OpenDocument software

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument_software

This is an overview of software support for the OpenDocument format, an open document file format for saving and exchanging editable office documents.

Current support

A number of applications support the OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications; listed alphabetically they include:

Word processors

• AbiWord 2.4+ (import from 2.4.0, export from 2.4.2; used to require separate download and installation of plugins – up to version 2.6.8).
• Adobe Buzzword beta, a web-based word processor with limited ODF support owing to its beta status.
• Atlantis Word Processor 1.6.5+ can import ODT documents.
• Calligra Words uses ODT as its native file format.
• Collabora Office Writer for Mobile and Desktop apps uses ODT as its native file format.
• Collabora Online Writer uses ODT as its native file format.
• eyeOS Cloud computing operating system with eyeDocs Word Processor has basic support for ODF text documents.
• EasiWriter (for RISC OS) Version 9.1 can import/save ODT files on RISC OS.
• FileApp allows viewing OpenDocument files on iPhone and iPad.
• FocusWriter, a distraction-free word processor.
• Google Docs, a web-based word processor and spreadsheet application derived from the application Writely.
• Gwennel, a WYSIWYG word processor written in assembly language, under 200 KB.
• IBM Lotus Notes 8.0+ includes an office suite for creating text, spreadsheet and presentation files.
• IBM Lotus Symphony Viewer allows viewing OpenDocument texts, spreadsheets and presentations on iPad and iPhone.
• JustSystems Ichitaro (Japanese), read/write support via plug-in from version 2006, full built-in support from 2007.
• LibreOffice Writer (an OpenOffice.org fork) uses ODT as its native file format.
  • Go-oo, an OpenOffice.org fork which was later merged with Libreoffice (Development discontinued).
• Microsoft Office 2021 supports ODF 1.3 (Windows and MacOS)
• Microsoft Word native support since Office 2007 SP2 (support for previous versions are available through several plugins).
  • Sun ODF Plugin for Microsoft Office.
  • Microsoft OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office.
  • Currently no ODF support on the Mac OS X version of Microsoft Office.
• Mobile Office, an office package for Symbian mobile phones.
• Microsoft WordPad included with Windows 7 has limited support for opening and saving in the ODT format.
• Nisus Writer Pro 1.2+ for Mac OS X.
• OnlyOffice online and desktop editors, both online and offline suites support ODT for opening, editing and exporting.
• OpenDocument Viewer, a free Android app for reading ODT, released under GPLv3 (also available from F-Droid).
• OpenOffice Writer – full support from 2.0, import-only in 1.1.5.
  • IBM Lotus Symphony Documents 1.0+ (OpenOffice.org 1.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
  • NeoOffice Writer – full support from 2.0 (OpenOffice.org 2.0.3 derivative), import only in 1.2.2 (OpenOffice.org 1.1.5 derivative).
  • StarOffice 8+ Writer (OpenOffice.org 2.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
  • RomanianOffice, a proprietary word processor based on OpenOffice.org.
• Open Word Processor allows editing OpenDocument text files (.odt) on iPad.
• ownCloud Documents, a plugin for ownCloud, allows creation and collaborative editing of ODT files stored in ownCloud.
• TechWriter (for RISC OS) Version 9.1 of TechWriter can import/save ODT files on RISC OS.
• TextEdit, (In Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard) can read/write ODT format but does not retain all formatting.
  • Bean 1.1.0+, basic word processor with limited ODT support implemented in Mac OS X.
• TextMaker starting with version 2008.
• Visioo Writer 0.6.1 (in development) — document viewer, incomplete support.
• WordPerfect Office (import-only in X4).
• Zoho Writer, an online word processor, allows reading and writing of ODT.

Other applications

• Apple Inc.'s Quick Look, the built-in quick preview feature of Mac OS X, supports OpenDocument format files starting with Mac OS X v10.5. Support is limited to basic ODF implementation in Mac OS X.
• Oxygen XML Editor 9.3+ allows users to extract, validate, edit, transform (using XSLT or XQuery) to other file formats, compare and process the XML data stored in OpenDocument files. Validation uses the latest ODF Documents version 1.1 Relax NG Schemas.
• IBM WebSphere Portal 6.0.1+ can preview texts from ODT files as HTML documents.
• IBM Lotus Domino 8.0+ KeyView (10.4.0.0) filter supports ODT, ODS, ODP for viewing files.
• FreeViewer ODT File Viewer, can read/write ODT files, can convert ODT files to HTML documents.

Data management

• phpMyAdmin 2.9.0+ – database manager, exports to ODT.

Text management

• Dokuwiki — wiki software, exports to ODT with the odt plugin.
• Drupal ODF Import – a Drupal module allows importing ODT files into CMS nodes.
• eZ publish — content management system, supports import and export of writer documents via extension.
• Scribus 1.2.2+ — desktop publishing suite, imports ODT.

Translation support

• OmegaT — computer-assisted translation tool, can import ODF files.
• Translate Toolkit — converts OpenDocument into XLIFF 1.2 for localisation in any XLIFF aware CAT tool.

Bibliographic

• RefWorks – Web-based commercial citation manager, supports uploading ODT files for citation formatting.

