked as a security guard and caretaker at a resort in Big Sur Hot
Springs for eight months in 1961, just before the Esalen Institute was
founded at that location. While there, he published his first feature
story in the nationally distributed men's magazine Rogue about Big Sur's artisan and Bohemian culture In the article, he described how the Bohemian image attracted people who annoyed residents:
Every weekend Dick Hartford, owner of the local Village Store, is plagued by people looking for "sex orgies," "wild drinking brawls," or "the road to Henry Miller's house" as if once they found Miller everything else would be take care of ...
Time was when this place was as lonely and isolated as any spot in America. But no longer, Inevitably, Big Sur has been "discovered." Life called it a "Rugged, Romantic World Apart," and presented nine pages of pictures to prove it. After that there was no hope ...
And on some weekends it seems like all seven million of them are right here, bubbling over with questions: "Where's the art colony man? I've come all the way from Tennessee to join it." "Say, fella, where do I find this nudist colony?"... Or the one that drove Miller half-crazy: "Ah ha! So you're Henry Miller! Well my name is Claude Fink and I've come to join the cult of sex and anarchy."
Other writers and artists were also attracted by Big Sur, including Edward Weston, Richard Brautigan, Emile Norman and Jack Kerouac. Big Sur acquired a bohemian
reputation with these newcomers. Kerouac followed Miller to Big Sur and
included the rugged coast in large parts of two of his novels. He spent
a few days in early 1960 at fellow poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti's cabin in Bixby Canyon and based his novel Big Sur on his time there.
Notable people
Well-known individuals have called Big Sur home, including diplomats Nicholas Roosevelt, famed architects Nathaniel A. Owings and Philip Johnson, Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling, show business celebrities Kim Novak and Allen Funt, and business executives Ted Turner and David Packard.
Other former residents include:
- Ansel Adams, photographer/musician
- Morley Baer, photographer
- Kaffe Fassett, textile artist
- Lawrence Ferlinghetti, author
- Al Jardine, musician
- Carolyn Mary Kleefeld, author and artist
- John Nesbitt, radio announcer, television producer, writer for The Passing Parade
- Emile Norman, artist
- Trent Reznor, musician
- Johnny Rivers, musician
- Jean Varda, author
- Cole Weston, photographer
- Edward Weston, photographer
- Vilmos Zsigmond, cinematographer
Highway 1 impact
California State Route 1
is a dominant feature of the Big Sur coast, providing the primary means
of access and transportation. Prior to its completion, the California
coast south of Carmel and north of San Simeon
was one of the most remote regions in the state, rivaling at the time
nearly any other region in the United States for its difficult access.
The Big Sur portion of Highway 1 is generally considered to include the
71-mile (114 km) segment adjoining the unincorporated region of Big Sur between Malpaso Creek near Carmel Highlands in the north and San Carpóforo Creek near San Simeon in the south.
At the turn of the 19th century, the 30 mi (48 km) trip from
Monterey to the Pfeiffer Ranch in the Big Sur valley could take three
days by wagon. It was a rough road that ended in present-day Big Sur
Village and could be impassible in winter. There was no road beyond the Pfeiffer Ranch, only a horseback trail connecting the homesteads to the south.
The highway was first proposed by Dr. John L. D. Roberts, a
physician who was summoned on April 21, 1894 to treat survivors of the
wreck of the 493 tons (447 t) S.S. Los Angeles (originally USRC Wayanda), which had run aground near the Point Sur Light Station about 25 miles (40 km) south of Carmel-by-the-Sea. The ride on his two-wheeled, horse-drawn cart took him 3 1⁄2
hours, a very fast trip for the day. Construction began in 1921, ceased
for two years in 1926 when funding ran out, and after 18 years of
construction, the Carmel–San Simeon Highway was completed in 1937. The
route was incorporated into the state highway system and re-designated
as Highway 1 in 1939.
Along with the ocean views, this winding, narrow road, often cut
into the face of towering seaside cliffs, dominates the visitor's
experience of Big Sur. The stunning views, redwood forests, hiking,
beaches, and other recreational opportunities have made Big Sur a
popular destination for about 7 million people who live within a day's
drive and visitors from across the world.
The highway has been closed more than 55 times by landslides, and in May 2017, a 2,000,000-cubic-foot (57,000 m3) slide blocked the highway at Mud Creek, north of Salmon Creek near the San Luis Obispo County line, to just south of Gorda. The road was reopened on July 18, 2018, but is subject to closure during heavy storms.
Big Sur land use
The policies protecting land used in Big Sur are some of the most restrictive local-use standards in California, and are widely regarded as one of the most restrictive development protections anywhere. The program protects viewsheds
from the highway and many vantage points, and severely restricts the
density of development. About 60% of the coastal region is owned by
governmental or private agencies which do not allow any development. The
majority of the interior region is part of the Los Padres National Forest, Ventana Wilderness, Silver Peak Wilderness or Fort Hunter Liggett.
