From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 Logo often used in the Black Lives Matter movement |
| Date | 2013–present |
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| Location | International, largely in the United States |
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| Also known as | - Black Lives Matter movement
- BLM
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Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a decentralized political and social movement protesting against incidents of police brutality and all racially motivated violence against black people. While there are specific organizations such as the Black Lives Matter Global Network
that label themselves simply as "Black Lives Matter", the Black Lives
Matter movement comprises a broad array of people and organizations. The
slogan "Black Lives Matter" itself remains untrademarked by any group.
The broader movement and its related organizations typically advocate
against police violence toward black people as well as for various other
policy changes considered to be related to black liberation.
In July 2013, the movement began with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin
17 months earlier in February 2012. The movement became nationally
recognized for street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two
African Americans, that of Michael Brown—resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri, a city near St. Louis—and Eric Garner in New York City.
Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have
demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by
police actions or while in police custody. In the summer of 2015, Black
Lives Matter activists became involved in the 2016 United States presidential election. The originators of the hashtag and call to action, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi, expanded their project into a national network of over 30 local chapters between 2014 and 2016. The overall Black Lives Matter movement is a decentralized network of activists with no formal hierarchy.
The movement returned to national headlines and gained further international attention during the global George Floyd protests in 2020 following the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin.
An estimated 15 million to 26 million people participated in the 2020
Black Lives Matter protests in the United States, making it one of the
largest movements in the country's history. The movement comprises many views and a broad array of demands but they center on criminal justice reform.
The popularity of Black Lives Matter has rapidly shifted over time.
Whereas public opinion on Black Lives Matter was net negative in 2018,
it grew increasingly popular through 2019 and 2020. A June 2020 Pew Research Center poll found that 67% of adult Americans expressed some support for the Black Lives Matter movement.
A later poll conducted in September 2020 showed that support among
American adults had dropped to 55%, with notable declines among whites
and Hispanics, while support remained widespread among black adults.
Structure and organization
Loose structure
The phrase "Black Lives Matter" can refer to a Twitter hashtag, a slogan, a social movement, a political action committee, or a loose confederation of groups advocating for racial justice. As a movement, Black Lives Matter is grassroots and decentralized, and leaders have emphasized the importance of local organizing over national leadership. The structure differs from previous black movements, like the Civil Rights Movement. Such differences have been the subject of scholarly literature. Activist DeRay McKesson
has commented that the movement "encompasses all who publicly declare
that black lives matter and devote their time and energy accordingly."
In 2013, Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Tometi
formed the Black Lives Matter Network. Garza described the network as
an online platform that existed to provide activists with a shared set
of principles and goals. Local Black Lives Matter chapters are asked to
commit to the organization's list of guiding principles but operate
without a central structure or hierarchy. Garza has commented that the
Network was not interested in "policing who is and who is not part of
the movement."
The loose structure of Black Lives Matter has contributed to
confusion in the press and among activists, as actions or statements
from chapters or individuals are sometimes attributed to "Black Lives
Matter" as a whole. Matt Pearce, writing for the Los Angeles Times,
commented that "the words could be serving as a political rallying cry
or referring to the activist organization. Or it could be the fuzzily
applied label used to describe a wide range of protests and
conversations focused on racial inequality."
On at least one occasion, a person represented as Managing Director of BLM Global Network has released a statement represented to be on behalf of that organization.
Broader movement
Concurrently, a broader movement involving several other
organizations and activists emerged under the banner of "Black Lives
Matter", as well. In 2015, Johnetta Elzie, DeRay Mckesson, Brittany Packnett, and Samuel Sinyangwe initiated Campaign Zero,
aimed at promoting policy reforms to end police brutality. The campaign
released a ten-point plan for reforms to policing, with recommendations
including: ending broken windows policing, increasing community oversight of police departments, and creating stricter guidelines for the use of force. The New York Times
reporter, John Eligon, wrote that some activists expressed concerns
that the campaign was overly focused on legislative remedies for police
violence.
Black Lives Matter also voices support for movements and causes
outside of black police brutality, including LGBTQ activism, feminism,
immigration reform and economic justice.