Spreadsheet documents (.ods)

Spreadsheets

• Calligra Sheets uses ODS as default file format.
• Collabora Office Calc for Mobile and Desktop apps uses ODS as its native file format.
• Collabora Online Calc uses ODS as its native file format.
• EditGrid, a web-based (online) spreadsheet service – full support.
• FileApp allows viewing OpenDocument files on iPhone and iPad.
• Gnumeric can both open and save files in this format and plans to continue to support this format in the future.
• Google Docs, a web-based word processor and spreadsheet application which can read and save OpenDocument files.
• IBM Lotus Notes 8.0+ includes an office suite for creating text, spreadsheet and presentation files.
• IBM Lotus Symphony Spreadsheets 1.0+ (OpenOffice.org 1.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
• IBM Lotus Symphony Viewer allows viewing OpenDocument texts, spreadsheets and presentations on iPad and iPhone.
• JustSystems JUST Suite 2009 Sanshiro (Japanese).
• LibreOffice Calc (an OpenOffice.org fork) uses ODS as its native file format.
• Microsoft Office 2021 supports ODF 1.3 (Windows and MacOS)
• Microsoft Excel has native support for ODF since Excel 2007 Service Pack 2. When writing formulas Excel uses the spreadsheet formula language specified in ISO/IEC 29500 (Office Open XML) which differs from the draft OpenFormula format used in other ODF implementations.
  • Earlier versions of Microsoft Excel support OpenDocument with Sun ODF Plugin for Microsoft Office.
  • Partial support also with Microsoft OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office.
• OnlyOffice online and desktop editors, both online and offline suites support ODF for opening, editing and exporting.
• OpenOffice Calc – full support from 2.0, import-only in 1.1.5.
  • NeoOffice – native support from 2.0 (OpenOffice.org 2.0.3 derivative), import only in 1.2.2 (OpenOffice.org 1.1.5 derivative).
  • StarOffice 8+ Calc (OpenOffice 2.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
• Zoho Sheet, an online spreadsheet application, can import and export ODS format.

Other applications

• Oxygen XML Editor 9.3+ allows users to extract, validate, edit, transform (using XSLT or XQuery) to other file formats, compare and process the XML data stored in OpenDocument files. Validation uses the latest ODF Documents version 1.1 Relax NG Schemas.
• IBM WebSphere Portal 6.0.1+ can preview texts from ODS files as HTML documents.
• odsgenerator v1.4.5+ allows generation of ODS files from JSON or YAML files.

Data management

• phpMyAdmin 2.9.0+ – database manager, exports to ODS, exports to system32\windows.

Knowledge management

• Knomos 1.0 – Law office management application.
• EndNote X 1.0.1 – Reference management software.

Statistics

• gretl 1.7.0 – Statistical analysis software (import only).

Translation support

• OmegaT — Allows translation of comments and sheet names.

Presentation documents (.odp)

Presentation

• Calligra Stage uses ODP as default file format.
• Collabora Office Impress for Mobile and Desktop apps uses ODP as its native file format.
• Collabora Online Impress uses ODP as its native file format.
• FileApp allows viewing OpenDocument files on iPhone and iPad.
• IBM Lotus Notes 8.0+ includes an office suite for creating text, spreadsheet and presentation files.
• IBM Lotus Symphony Presentations 1.0+ (OpenOffice.org 1.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
• IBM Lotus Symphony Viewer allows viewing OpenDocument texts, spreadsheets and presentations on iPad and iPhone.
• JustSystems JUST Suite 2009 Agree (Japanese).
• LibreOffice Impress uses ODP as its native file format.
• LibreOffice Online Impress uses ODP as its native file format.
• Microsoft Office 2021 supports ODF 1.3 (Windows and MacOS)
• Microsoft PowerPoint native support since Office 2007 SP2 (support for previous versions is available through several plugins).
• OnlyOffice online and desktop editors, where both online and offline suites support ODF for opening, editing and exporting.
• OpenOffice Impress – native support from 2.0, import-only in 1.1.5.
  • NeoOffice 1.2 Impress (OpenOffice 1.1.5 derivative).
  • NeoOffice 2.0 Impress (OpenOffice 2.0.3 derivative).
  • StarOffice 8 Impress (OpenOffice 2.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
• WPS Office WPS Presentation support ppt, pot, pps, dps, dpt, pptx, potx, ppsx, pptm, potm, ppsm, dpss.
• Zoho Show, an online presentation program, can import/export ODP format files.

Other applications

• Oxygen XML Editor 9.3+ allows users to extract, validate, edit, transform (using XSLT or XQuery) to other file formats, compare and process the XML data stored in OpenDocument files. Validation uses the latest ODF Documents version 1.1 Relax NG Schemas.
• IBM WebSphere Portal 6.0.1+ can preview texts from ODP files as HTML documents.

Database documents (.odb)

Database

• LibreOffice Base (an OpenOffice.org fork)

Graphics documents (.odg)

• Collabora Office Draw allows read/write of ODG files.
• Collabora Online Draw can read/write ODG files.
• Karbon, vector graphics editor, part of Calligra Suite — OpenDocument support since 1.5+ (import and export).
• LibreOffice Draw uses ODG as its native file format.
• JustSystems JUST Suite 2008+ Hanako (Japanese).
• OpenOffice Draw – full support from 2.0, import-only in 1.1.5.
  • NeoOffice Draw – full support from 2.0 (OpenOffice.org 2.0.3 derivative), import only in 1.2.2 (OpenOffice.org 1.1.5 derivative).
  • StarOffice 8 Draw (OpenOffice 2.0 derivative; Development discontinued).
• Scribus 1.2.2+ (import only) — Desktop publishing application.
• Inkscape 0.44+ (export only) — vector graphics editor.

Other applications

• IBM WebSphere Portal 6.0.1+ can preview texts from ODG files as HTML documents.

Formula documents (.odf)

• KFormula 1.5+ (full native support).
• LibreOffice Math — Allows read/write of ODF files.
• Collabora Office for Desktop apps uses ODF as its native file format.
• Math uses ODF as its native file format.
• OpenOffice Math (full support from 2.0).
  • NeoOffice 2.0 Math (OpenOffice 2.0.3 derivative).

Search tools

• Google supports searching in content of ODT, ODS, and ODP files and also searching for these filetypes. Found files can be viewed directly in a converted HTML view.
• Beagle, Linux desktop search engine. Indexes and searches multiple file formats, including OpenDocument files.
• Google Desktop Search has an unofficial OpenDocument plug-in available, supporting ODT, OTT, ODG, OTG, ODP, OTP, ODS, OTS, and ODF OpenDocument formats. The plug-in does not correctly handle Unicode characters.
• Apple Spotlight (built into OS X 10.4 and later) supports indexed searching of OpenDocument files using a third-party plug-in from the NeoOffice team.
• Copernic Desktop Search (Windows).