The area is protected by the Big Sur Local Coastal Plan, which
preserves it as "open space, a small residential community, and
agricultural ranching."
It's intention is "preserving the environment and visual access to it,
the policies of the local coastal plan are to minimize, or limit, all
destination activities."
The unincorporated
region encompassing Big Sur does not have specific boundaries, but is
generally considered to include the 71-mile (114 km) segment of California State Route 1 between Malpaso Creek near Carmel Highlands in the north and San Carpóforo Creek near San Simeon in the south, as well as the entire Santa Lucia range between these creeks.
The interior region is mostly uninhabited, while the coast remains
relatively isolated and sparsely populated, with between 1,800 and 2,000
year-round residents and relatively few visitor accommodations scattered among four small settlements.
History
Native Americans
Three tribes of Native Americans — the Ohlone, Esselen, and Salinan —
are the first known people to have inhabited the area. The Ohlone, also
known as the Costanoans, are believed to have lived in the region from
San Francisco to Point Sur. The Esselen lived in the area between Point
Sur south to Big Creek, and inland including the upper tributaries of
the Carmel River and Arroyo Seco watersheds. The Salinan lived from Big
Creek south to San Carpóforo Creek.
Archaeological evidence shows that the Esselen lived in Big Sur as
early as 3500 BC, leading a nomadic, hunter-gatherer existence.
The aboriginal people inhabited fixed village locations, and followed
food sources seasonally, living near the coast in winter to harvest rich
stocks of otter, mussels, abalone, and other sea life. In the summer and fall, they traveled inland to gather acorns and hunt deer. The native people hollowed mortar holes
into large exposed rocks or boulders which they used to grind the
acorns into flour. These can be found throughout the region. Arrows were
of made of cane and pointed with hardwood foreshafts. The tribes also used controlled burning techniques to increase tree growth and food production.
The population was limited as the Santa Lucia Mountains made the
area relatively inaccessible and long-term habitation a challenge. The
population of the Esselen who lived in the Big Sur area are estimated
from a few hundred to a thousand or more.
Spanish exploration and settlement
The first Europeans to see Big Sur were Spanish mariners led by Juan Cabrillo
in 1542, who sailed up the coast without landing. When Cabrillo sailed
by, he described the coastal range as "mountains which seem to reach the
heavens, and the sea beats on them; sailing along close to land, it
appears as though they would fall on the ships."
Two centuries passed before the Spaniards attempted to colonize the area. On September 13, 1769, an expedition led by Gaspar de Portolá were the first Europeans to enter the Big Sur region when they arrived at San Carpóforo Canyon near Ragged Point. While camping there, they were visited by six indigenous people who offered pinole
and fish and received beads in exchange. They explored the coast ahead
and concluded it was impassable. They were forced to turn inland up the
steep arroyo. The march through the mountains was one of the most
difficult portions of the expedition's journey. The Spanish were forced
to "make a road with crowbar and pickaxe". Crespi wrote, "The mountains
which enclose it are perilously steep, and all are inaccessible, not
only for men but also for goats and deer." From a high peak near the San
Antonio River, they could see nothing but mountains in every direction. They reached Monterey on October 1.
When they attempted to explore further south, the scouts found their
way blocked by "the same cliff that had forced us back from the shore
and obliged us to travel through the mountains."
After the Spanish established the California missions
in 1770, they baptized and forced the native population to labor at the
missions. While living at the missions, the aboriginal population was
exposed to diseases unknown to them, like smallpox and measles,
for which they had no immunity, devastating the Native American
population and their culture. Many of the remaining Native Americans
assimilated with Spanish and Mexican ranchers in the nineteenth century.
In 1909, forest supervisors reported that three Indian families
still lived within what was then known as the Monterey National Forest.
The Encinale family of 16 members and the Quintana family with three
members lived in the vicinity of The Indians (now known as Santa Lucia
Memorial Park west of Ft. Hunger Liggett). The Mora family consisting of
three members was living to the south along the Nacimiento-Ferguson
Road.
Spanish ranchos
Along with the rest of Alta California, Big Sur became part of Mexico when it gained independence from Spain
in 1821. But, due to its inaccessibility, only a few small portions of
the Big Sur region were included in land grants given by Mexican
governors José Figueroa and Juan Bautista Alvarado.
- Rancho Tularcitos
Rancho Tularcitos, 26,581-acre (10,757 ha) of land, was granted in 1834 by Governor José Figueroa to Rafael Goméz. It was located in upper Carmel Valley along Tularcitos Creek.
- Rancho San Francisquito
Rancho San Francisquito was a 8,813-acre (35.66 km2) land grant given in 1835 by Governor José Castro to Catalina Manzaneli de Munras. She was the wife of Esteban Munras (1798–1850), a Monterey trader, amateur painter, and grantee of Rancho San Vicente. The grant was located in the upper Carmel Valley, inland and east of Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito.
- Rancho Milpitas
Rancho Milpitas was a 43,281-acre (17,515 ha) land grant given in 1838 by governor Juan Alvarado to Ygnacio Pastor. The grant encompassed present day Jolon and land to the west. When Pastor obtained title from the Public Land Commission in 1875, Faxon Atherton
immediately purchased the land. By 1880, the James Brown Cattle
Company owned and operated Rancho Milpitas and neighboring Rancho Los
Ojitos. William Randolph Hearst's Piedmont Land and Cattle Company acquired the rancho in 1925.
In 1940, in anticipation of the increased forces required in World War
II, the U.S. War Department purchased the land from Hearst to create a
troop training facility known as the Hunter Liggett Military Reservation.
- Rancho El Sur
On July 30, 1834, Figueroa granted Rancho El Sur, two square leagues of land totalling 8,949-acres (3,622 ha), to Juan Bautista Alvarado. The grant extended between the Little Sur River and what is now called Cooper Point. Alvarado later traded Rancho El Sur for the more accessible Rancho Bolsa del Potrero y Moro Cojo in the northern Salinas Valley, owned by his uncle by marriage, Captain John B. R. Cooper. Rancho El Sur is still an operating cattle ranch.
- Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito
In 1839, Alvarado granted Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito, also about two square leagues of land totalling 8,876-acre (3,592 ha), to Marcelino Escobar, a prominent official of Monterey. The grant was bounded on the north by the Carmel River and on the south by Palo Colorado Canyon.
In 1848, two days after the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill, Mexico ceded California to the United States as a result of the Mexican–American War.
First survey
During the first survey of the coast conducted by the U.S. Coast Survey in 1886, the surveyor reported:
The country between the shore-line and the Coast Range of mountains, running parallel with the shore-line from San Carpojoro to Point Sur is probably the roughest piece of coast-line on the whole Pacific coast of the United States from San Diego to Cape Flattery.
The highest peaks of the crest of the coast range are located at an average distance from the coast of three and a half miles [5.6 km]. In this distance they rise to elevations of from three thousand six hundred to five thousand feet [1,100 to 1,500 m] above the sea-level. From San Carpoforo Creek to Pfeiffer's Point, a distance of 54 miles (87 km), the shore-line is iron-bound coast with no possible chance of getting from the hills to the shore-line and back except at the mouths of the creeks and at such places as Coxe's Hole and Slate's Hot Springs, where there are short stretches of sandy and rocky beaches from fifty to one hundred yards [meters] in length. In many places the sea bluffs are perpendicular, and rise from one thousand to one thousand five hundred feet [300 to 460 m] above the sea. The country is cut up by deep cañons [canyons], walled in with high and precipitous bluffs. These cañons are densely wooded with redwood, oak, and yellow and silver pine timber.
The redwood trees are from three to six feet [0.91 to 1.83 m] in diameter and from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet high [30 to 46 m]. The oaks and pines are of the same average dimensions. Beautiful streams of clear cold water, filled with an abundance of salmon or trout, are to be found in all the canyons. The spurs running from the summits of the range to the ocean bluffs are covered with a dense growth of brush and scattering clumps of oak and pine timber. The chaparral is very thick, and in many places grows to a height of ten or fifteen feet [3–5 m] ... The spurs, slopes, and canons are impenetrable ...
Homesteaders
Joseph
W. Post House, a historic structure built in 1877. William B. Post
arrived in California in 1848, and homesteaded 640 acres (260 ha) in Big
Sur in 1867. The Post House is on the grounds of the Ventana Inn
resort.
The first known European settler in Big Sur was George Davis, who in
1853 claimed a tract of land along the Big Sur River. He built a cabin
near the present day site of the beginning of the Mount Manuel Trail.
In 1868, Native Americans Manual and Florence Innocenti bought Davis'
cabin and land for $50. The second European settlers were the Pfeiffer
family from France. Michael Pfeiffer and his wife and four children
arrived in Big Sur in 1869 with the intention of settling on the south
coast. After reaching Sycamore Canyon, they found it to their liking and
decided to stay.
The Davis cabin was just above the location of a cabin later built for John Bautista Rogers Cooper. Born John Rogers Cooper, he was a Yankee born in the British Channel Islands who arrived in Monterey in 1823.
He became a Mexican citizen, converted to Catholicism, and was given
his Spanish name at his baptism. He married Native American Encarnacion
Vallejo and acquired considerable land, including Rancho El Sur, on
which he had a cabin built in April or May 1861. The Cooper Cabin is the oldest surviving structure in Big Sur.
Other important pioneer-era historic resources are the Post House,
built over several years in the 1860s and 1870s, and the Swetnam /
Trotter House, a late 19th century dwelling located at the mouth of Palo Colorado Canyon. Further south, in Pacific Valley, is the Junge Cabin, a one-room redwood cabin built in 1920 by homesteader John Junge. John Little State Natural Reserve straddling the mouth of Lime Creek preserves the original 1917 cabin of conservationist Elizabeth K. Livermore.