Other planned support

• Ability Office developers declared planned ODF support for the next major version of their office suite.
• Evermore Integrated Office – EIOffice 2009 will support ODF in the update. As stated on Evermore Software website: "Work is underway to both read and write to this new format as well as *.pdf and *.odf file formats in the update." Last version of EIOffice 2009 (5.0.1272.101EN.L1) cannot open or save ODF files.
• Haansoft's Hangul Word Processor will support OpenDocument format documents in its next version for Windows, which is planned for the end of 2009.
• An extension for Mozilla Firefox has been proposed by a developer named Tallinn, according to Mozilla hacker Gervase Markham (source); it has since been further modified by Alex Hudson. and was hosted in the official Firefox extension repository.
• Wikipedia announced that it will use ODF for printing wikis.
• BlackBerry smartphones are going to support ODF in their embedded office suites, starting mid-2009.
• The WordPad editor in Windows 7 includes support for ODF.

Programmatic support, filters, converters

There are OpenDocument-oriented libraries available for languages such as Java, Python, Ruby, C++ and C#. OpenDoc Society maintains an extensive list of ODF software libraries for OpenDocument Format.

OpenDocument packages are ordinary zip files. There is an OpenDocument format which is just a single XML file, but most applications use the package format. Thus, any of the vast number of tools for handling zip files and XML data can be used to handle OpenDocument. Nearly all programming languages have libraries (built-in or available) for processing XML files and zip files.

Microsoft

Microsoft has been offering native support for ODF since Office 2007 Service Pack 2. Microsoft is hosting the 8th ODF Plugfest in Brussels in 2012.

In October 2005, one year before the Microsoft Office 2007 suite was released, Microsoft declared that there is not sufficient demand from Microsoft customers for international standard OpenDocument format support and therefore it will not be included in Microsoft Office 2007. This statement was repeated also in next months. As an answer, on 20 October 2005 an online petition was created to demand ODF support from Microsoft. The petition was signed by circa 12000 people.

In May 2006, ODF plugin for Microsoft Office was released by OpenDocument Foundation. Microsoft declared that the company did not work with the developers of the plug-in.

In July 2006 Microsoft announced the creation of the Open XML Translator project—tools to build a technical bridge between the Microsoft Office Open XML Formats and the OpenDocument Format (ODF). This work was started in response to government requests for interoperability with ODF. The goal of project is not to implement ODF direct to Microsoft Office, but only to create plugin and external tools. In February 2007, this project released first version of ODF plug-in for Microsoft Word.

In February 2007 SUN released initial version of SUN ODF plugin for Microsoft Office. Version 1.0 was released in July 2007.

Microsoft Office 2007 Service Pack 2 was released on 28 April 2009. It added native support of OpenDocument 1.1 as well as other formats like XPS and PDF.

In April 2012, Microsoft announced support for ODF 1.2 in Microsoft Office 2013. Microsoft Office 2021 supports ODF 1.3 (Windows and MacOS).

Microsoft has financed the creation of an Open XML translator, to enable the conversion of documents between Office Open XML and OpenDocument. The project, hosted on SourceForge, is an effort by several of Microsoft's partners to create a plugin for Microsoft Office that will be freely available under a BSD license. By December 2007, plugins had been released for Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint. Independent analysis has, however, reported several concerns with these plugins, including lack of support for Office 2007.

Third party support: Plug-ins for Microsoft Office

Sun Microsystems' ODF Plugin for Microsoft Office users (download link no longer available as of 30 March 2013)— was a plugin that allowed users to read and edit ISO-standard Open Document Format (ODF) files in Microsoft Office. It works with Microsoft Office 2007 (with service pack 1 or higher), Microsoft Office 2003, Microsoft Office XP, and even Microsoft Office 2000.

ooo-word-filter was a plugin that allowed users to open ODF files in Microsoft Office 2003.

OpenOpenOffice (O3), is apparently inactive. OpenOpenOffice was developed by Phase-n, a free and open source software plug-in to enable Microsoft Office to read and write OpenDocument files (and any other formats supported by OpenOffice.org). Instead of installing a complete office application or even a large plug-in, O3 intended to install a tiny plug-in to the Microsoft Office system. This tiny plug-in intended to automatically send the file to some server, which would then do the conversion, returning the converted file. The server could be local to an organization (so private information doesn't go over the Internet) or accessed via the Internet (for those who do not want to set up a server). A beta of the server half has been completed, and further expected announcements have not occurred. Phase-n argued that the main advantage of their approach is simplicity. Their website announces that O3 "requires no new concepts to be explored, no significant development, and leverages the huge existing body of work already created by the OpenOffice developers, the CPAN module authors, and the Microsoft .NET and Office teams. They also argue that this approach significantly simplifies maintenance; when a new version of OpenOffice is released, only the server needs to be upgraded.

The OpenDocument Foundation announced plans to develop a plugin for Microsoft Office in May 2006 but development was stopped in October 2007.

Microsoft Office 2007 SP2 support controversy

Microsoft supports OpenDocument format in Office 2007 SP2. The current implementation faces criticism for not supporting encrypted documents and formula format in the same way as other OpenDocument compatible software, as well as for stripping out formulas in imported spreadsheets created by other OpenDocument compatible software. Critics say that with this conflict of standards Microsoft actually managed to reduce interoperability between office productivity software. The company had previously reportedly stated that "where ODF 1.1 is ambiguous or incomplete, the Office implementation can be guided by current practice in OpenOffice.org, mainly, and other implementations including KOffice and AbiWord. Peter Amstein and the Microsoft Office team are reluctant to make liberal use of extension mechanisms, even though provided in ODF 1.1. They want to avoid all appearance of an embrace-extend attempt." However, according to the ODF Alliance, "ODF spreadsheets created in Excel 2007 SP2 do not in fact conform to ODF 1.1 because Excel 2007 incorrectly encodes formulas with cell addresses. Section 8.3.1 of ODF 1.1 says that addresses in formulas "start with a "[" and end with a "]"." In Excel 2007 cell addresses were not enclosed with the necessary square brackets, which could be easily corrected." This however has been contested as the ISO/IEC 26300 specification states that the semantics and the syntax is dependent on the used namespace which is implementation dependent leaving the syntax implementation defined as well.

Before SP2, Microsoft had sponsored the creation of the Open XML translator project to allow the conversion of documents between OOXML and OpenDocument. As a result of this project, Microsoft financed the ODF add-in for Word project on SourceForge. This project is an effort by several of Microsoft's partners to create a plugin for Microsoft Office that will be freely available under a BSD license. The project released version 1.0 for Microsoft Word of this software in January 2007 followed by versions for Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint in December of the same year. Sun Microsystems has created the competing OpenDocument plugin for Microsoft Office 2007 (Service Pack 1 or higher), 2000, XP, and 2003 that supports Word, Excel, and PowerPoint documents. The ODF Alliance has claimed that third-party plug-ins "provide better support for ODF than the recently released Microsoft Office 2007 SP2".

Accessibility

One important issue raised in the discussion of OpenDocument is whether the format is accessible to those with disabilities. There are two issues: does the specification support accessibility, and are implementations accessible?

Specification

While the specification of OpenDocument is going through an extensive accessibility review, many of the components it is built on (such as SMIL for audio and multimedia and SVG for vector graphics) have already gone through the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)'s Web Accessibility Initiative processes.

There are already applications that currently read/write OpenDocument that export Tagged PDF files (to support PDF accessibility); this suggests that much or all of the necessary data for accessibility is already included in the OpenDocument format.

The OASIS OpenDocument technical committee released a draft of OpenDocument 1.1 on 2006-07-27, for public comment through 2006-09-25. This is a very minor update to the specification to add accessibility information, mainly soft page break markings, table header markings, presentation navigation markings, alternative text and captions, and specifically stating that spreadsheets may be embedded in presentations. Peter Korn (an accessibility expert) reviewed version 1.1 "to satisfy myself that all of our accessibility concerns have been addressed", and declared "I am so satisfied."

Implementations

Peter Korn gave an in-depth report on OpenDocument accessibility. He noted that there are many kinds of impairments, including visual (minor, major, or blind), physical (minor, major with vocal control, major without vocal control), auditory, and cognitive. He then noted that the situation varies, depending on the specific disability. For a vast number of disabilities, there are no known problems, though.

• OpenOffice is expected to work well with existing solutions in MS Windows' on-screen keyboards (etc.) when driven by single-switch access, head-mouse, and eye-gaze systems. On Unix-like systems, GNOME's "On-screen Keyboard" can be used. Also available on both Linux and Windows systems is Dasher, a text-entry alternative released under the GPL for head-mouse and eye-gaze users (35+ word-per-minute typing speeds using nothing but eye movement are possible).
• If those with disabilities are already using Microsoft Office, then a plug-in enabling them to load and save OpenDocument files using Microsoft Office may give them the same capabilities they already have (assuming the opening/saving cycle is accessible). So from that perspective, OpenDocument is at least as accessible as Microsoft Office.
• For users using alternatives to Microsoft Office there may be problems, not necessarily due to the ODF file format but rather due to the lower investment to date by assistive technology vendors on these platforms, though there is ongoing work. For example, IBM has stated that its "Workplace productivity tools available through Workplace Managed Client including word processing, spreadsheet and presentation editors are currently planned to be fully accessible on a Windows platform by 2007. Additionally, these productivity tools are currently planned to be fully accessible on a Linux platform by 2008" (Sutor, 10 November 2005).

It is important to note that since OpenDocument is an Open Standard file format, there is no need for everyone to use the same program to read and write OpenDocument files; someone with a disability is free to use whatever program works best for them.

Neurological disorder

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological_disorder

 

Neurological disorder
Neurons in person with epilepsy, 40x magnified
Specialty	Neurology

A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Examples of symptoms include paralysis, muscle weakness, poor coordination, loss of sensation, seizures, confusion, pain, tauopathies, and altered levels of consciousness. There are many recognized neurological disorders, some relatively common, but many rare. They may be assessed by neurological examination, and studied and treated within the specialties of neurology and clinical neuropsychology.

Interventions for neurological disorders include preventive measures, lifestyle changes, physiotherapy or other therapy, neurorehabilitation, pain management, medication, operations performed by neurosurgeons or a specific diet. The World Health Organization estimated in 2006 that neurological disorders and their sequelae (direct consequences) affect as many as one billion people worldwide, and identified health inequalities and social stigma/discrimination as major factors contributing to the associated disability and their impact.

Causes

Part of the causal chain leading to Alzheimer's disease

Although the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by tough membranes, enclosed in the bones of the skull and spinal vertebrae, and chemically isolated by the blood–brain barrier, they are very susceptible if compromised. Nerves tend to lie deep under the skin but can still become exposed to damage. Individual neurons, the neural circuits, and nerves into which they form are susceptible to electrochemical and structural disruption. Neuroregeneration may occur in the peripheral nervous system and thus overcome or work around injuries to some extents, but it is thought to be rare in the brain and spinal cord.

The specific causes of neurological problems vary, but can include genetic disorders, congenital abnormalities or disorders, infections, lifestyle or environmental health problems including malnutrition, brain damage, spinal cord injury, nerve injury or gluten sensitivity (with or without intestinal damage or digestive symptoms). Metal poisoning, where metals accumulate in the human body and disrupt biological processes, has been reported to induce neurological problems, at least in the case of lead. The neurological problem may start in another body system that interacts with the nervous system. For example, cerebrovascular disease involves brain injury due to problems with the blood vessels (cardiovascular system) supplying the brain; autoimmune disorders involve damage caused by the body's own immune system; lysosomal storage diseases such as Niemann–Pick disease can lead to neurological deterioration. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends considering the evaluation of an underlying coeliac disease in people with unexplained neurological symptoms, particularly peripheral neuropathy or ataxia.