The Cooper Cabin is the oldest structure on the Big Sur coast, built in 1861 for Captain J.B.R. Cooper.
After passage of the federal Homestead Act
in 1862, a few hardy settlers were drawn by the promise of free
160-acre (65 ha) parcels. After the claimant filed for the land, they
had gained full ownership after five years of residence or by paying
$1.50 per acre within six months. Each claim was for 160 acres, a
quarter section of free government land. The first to file a land patent
was Micheal Pfeiffer on January 20, 1883, who claimed two sections of
land he already resided on near and immediately north of the mouth of
Sycamore Canyon.
They had six more children later on. William Plaskett and his family
settled in Pacific Valley in 1869. They established a saw mill and built
several cabins.
Other settlers included William F. Notley, who homesteaded at the mouth of Palo Colorado Canyon in 1891. He began harvesting tanoak
bark from the canyon, a lucrative source of income at the time.
Notley's Landing is named after him. Isaac Swetnam worked for Notley and
built a house at the mouth of Palo Colorado Canyon, which as of 2018 is
still a residence. Sam Trotter, who also worked for Notley, later
bought Swetnam's house. He married Adelaide Pfeiffer, the daughter of
Micheal Pfeiffer, and they raised a family there from 1906 to 1923. Many
other local sites retain names from settlers during this period:
Bottcher, Gamboa, Anderson, Partington, Dani, Harlans, McQuades, Ross,
and McWay are a few of the place names. Wilber Harlan, a native of Indiana, homesteaded near Lucia in 1885. His family descendants are as of 2017 still operating the Lucia Lodge.
Industrial era and gold rush
A major forest product of Big Sur coast was the bark of Tanbark Oak
Bixby Landing in 1911 was used to transport products to and from ships off shore.
Along with industries based on tanoak bark harvesting, gold mining, and limestone
processing, the local economy provided more jobs and supported a larger
population than it does today. From the 1860s through the start of the
twentieth century, lumbermen cut down most of the readily accessible coast redwoods.
Redwood harvesting further inland was always limited by the rugged
terrain and difficulty in transporting the lumber to market. Pioneer
William F. Notley was one of the first to harvest the bark of the
Tanbark Oak from the Little Sur River canyon.
Tanbark was used to manufacture tannic acid, necessary to the growing leather tanning industry located in Santa Cruz, and to preserve fish nets. The tanbark was harvested from the isolated trees inland, left to dry, corded,
and brought out on mules or hauled out on "go-devils". The go-devil was
a wagon with two wheels on the front, while the rear had rails for
pulling. Notley constructed a landing at the mouth of the Palo Colorado
River like that at Bixby Landing to the south. The tanbark was loaded by
cable onto waiting vessels anchored offshore. In 1889, as much as
50,000 cords of tanbark were hauled out from the Little Sur River and
Big Sur River watersheds. A small village grew up around Notley's Landing from 1898 to 1907.
Near the start of the 20th century, the tan oak trees were becoming
seriously depleted, which slowly led to the demise of the industries
they had created.
A point on the Palo Colorado road is still nicknamed "The Hoist"
because of the very steep road which required wagon-loads of tanbark and
lumber to be hoisted by block and tackle hitched to oxen.[151] The old block and tackle on a beam is still mounted between mailboxes.
In the 1880s, gold was found in the Los Burros District at Alder Creek in the mountains east of present-day Gorda. The gold rush town of Manchester at 35.880°N 121.392°W existed for a few short years.
The town boasted a population of 200, four stores, a restaurant, five
saloons, a dance hall, and a hotel, but it was abandoned soon after the
start of the twentieth century and burned to the ground in 1909. Miners extracted about $150,000 in gold (about $4.61 million in 2019) during the mine's existence.
The 30 mi (48 km) trip from Monterey to the Pfeiffer Ranch could
take three days by wagon. It was a rough road that ended in present-day
Big Sur Village and could be impassible in winter. Local entrepreneurs
built small boat landings like what is known today as Bixby Landing at a
few coves along the coast from which supplies could be received and
products could be shipped from schooners via a cable hoist.
A steamer would make a trip from San Francisco to drop off supplies in
Big Sur once a year. It stopped at the mouth of the Big Sur River and at
Big Creek, north of Lucia. Only the stone foundations of some of these
landings remain today.
In the late 1800s, the Ventana Power Company operated a sawmill
near present-day Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park. They began planning to
build a dam on the Big Sur River just downstream of the confluence of
Ventana Creek and the Big Sur River. They hoped to sell the electricity
to the City of Monterey. They built a diversion channel along the Big
Sur River, but the 1906 San Francisco earthquake bankrupted the company
and they abandoned the project. The stonework from the diversion channel
is still visible.
Few other signs of this brief industrial period are visible. The
rugged, isolated terrain kept out all but the sturdiest and most
self-sufficient settlers. Travelers who ventured south of the Post Ranch
rode horse back along trails that connected the various homesteaders
along the coast.
Geography
Geology
The Santa Lucia Mountain Range, which dominates the Big Sur region,
is 140 miles (230 km) long, extending from Carmel in the north to the Cuyama River in San Luis Obispo County. The range is never more than 11 miles (18 km) from the coast.
The Santa Lucia Mountains are characterized by extremely steep
slopes, all associated with watersheds flowing directly or indirectly
into the Pacific Ocean. The range forms the steepest coastal slope in
the contiguous United States. The mountains are of recent tectonic
origin, and is rugged, steep and dissected by deep stream canyons. The
general trend of the range is northwest-southeast, paralleling the
numerous faults that transect the area.
The topography is complex, however, reflecting active uplift and
deformation, a variety of lithological types, rapidly incising stream
networks and highly unstable slopes. Stream channels and hill slopes are
very steep, with average hill slope gradients exceeding 60% in some
interior watersheds. The coastal side of the range rises directly from
the shoreline, with oceanfront ridges rising directly 4,000 to 5,000
feet (1,200 to 1,500 m) to the crest of the coastal range. Big Sur's
Cone Peak, at an elevation of 5,155 feet (1,571 m), is only 3 miles
(4.8 km) from the ocean and is the tallest coastal mountain in the
contiguous United States.
The basement rocks of the Santa Lucia Range contain Mesozoic Franciscan and Salinian Block rocks. The Franciscan complex is composed of greywacke sandstone and greenstone, with serpentinite bodies and other Ultramafic rocks
present. Small areas of marble and limestone lenses form resistant
outcrops that are prominent landscape features, often white to light
gray in color. The Salinian block is made up of highly fractured, and
deeply weathered meta-sediments, especially biotite schist and gneiss,
intruded by plutonic (granitic) rocks such as quartz diorite and
granodiorite. Both formations have been disrupted and tectonically
slivered by motion on the San Andreas
and associated fault systems. The Palo Colorado and Church Creek faults
are prominent features influencing the linear northwest-southeast
alignment of primary drainages.
Marine influence
Along with much of the central and northern California coast, Big Sur frequently has dense fog in summer. The summer fog and lack of precipitation both result from the North Pacific High's
presence offshore during that season. The high pressure cell inhibits
rainfall and generates northwesterly air flow. These prevailing summer
winds from the northwest drive the ocean surface water slightly offshore
(through the Ekman effect)
which generates an upwelling of colder sub surface water. The water
vapor in the air contacting this cold water condenses into fog.
The fog usually moves out to sea during the day and closes in at night,
but sometimes heavy fog blankets the coast all day. Fog is an essential
summer water source for many Big Sur coastal plants. While few plants
can take water directly out of the air, water condensation on leaf
surfaces slowly precipitates into the ground like rain.
Wildfires
FEMA team assesses wildfire damage after the Basin Fire, 2008
Fire plays a key role in the ecology of the upper slopes of the Big Sur region's mountains where chaparral dominates the landscape.
It's known that Native Americans burned chaparral to promote grasslands
for textiles and food, but little is known about the natural frequency
of fire in the Santa Lucia Mountains.
During the Spanish and Mexican era there were a number of reports of
local Native Americans setting fires, especially in coastal and valley
grasslands.
Following the depopulation of the Native Americans from the
region in the late 1800s, there have been a number of very large fires
in the Big Sur area. In 1894, a fire burned for weeks through the upper
watersheds of all of the major streams in the Big Sur region. Another
large fire in 1898 burned without any effort by the few local residents
to put it out, except to save their buildings.
In 1903, a fire started by an untended campfire near Chews Ridge burned
a path 6 miles (9.7 km) wide to the coast over three months. In 1906, a
fire that began in Palo Colorado Canyon from the embers of a campfire
burned 150,000 acres (61,000 ha) over 35 days and was finally
extinguished by the first rainfall of the season. The number of fires declined when the U.S. Forest Service began managing the land in 1907.
A study of fire scars on sugar pines on Junipero Serra Peak found that
at least six fires had burned the region between 1790 and 1901.
In recent history, the area was struck by the Molera Fire in
1972, which resulted in flooding and mud flows in the Big Sur River
valley that buried portions of several buildings the following winter. The area was burned by Marble Cone Fire in 1977, the Rat Creek Gorda Complex Fire in 1985, the Kirk Complex Fire in 1999, the Basin Complex Fire in 2008, and the Soberanes Fire in 2016.
The 2016 Soberanes fire tops a ridge covered in fire retardant adjacent to the Pacific Ocean.
The Basin Complex Fire forced an eight-day evacuation of Big Sur and
the closure of Highway 1, beginning just before the July 4, 2008 holiday weekend.
The fire, which burned over 130,000 acres (53,000 ha), represented the
largest of many lightning-caused wildfires that had broken out
throughout California during the same period.
Although the fire caused no loss of life, it destroyed 27 homes, and
the tourist-dependent economy lost about a third of its expected summer
revenue.
The Pfeiffer Fire that occurred from December 17 to 20, 2013 only
burned 917 acres (371 ha), but destroyed 34 homes in an area near
Pfeiffer Ridge Road and Sycamore Canyon Road.