In a substantial minority of cases of neurological symptoms, no neural cause can be identified using current testing procedures, and such "idiopathic" conditions can invite different theories about what is occurring. Generally speaking, a substantial number of neurological disorders may have originated from a previous clinically not recognized viral infection. For example, it is thought that infection with the Hepatitis E virus, which is often initially asymptomatic may provoke neurological disorders, but there are many other examples as well.

Numerous examples have been described of neurological disorders that are associated with mutated DNA repair genes (for reviews see). Inadequate repair of DNA damages can lead directly to cell death and neuron depletion as well as disruptions in the pattern of epigenetic alterations required for normal neuronal function.

Classification

Deaths due to neurological conditions per million persons 2012

  18-52

  53-68

  69-84

  85-99

  100-131

  132-157

  158-186

  187-243

  244-477

  478-1,482

Neurological disorders can be categorized according to the primary location affected, the primary type of dysfunction involved, or the primary type of cause. The broadest division is between central nervous system disorders and peripheral nervous system disorders. The Merck Manual lists brain, spinal cord and nerve disorders in the following overlapping categories:

Nervous system
Human nervous system
Identifiers
MeSH	D009422
Anatomical terminology

• Brain:
  • Brain dysfunction according to type:
    • Apraxia (patterns or sequences of movements)
    • Agnosia (identifying things or people)
    • Amnesia (memory)
    • Aphasia (language)
    • Dysarthria (speech)
• Spinal cord disorders (see spinal pathology, injury, inflammation)
• Peripheral neuropathy and other Peripheral nervous system disorders
• Cranial nerve disorder such as Trigeminal neuralgia
• Autonomic nervous system disorders such as dysautonomia, multiple system atrophy
• Seizure disorders such as epilepsy
• Movement disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Tourette's syndrome
• Multiple sclerosis and related disorders
• Sleep disorders such as narcolepsy
• Headaches, such as migraines, cluster headache, and tension headache
• Pain (see back pain), such as complex regional pain syndrome
• Delirium and dementia such as Alzheimer's disease
• Coma and impaired consciousness, including stupor
• Stroke (CVA, cerebrovascular attack)
• Tumors of the nervous system (e.g. cancer)
• Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases
• Brain infections
• Meningitis)
• Prion diseases (a type of infectious agent)

Many of the diseases and disorders listed above have neurosurgical treatments available (e.g. Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and obsessive compulsive disorder).

Neurological disorders in non-human animals are treated by veterinarians.

Mental functioning

A neurological examination can, to some extent, assess the impact of neurological damage and disease on brain function in terms of behavior, memory or cognition. Behavioral neurology specializes in this area. In addition, clinical neuropsychology uses neuropsychological assessment to precisely identify and track problems in mental functioning, usually after some sort of brain injury or neurological impairment.

Alternatively, a condition might first be detected through the presence of abnormalities in mental functioning, and further assessment may indicate an underlying neurological disorder. There are sometimes unclear boundaries in the distinction between disorders treated within neurology, and mental disorders treated within the other medical specialty of psychiatry, or other mental health professions such as clinical psychology. In practice, cases may present as one type but be assessed as more appropriate to the other. Neuropsychiatry deals with mental disorders arising from specific identified diseases of the nervous system.

One area that can be contested is in cases of idiopathic neurological symptoms - conditions where the cause cannot be established. It can be decided in some cases, perhaps by exclusion of any accepted diagnosis, that higher-level brain/mental activity is causing symptoms, rather than the symptoms originating in the area of the nervous system from which they may appear to originate. Classic examples are "functional" seizures, sensory numbness, "functional" limb weakness and functional neurological deficit ("functional" in this context is usually contrasted with the old term "organic disease"). Such cases may be contentiously interpreted as being "psychological" rather than "neurological". Some cases may be classified as mental disorders, for example as conversion disorder, if the symptoms appear to be causally linked to emotional states or responses to social stress or social contexts.

On the other hand, dissociation refers to partial or complete disruption of the integration of a person's conscious functioning, such that a person may feel detached from one's emotions, body and/or immediate surroundings. At one extreme this may be diagnosed as depersonalization disorder. There are also conditions viewed as neurological where a person appears to consciously register neurological stimuli that cannot possibly be coming from the part of the nervous system to which they would normally be attributed, such as phantom pain or synesthesia, or where limbs act without conscious direction, as in alien hand syndrome. Theories and assumptions about consciousness, free will, moral responsibility and social stigma can play a part in this, whether from the perspective of the clinician or the patient.

Some of the fields that contribute to understanding mental functioning

Conditions that are classed as mental disorders, or learning disabilities and forms of intellectual disability, are not themselves usually dealt with as neurological disorders. Biological psychiatry seeks to understand mental disorders in terms of their basis in the nervous system, however. In clinical practice, mental disorders are usually indicated by a mental state examination, or other type of structured interview or questionnaire process. At the present time, neuroimaging (brain scans) alone cannot accurately diagnose a mental disorder or tell the risk of developing one; however, it can be used to rule out other medical conditions such as a brain tumor. In research, neuroimaging and other neurological tests can show correlations between reported and observed mental difficulties and certain aspects of neural function or differences in brain structure. In general, numerous fields intersect to try to understand the basic processes involved in mental functioning, many of which are brought together in cognitive science. The distinction between neurological and mental disorders can be a matter of some debate, either in regard to specific facts about the cause of a condition or in regard to the general understanding of brain and mind.

Moreover, the definition of disorder in medicine or psychology is sometimes contested in terms of what is considered abnormal, dysfunctional, harmful or unnatural in neurological, evolutionary, psychometric or social terms.

OpenDocument

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument

The Open Document Format for Office Applications (ODF), also known as OpenDocument, is an open file format for word processing documents, spreadsheets, presentations and graphics and using ZIP-compressed XML files. It was developed with the aim of providing an open, XML-based file format specification for office applications.

The standard is developed and maintained by a technical committee in the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) consortium. It was based on the Sun Microsystems specification for OpenOffice.org XML, the default format for OpenOffice.org and LibreOffice. It was originally developed for StarOffice "to provide an open standard for office documents."

In addition to being an OASIS standard, it is published as an ISO/IEC international standard ISO/IEC 26300 – Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument). In 2021 the current version is 1.3.

Specifications

Main article: OpenDocument technical specification

The most common filename extensions used for OpenDocument documents are:

• .odt and .fodt for word processing (text) documents
• .ods and .fods for spreadsheets
• .odp and .fodp for presentations
• .odg and .fodg for graphics
• .odf for formula, mathematical equations

The original OpenDocument format consists of an XML document that has <document> as its root element. OpenDocument files can also take the format of a ZIP compressed archive containing a number of files and directories; these can contain binary content and benefit from ZIP's lossless compression to reduce file size. OpenDocument benefits from separation of concerns by separating the content, styles, metadata, and application settings into four separate XML files.

There is a comprehensive set of example documents in OpenDocument format available. The whole test suite is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license.

History

Main article: OpenDocument standardization

Conception

The OpenDocument standard was developed by a Technical Committee (TC) under the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) industry consortium. The ODF-TC has members from a diverse set of companies and individuals. Active TC members have voting rights. Members associated with Sun and IBM have sometimes had a large voting influence. The standardization process involved the developers of many office suites or related document systems.

The first official ODF-TC meeting to discuss the standard was 16 December 2002. OASIS approved OpenDocument as an OASIS standard on 1 May 2005. OASIS submitted the ODF specification to ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) on 16 November 2005, under Publicly Available Specification (PAS) rules. ISO/IEC standardization for an open document standard including text, spreadsheet and presentation was proposed for the first time in DKUUG 28 August 2001.

After a six-month review period, on 3 May 2006, OpenDocument unanimously passed its six-month DIS (Draft International Standard) ballot in JTC 1 (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34), with broad participation, after which the OpenDocument specification was "approved for release as an ISO and IEC International Standard" under the name ISO/IEC 26300:2006.

After responding to all written ballot comments, and a 30-day default ballot, the OpenDocument international standard went to publication in ISO, officially published 30 November 2006.

In 2006, Garry Edwards, a member of OASIS TC since 2002, along with Sam Hiser, and Paul "Marbux" E. Merrell founded the OpenDocument Foundation. The aim of this project was to be open-source representative of the format in OASIS. The immediate aim of this project was to develop software that would convert legacy Microsoft Office documents to ODF. By October 2007 the project was a failure: Conversion of Microsoft Office documents could not be achieved. By this time, The foundation was convinced that ODF was not moving in a direction that they supported. As a result, it announced the decision to abandon its namesake format in favor of W3C's Compound Document Format (CDF), which was in early stages of its development. The foundation, however, never acted on this decision and was soon dissolved. The CDF was never designed for this purpose either.

Further standardization

Further standardization work with OpenDocument includes:

• The OASIS Committee Specification OpenDocument 1.0 (second edition) corresponds to the published ISO/IEC 26300:2006 standard. The content of ISO/IEC 26300 and OASIS OpenDocument v1.0 2nd ed. is identical. It includes the editorial changes made to address JTC1 ballot comments. It is available in ODF, HTML and PDF formats.
• OpenDocument 1.1 includes additional features to address accessibility concerns. It was approved as an OASIS Standard on 2007-02-01 following a call for vote issued on 2007-01-16. The public announcement was made on 2007-02-13. This version was not initially submitted to ISO/IEC, because it is considered to be a minor update to ODF 1.0 only, and OASIS were working already on ODF 1.2 at the time ODF 1.1 was approved. However it was later submitted to ISO/IEC (as of March 2011, it was in "enquiry stage" as Draft Amendment 1 – ISO/IEC 26300:2006/DAM 1) and published in March 2012 as "ISO/IEC 26300:2006/Amd 1:2012 – Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.1".
• OpenDocument 1.2 includes additional accessibility features, RDF-based metadata, a spreadsheet formula specification based on OpenFormula, support for digital signatures and some features suggested by the public. It consists of three parts: Part 1: OpenDocument Schema, Part 2: Recalculated Formula (OpenFormula) Format and Part 3: Packages. Version 1.2 of the specification was approved as an OASIS Standard on 29 September 2011. It was submitted to the relevant ISO committee under the Publicly Available Specification (PAS) procedure in March 2014. As of October 2014, it has been unanimously approved as a Draft International Standard, some comments have been raised in process that need to be addressed before OpenDocument 1.2 can proceed to become an International Standard. OpenDocument 1.2 was published as ISO/IEC standard on 17 June 2015.
• OpenDocument 1.3 Committee Specification: Version 1.3 of the OpenDocument specification was approved as an OASIS Committee Specification at the end of December 2019, permitting implementation of the new proposed standard. The specification was completed as the result of the COSM crowdfunding project seeded by The Document Foundation. In January 2020 Version 1.3 was approved.
• The OASIS Advanced Document Collaboration subcommittee (created in December, 2010) is working on an update of OpenDocument change-tracking that will not only enhance the existing change-tracking feature set, but also lay the foundation for the standardization of real-time collaboration by making change tracking compatible with real-time collaboration.