In the lower elevations and canyons, the California Redwood is often found. Its thick bark, along with foliage that starts high above the ground, protect the species from both fire and insect damage, contributing to the coast redwood's longevity.
Fire appears to benefit redwoods by removing competitive species. A
2010 study compared post-wildfire survival and regeneration of redwood
and associated species. It concluded that fires of all severity increase
the relative abundance of redwood and higher-severity fires provide the
greatest benefit.
- Soberanes Fire
The July 2016 Soberanes Fire
was caused by unknown individuals who started and lost control of an
illegal campfire in the Garrapata Creek watershed. After it burned 57
homes in the Garrapata and Palo Colorado Canyon areas, fire fighters
were able to build lines around parts of the Big Sur community. A
bulldozer operator was killed when his equipment overturned during night
operations in Palo Colorado Canyon.
Coast residents east of Highway 1 were required to evacuate for
short periods, and Highway 1 was shut down at intervals over several
days to allow firefighters to conduct backfire operations. Visitors
avoided the area and tourism revenue was impacted for several weeks.
Climate
Upper image from March and lower image from October, showing a typical fog bank nearly 1,000 feet (300 m) thick. Also illustrating the difference in vegetation between the winter rainy season and dry early fall.
Big Sur typically enjoys a mild Mediterranean climate,
with a sunny, dry summer and fall, and a cool, wet winter. Coastal
temperatures range from the 50s at night to the 70s by day (Fahrenheit)
from June through October, and in the 40s to 60s from November through
May. Farther inland, away from the ocean's moderating influence,
temperatures are much more variable. The weather varies widely due to
the influence of the jagged topography, creating many microclimates.
Big Sur Coast in April 1969 after a wet winter
The record maximum temperature was 102 °F (38.9 °C) on June 20, 2008,
and the record low was 27 °F (−2.8 °C), recorded on December 21, 1998,
and January 13, 2007.
During the winter, Big Sur experiences some of the heaviest rainfall in California.
More than 70 percent of the rain falls from December through March. The
summer is generally dry. The Santa Lucia range rises to more than
5,800 ft (1760 m), and the amount of rainfall greatly increases as the
elevation rises and cools the air, but rainfall amounts decrease sharply
in the rain shadow of the coastal mountains. Scientists estimate that
about 90 in. (230 cm) falls on average near the ridge tops. But actual
totals vary considerably. Snowfall is rare on the coast, but is common in the winter months on the higher ridges of the Santa Lucia Range.
Monterey County maintains a remote rain gauge for flood
prediction on Mining Ridge at 4,000 ft (1200 m) about 4 miles (6.4 km)
north-east of Cone Peak. The gauge frequently receives more rain than
any gauge in the Monterey and San Francisco Bay Areas. The wettest
winter season was 1982–1983, when it rained more than 178 in. (452 cm)
but the total is unknown because the rain gauge failed at that point.
The wettest calendar year on record was 1983, when it rained 88.85
inches (2,257 mm).
The month with the greatest rain fall total was January 1995 it
rained a record 26.47 inches (672 mm). At Pfeiffer–Big Sur State Park on
the coast, rainfall averaged about 43 in. (109 cm) annually from 1914
to 1987. In 1975–1976, it rained only 15 in. (39 cm) at the park,
compared to 85 in. (216 cm) in 1982–1983.
| Climate data for Big Sur |
|---|
Flora and fauna
Big Sur coast looking south near Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park
The many climates of Big Sur result in a great biodiversity, including many rare and endangered species such as the wild orchid Piperia yadonii, which is found only on the Monterey Peninsula and on Rocky Ridge in the Los Padres forest. Arid, dusty chaparral-covered hills exist within easy walking distance of lush riparian woodland. Fort Hunter-Liggett is host to about one-fourth of all Tule elk
found in California, and provides roosting places for bald eagles and
endangered condors. It also is home to some of the healthiest stands of
live valley and blue oaks.
Southern limit of redwood trees
The high coastal mountains trap moisture from the clouds: fog in
summer, rain and snow in winter, creating a favorable environment for
the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
trees found in the Big Sur region. They are found near the ocean in
canyon bottoms or in inland canyons alongside creeks and in other areas
that meet its requirements for cooler temperatures and moisture. Due to
drier conditions, trees in the Big Sur region only grow about 200 feet
(61 m) tall, smaller than specimens found to the north.
The redwood trees in Big Sur are the remnant of much larger
groves. Many old-growth trees were cut by the Ventana Power Company
which operated a sawmill near present-day Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park
from the late 1800s through 1906, when its operations were bankrupted by
the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
When John and Florence Pfeiffer opened Pffeifer's Ranch Resort in 1910,
they built guest cabins from lumber cut using the mill. The mill was
resurrected when Highway 1 was constructed during the 1920s. It supplied
lumber for housing built for workers.
While many trees were harvested, a number of inaccessible
locations were never logged. A large grove of trees are found along the
north fork of the Little Sur River. William Randolph Hearst
was interested in preserving the uncut redwood forest, and on November
18, 1921, he purchased about 1,445 acres (585 ha) from the Eberhard and
Kron Tanning Company of Santa Cruz for about $50,000. He later donated
the land to the Monterey Bay Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America,
who completed construction of Camp Pico Blanco in 1954.
In 2008, scientist J. Michael Fay published a map of the old growth redwoods based on his transect of the entire redwood range. The southernmost naturally occurring grove of redwoods is found within the Big Sur region in the Southern Redwood Botanical Area,
a 17 acres (6.9 ha) reserve located in the Little Redwood Gulch
watershed adjacent to the Silver Peak Wilderness. It is just north of
the Salmon Creek trailhead. The southernmost tree is about 15 feet (4.6 m) from Highway 1 at the approximate coordinates 35°49'42 N 121°23'14 W.
Rare species
The rare Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata) is found only in the Santa Lucia mountains. A common "foreign" species is the Monterey pine (Pinus radiata),
which was uncommon in Big Sur until the late nineteenth century, though
its major native habitat is only a few miles upwind on the Monterey
Peninsula, when many homeowners began to plant the quick-growing tree as
a windbreak. There are many broadleaved trees as well, such as the tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), and California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica). In the rain shadow, the forests disappear and the vegetation becomes open oak woodland, then transitions into the more familiar fire-tolerant California chaparral scrub.
Wildlife
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A harbor seal on a Big Sur beach
The Big Sur River watershed provides habitat for mountain lion, deer, fox, coyotes and non-native wild boars. The boars, of Russian stock, were introduced in the 1920s by George Gordon Moore, the owner of Rancho San Carlos. Because most of the upper reaches of the Big Sur River watershed are within the Los Padres National Forest and the Ventana Wilderness, much of the river is in pristine condition.
- Former Grizzly bear range
The region was historically populated by grizzly bears.
During the Spanish period of California history, the Spaniards rarely
entered the area, except to capture runaway Mission Indians or to hunt
grizzly bears that ate their livestock. The Mexican settlers captured
bears for Monterey's bear and bull fights, and they also sold their
skins for 6 to 10 pesos to trading ships that visited Monterey. Bear
Trap Canyon near Bixby Creek was one of their favorite sites for
trapping grizzly bears.
There are remnants of a grizzly bear trap within Palo Corona Regional
Park east of Point Lobos in a grove of redwood trees next to a creek.
European settlers paid bounties on the bears who regularly preyed on livestock until the early 20th century.
Absolom (Rocky) Beasley hunted grizzly bears throughout the Santa Lucia
Range and claimed to have killed 139 bears in his lifetime. The Pfeiffer family would fill a bait ball of swine entrails with strychnine
and hang it from a tree. They wrote that the last grizzly bear was seen
in Monterey County in 1941 on the Cooper Ranch near the mouth of the
Little Sur River. Other sources report that last California grizzly was seen in 1924.
Since about 1980, American black bears
have been sighted in the area, likely expanding their range from
southern California and filling in the ecological niche left when the
grizzly bear was exterminated.
- Steelhead
The California Department of Fish and Game says the Little Sur River is the "most important spawning stream for Steelhead" distinct population segment on the Central Coast, where the fish is listed as threatened. and that it "is one of the best steelhead streams in the county." The Big Sur River is also a key habitat for the steelhead.
A US fisheries service report estimates that the number of trout in the entire south-central coast area—including the Pajaro River, Salinas River, Carmel River, Big Sur River, and Little Sur River—have dwindled from about 4,750 fish in 1965 to about 800 in 2005.
Numerous fauna are found in the Big Sur region. Among amphibians the California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) is found here, which point marks the southern extent of its range.
- California condor
The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus)
is a critically endangered species that was near extinction when the
remaining wild birds were captured. A captive breeding program was begun
in 1987. The Ventana Wildlife Society acquired 80 acres near Anderson
Canyon that it used for a captive breeding program. After some success, a few birds were released in 1991 and 1992 in Big Sur, and again in 1996 in Arizona near the Grand Canyon.
In 1997, the Ventana Wildlife Society
began releasing captive-bred California Condors in Big Sur. The birds
take six years to mature before they can produce offspring, and a nest
was discovered in a redwood tree in 2006.
This was the first time in more than 100 years in which a pair of
California condors had been seen nesting in Northern California.
The repopulation effort has been successful in part because a
significant portion of the birds' diet includes carcasses of large sea
creatures that have washed ashore, which are unlikely to be contaminated
with lead, the principal cause of the bird's mortality.
As of July 2014, the Ventana Wildlife Society managed 34 free-flying condors.
There were part of a total population of 437 condors spread over
California, Baja California and Arizona, of which 232 are wild birds and
205 are in captivity.