Application support

Software

Main article: OpenDocument software

The OpenDocument format is used in free software and in proprietary software. This includes office suites (both stand-alone and web-based) and individual applications such as word-processors, spreadsheets, presentation, and data management applications. Prominent text editors, word processors and office suites supporting OpenDocument fully or partially include:

• AbiWord
• Adobe Buzzword
• Apache OpenOffice
• Bean (software)
• Calibre ebook viewer, converter, editor, and manager
• Calligra Suite
• Collabora Office and Collabora Online
• Corel WordPerfect Office X6
• Dropbox
• Evince
• Gnumeric
• Google Docs
• IBM Lotus Symphony
• Inkscape exports .odg
• KOffice
• LibreOffice
• Microsoft Office 2003 and Office XP (with the Open Source OpenXML/ODF Translator Add-in for Office)
• Microsoft Office 2007 (with Service Pack 2 or 3) supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only)
• Microsoft Office 2010 supports ODF 1.1 (Windows only)
• Microsoft Office 2013 supports ODF 1.2 (Windows only)
• Microsoft Office 2016 and 2019 support ODF 1.2 (Windows: read/write; OS X: read-only after online conversion)
• Microsoft Office 2021 supports ODF 1.3 (Windows and MacOS)
• Microsoft OneDrive / Office Web Apps
• NeoOffice
• Okular
• ONLYOFFICE
• OpenOffice.org
• Scribus imports .odt and .odg
• SoftMaker Office
• Sun Microsystems StarOffice
• TextEdit
• WordPad (Windows 7 and later, Windows Server 2008 R2 and later) supports ODF 1.1
• Zoho Office Suite

Various organizations have announced development of conversion software (including plugins and filters) to support OpenDocument on Microsoft's products. As of July 2007, there are nine packages of conversion software. Microsoft first released support for the OpenDocument Format in Office 2007 SP2. However, the implementation faced substantial criticism and the ODF Alliance and others claimed that the third party plugins provided better support. Microsoft Office 2010 can open and save OpenDocument Format documents natively, although not all features are supported.

Starting with Mac OS X 10.5, the TextEdit application and Quick Look preview feature support the OpenDocument Text format.

Accessibility

Further information: OpenDocument software § Accessibility

Licensing

Public access to the standard

Versions of the OpenDocument Format approved by OASIS are available for free download and use. The ITTF has added ISO/IEC 26300 to its "list of freely available standards"; anyone may download and use this standard free-of-charge under the terms of a click-through license.

Additional royalty-free licensing

Obligated members of the OASIS ODF TC have agreed to make deliverables available to implementors under the OASIS Royalty Free with Limited Terms policy.

Key contributor Sun Microsystems made an irrevocable intellectual property covenant, providing all implementers with the guarantee that Sun will not seek to enforce any of its enforceable U.S. or foreign patents against any implementation of the OpenDocument specification in which development Sun participates to the point of incurring an obligation.

A second contributor to ODF development, IBM – which, for instance, has contributed Lotus spreadsheet documentation – has made their patent rights available through their Interoperability Specifications Pledge in which "IBM irrevocably covenants to you that it will not assert any Necessary Claims against you for your making, using, importing, selling, or offering for sale Covered Implementations."

The Software Freedom Law Center has examined whether there are any legal barriers to the use of the OpenDocument Format (ODF) in free and open source software arising from the standardization process. In their opinion ODF is free of legal encumbrances that would prevent its use in free and open source software, as distributed under licenses authored by Apache and the FSF.

Response

Support for OpenDocument

Several governments, companies, organizations and software products support the OpenDocument format. For example:

• The OpenDoc Society runs frequent ODF Plugfests in association with industry groups and Public Sector organisations. The 10th Plugfest was hosted by the UK Government Digital Service in conjunction with industry associations including the OpenForum Europe and OpenUK (formerly Open Source Consortium).
  • An output of the 10th Plugfest was an ODF toolkit which includes "Open Document Format principles for Government Technology" that has the purpose of simply explaining the case for ODF directed at the "average civil servant" and includes an extract from the UK Government policy relating to Open Document Format.
  • The toolkit also includes a single page graphical image designed to articulate the consequences of not choosing Open Document Format. The illustration has now been translated into more than 10 languages.
• Information technology companies like Apple Inc., Adobe Systems, Google, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia, Novell, Red Hat, Oracle as well as other companies who may or may not be working inside the OASIS OpenDocument Adoption Technical Committee.
• Over 600 companies and organizations promote OpenDocument format through The OpenDocument Format Alliance.
• NATO with its 26 members uses ODF as a mandatory standard for all members.
• The TAC (Telematics between Administrations Committee), composed of e-government policy-makers from the 25 European Union Member States, endorsed a set of recommendations for promoting the use of open document formats in the public sector.
• The free office suites Apache OpenOffice, Calligra, KOffice, NeoOffice and LibreOffice all use OpenDocument as their default file format.
• Several organisations, such as the OpenDocument Fellowship and OpenDoc Society Archived 19 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine were founded to support and promote OpenDocument.
• The UK government has adopted ODF as the standard for all documents in the UK civil service
• The Russian government has recommended adopting ODF as the standard in the public sector as by GOST R ISO/MEK 26300-2010
• The Wikimedia Foundation supports ODF export from MediaWiki, which powers Wikipedia and a number of other Internet wiki-based sites.
• The default text processing applications in Windows 10 (WordPad) and Mac OS 10.9 (TextEdit) support OpenDocument Text.

On 4 November 2005, IBM and Sun Microsystems convened the "OpenDocument (ODF) Summit" in Armonk, New York, to discuss how to boost OpenDocument adoption. The ODF Summit brought together representatives from several industry groups and technology companies, including Oracle, Google, Adobe, Novell, Red Hat, Computer Associates, Corel, Nokia, Intel, and Linux e-mail company Scalix (LaMonica, 10 November 2005). The providers committed resources to technically improve OpenDocument through existing standards bodies and to promote its usage in the marketplace, possibly through a stand-alone foundation. Scholars have suggested that the "OpenDocument standard is the wedge that can hold open the door for competition, particularly with regard to the specific concerns of the public sector." Indeed, adoption by the public sector has risen considerably since the promulgation of the OpenDocument format initiated the 2005/2006 time period.