Marine protected areas
Coast view of the Big Creek State Marine Reserve
The off-shore region of the Big Sur Coast is protected by the
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Within that sanctuary are other
conservation areas and parks. The onshore topography that drops abruptly
into the Pacific continues offshore where a narrow continental shelf
drops to the continental slope in only a few miles. The ocean reaches a
depth of more than 12,000 feet (3,700 m) just 50 mi (80 km) offshore.
Two deep submarine canyons cut into the shelf near the Big Sur coast:
the Sur Submarine Canyon, reaching a depth of 3,000 ft (910 m) just 8 mi
(13 km) south of Point Sur, and Partington Submarine Canyon, which
reaches a similar depth of 6.8 mi (10.9 km) offshore of Grimes Canyon.
Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.
- Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
- Point Lobos State Marine Reserve
- Point Sur State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area
- Big Creek State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area
- Salmon Creek State Area of Special Biological Significance
- California Sea Otter Game Refuge
- Julia Pfeiffer Burns Underwater Park
Demographics
Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park after fire
Big Sur is sparsely populated. There are about 1,800 to 2,000
year-round residents, only a few hundred more residents than found there
in 1900.
Big Sur residents include descendants of the original ranching
families, artists and writers, service staff, along with home-owners.
The mountainous terrain, restrictions imposed by the Big Sur Coastal Use
Plan,
limited availability of property than can be developed, and the expense
required to build on available land have kept Big Sur relatively
undeveloped. According to the Big Sur Chamber of Commerce, about half
the businesses derive their income from the hospitality industry, and
they in turn produce about 90 percent of the local economy.
Census data
The United States does not define a census-designated place called Big Sur, but it does define a census tract
(115) that includes almost all of the Big Sur coast, beginning in the
north at Malpaso Creek and ending south of Lucia. It doesn't include
New Camoldi Hermatige, Gorda, and Ragged Point where a few dozen people
live, and it doesn't include the isolated private inholdings within the
Los Padres National Forest. It includes much of the interior coast as
far west as the Tassajara Zen Center.
In 2018, the Census Bureau estimated there were 1,728 residents,
(1,125 white, 525 Latino or Hispanic), 892 housing uits, 639 households,
253 vacant or rental housing units, $877,100 median value of
owner-occupied housing units. Per capita income 34,845. Median income
$63,843, mean income $81,766.
The racial makeup
of this area was 87.6% White, 1.1% African American, 1.3% Native
American, 2.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 5.5% from other races, and
3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6% of
the population. In the 93920 ZCTA, the population age was widely
distributed, with 20.2% under the age of 20, 4.5% from 20 to 24, 26.9%
from 25 to 44, 37.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age
or older. The median age was 43.2 years. The median income in 2000 for a
household in 93920 ZCTA was $41,304, and the median income for a family
was $65,083.
Government
At the county level, Big Sur is represented on the Monterey County Board of Supervisors by Mary Adams. In the California State Assembly, Big Sur is in the 17th Senate District, represented by Democrat Bill Monning, and in the 30th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Robert Rivas. In the United States House of Representatives, Big Sur is in California's 20th congressional district, represented by Democrat Jimmy Panetta.
Settlements
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View of Gorda, one of the small clusters of services in Big Sur
Existing settlements in the Big Sur region, between Carmel Highlands and the San Carpoforo Creek, include Big Sur Village, Gorda, Lucia, Palo Colorado Canyon Posts, and Slates Hot Springs.
Other residential areas include Otter Cove, Garrapata Ridge and Rocky
Point, Garrapata and Palo Colorado Canyons, Bixby Canyon, Pfeiffer Ridge
and Sycamore Canyon, Coastlands, Partington Ridge, Burns Creek, Buck
Creek to Lime Creek, Plaskett Ridge and Redwood Gulch.
In popular media
In film
The
area's increasing popularity and reputation for beauty has attracted
the attention of movie and television personalities and producers. Orson Welles and his wife at the time, Rita Hayworth,
bought a Big Sur cabin on an impulse during a trip down the coast in
1944. The couple never spent a single night there, and the property is
now the location of a popular restaurant, Nepenthe.
A number of well-known films are set in Big Sur, including The Sandpiper (1965), starring Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Eva Marie Saint and Charles Bronson. The 1974 film Zandy's Bride, starring Gene Hackman and Liv Ullmann, was also based in the region. In 2013, Jack Kerouac's novel Big Sur was adapted into a film of the same name, starring Kate Bosworth and directed by the actress' husband, Michael Polish. As of 2017, 19 movies had been filmed in the Big Sur region, beginning with Suspicion in 1941.
In books
In 1995, prominent environmentalist David Brower published Not Man Apart: Photographs of the Big Sur Coast, featuring Jeffers' poetry and photography of the Big Sur coast. In the posthumously published 2002 book Stones of the Sur, Carmel landscape photographer Morley Baer combined his classical black-and-white photographs of Big Sur with some of Jeffers' poetry.
In music
California Saga: California (1973), a single on The Beach Boys' album Holland, depicting of the rugged wilderness in the area and the culture of its inhabitants.