• Different applications using ODF as a standard document format have different methods of providing macro/scripting capabilities. There is no macro language specified in ODF. Users and developers differ on whether inclusion of a standard scripting language would be desirable.
• The ODF specification for tracked changes is limited and does not fully specify all cases, resulting in implementation-specific behaviors. In addition, OpenDocument does not support change tracking in elements like tables or MathML.
• It is not permitted to use generic ODF formatting style elements (like font information) for the MathML elements.

Neuropsychological test

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychological_test 

 

Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks that are used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway. Tests are used for research into brain function and in a clinical setting for the diagnosis of deficits. They usually involve the systematic administration of clearly defined procedures in a formal environment. Neuropsychological tests are typically administered to a single person working with an examiner in a quiet office environment, free from distractions. As such, it can be argued that neuropsychological tests at times offer an estimate of a person's peak level of cognitive performance. Neuropsychological tests are a core component of the process of conducting neuropsychological assessment, along with personal, interpersonal and contextual factors.

Most neuropsychological tests in current use are based on traditional psychometric theory. In this model, a person's raw score on a test is compared to a large general population normative sample, that should ideally be drawn from a comparable population to the person being examined. Normative studies frequently provide data stratified by age, level of education, and/or ethnicity, where such factors have been shown by research to affect performance on a particular test. This allows for a person's performance to be compared to a suitable control group, and thus provide a fair assessment of their current cognitive function.

According to Larry J. Seidman, the analysis of the wide range of neuropsychological tests can be broken down into four categories. First is an analysis of overall performance, or how well people do from test to test along with how they perform in comparison to the average score. Second is left-right comparisons: how well a person performs on specific tasks that deal with the left and right side of the body. Third is pathognomic signs, or specific test results that directly relate to a distinct disorder. Finally, the last category is differential patterns, which are typically used to diagnose specific diseases or types of damage.

Categories

Most forms of cognition actually involve multiple cognitive functions working in unison, however tests can be organised into broad categories based on the cognitive function which they predominantly assess.

Intelligence

Intelligence testing in a clinical setting intelligence can involve premorbid estimates, determined through a number of methods, for comparison with obtained results. For example, test results can be compared to expected achievement levels based on prior education and occupation.

Memory

Memory is a very broad function which includes several distinct abilities, all of which can be selectively impaired and require individual testing. There is disagreement as to the number of memory systems, depending on the psychological perspective taken. From a clinical perspective, a view of five distinct types of memory, is in most cases sufficient. Semantic memory and episodic memory (collectively called declarative memory or explicit memory); procedural memory and priming or perceptual learning (collectively called non-declarative memory or implicit memory) all four of which are long term memory systems; and working memory or short term memory. Semantic memory is memory for facts, episodic memory is autobiographical memory, procedural memory is memory for the performance of skills, priming is memory facilitated by prior exposure to a stimulus and working memory is a form of short term memory for information manipulation.

• Benton Visual Retention Test
• California Verbal Learning Test
• Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT)
• Gollin figure test
• Memory Assessment Scales (MAS)
• Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test
• Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test
• Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL)
• Mental Attributes Profiling System
• Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)

Language

Language functions include speech, reading and writing, all of which can be selectively impaired.

• Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
• Boston Naming Test
• Comprehensive Aphasia Test (CAT)
• Multilingual Aphasia Examination

Executive function

Executive functions is an umbrella term for a various cognitive processes and sub-processes. The executive functions include: problem solving, planning, organizational skills, selective attention, inhibitory control and some aspects of short term memory.

• Behavioural Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS)
• CNS Vital Signs (Brief Core Battery)
• Continuous performance task (CPT)
• Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT)
• d2 Test of Attention
• Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)
• Digit Vigilance Test
• Figural Fluency Test
• Halstead Category Test
• Hayling and Brixton tests
• Kaplan Baycrest Neurocognitive Assessment (KBNA)
• Kaufman Short Neuropsychological Assessment
• Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)
• Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure
• Ruff Figural Fluency Test
• Stroop task
• Test of Variables of Attention (T.O.V.A.)
• Tower of London Test
• Trail-Making Test (TMT) or Trails A & B
• Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
• Symbol Digit Modalities Test
• Test of Everyday Attention (TEA)

Visuospatial

Neuropsychological tests of visuospatial function should cover the areas of visual perception, visual construction and visual integration. Though not their only functions, these tasks are to a large degree carried out by areas of the parietal lobe.

• Clock Test
• Hooper Visual Organisation Task (VOT)
• Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure

Dementia specific

Dementia testing is often done by way of testing the cognitive functions that are most often impaired by the disease e.g. memory, orientation, language and problem solving. Gender inequality can also be called gender discrimination or sexism.

• The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog)
• Clinical Dementia Rating
• Dementia Rating Scale

Batteries assessing multiple neuropsychological functions

There are some test batteries which combine a range of tests to provide an overview of cognitive skills. These are usually good early tests to rule out problems in certain functions and provide an indication of functions which may need to be tested more specifically.

• Barcelona Neuropsychological Test (BNT)
• Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB)
• Cognistat (The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination)
• Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI)
• Cognitive Function Scanner (CFS)
• Dean–Woodcock Neuropsychological Assessment System (DWNAS)
• General Practitioner Assessment Of Cognition (GPCOG)
• Hooper Visual Organization Test
• Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
• MicroCog
• Mini mental state examination (MMSE)
• NEPSY
• Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
• Short Parallel Assessments of Neuropsychological Status (SPANS)
• CDR Computerized Assessment System

Automated computerized cognitive tests

Benefits of Neuropsychological Testing

The most beneficial factor of neuropsychological assessment is that it provides an accurate diagnosis of the disorder for the patient when it is unclear to the psychologist what exactly the patient has. This allows for accurate treatment later on in the process because treatment is driven by the exact symptoms of the disorder and how a specific patient may react to different treatments. The assessment allows the psychologist and patient to understand the severity of the deficit and to allow better decision-making by both parties.