Black Lives Matter protest on September 20, 2015, against police brutality in
St. Paul, MinnesotaMovement For Black Lives
The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is a coalition of more than 50 groups representing the interests of black communities across the United States. Members include the Black Lives Matter Network, the National Conference of Black Lawyers, and the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. Endorsed by groups such as Color of Change, Race Forward, Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink, Million Women March Cleveland, and ONE DC, the coalition receives communications and tactical support from an organization named Blackbird.
Following the murder of George Floyd, M4BL released the BREATHE Act,
which called for sweeping legislative changes surrounding policing; the
policy bill included calls to divest from policing and reinvest funds
directly in community resources and alternative emergency response
models.
On July 24, 2015 the movement initially convened at Cleveland State University
where between 1,500 and 2,000 activists gathered to participate in open
discussions and demonstrations. The conference in Cleveland, Ohio
initially attempted to "strategize ways for the Movement for Black Lives
to hold law enforcement accountable for their actions on a national
level".
However, the conference resulted in the formation of a much more
significant social movement. At the end of the three day conference, on
July 26, the Movement for Black Lives initiated a year long "process of
convening local and national groups to create a United Front".
This year long process ultimately resulted in the establishment of an
organizational platform that articulates the goals, demands, and
policies which the Movement for Black Lives supports in order to achieve
the "liberation" of black communities across America.
In 2016, the Ford Foundation
announced plans to fund the M4BL Movement For Black Lives in a
"six-year investments" plan, further partnering up with others to found
the Black-led Movement Fund. The sum donated by the Ford Foundation and the other donors to M4BL was reported as $100 million by The Washington Times in 2016; another donation of $33 million to M4BL was reportedly issued by the Open Society Foundations.
In 2016, M4BL called for decarceration in the United States, reparations for harms related to slavery, and more recently, specific remedies for redlining in housing, education policy, mass incarceration and food insecurity.
It also called for an end to mass surveillance, investment in public
education, not incarceration, and community control of the police:
empowering residents in communities of color to hire and fire police
officers and issue subpoenas, decide disciplinary consequences and
exercise control over city funding of police.
Funding
Politico reported in 2015 that the Democracy Alliance,
a gathering of Democratic-Party donors, planned to meet with leaders of
several groups who were endorsing the Black Lives Matter movement. According to Politico, Solidaire, the donor coalition focusing on "movement building" and led by Texas oil fortune heir Leah Hunt-Hendrix, a member of the Democracy Alliance, had donated more than $200,000 to the BLM movement by 2015.
According to The Economist, between May 2020 and December 2020, donations to Black Lives Matter related causes amounted to $10.6 billion dollars. The Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation,
one of the main organizations coordinating organizing and mobilization
efforts across the Black Lives Matter network, reported raising $90
million in 2020, including a substantial number of individual donations
online, with an average donation of $30.76.
Strategies and tactics
Black Lives Matter originally used various social media platforms—including hashtag activism—to reach thousands of people rapidly. Since then, Black Lives Matter has embraced a diversity of tactics.
Black Lives Matter protests have been overwhelmingly peaceful; when
violence does occur, it is often committed by police or by
counter-protesters. Despite this, opponents have falsely portrayed the movement as violent.
Internet and social media
Analysis of the usage of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag on Twitter in response to major news events
In 2014, the American Dialect Society chose #BlackLivesMatter as their word of the year. Yes! Magazine picked #BlackLivesMatter as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.
From July 2013 through May 1, 2018, the hashtag "#Black Lives Matter"
had been tweeted over 30 million times, an average of 17,002 times per
day. By June 10, 2020, it had been tweeted roughly 47.8 million times, with the period of July 7–17, 2016 having the highest usage, at nearly 500,000 tweets a day. This period also saw an increase in tweets using the hashtags "#Blue Lives Matter" and "#All Lives Matter". On May 28, 2020, there were nearly 8.8 million tweets with the hashtag, and the average had increased to 3.7 million a day.
The 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers
saw the online tone of the movement become more negative than before,
with 39% of tweets using the hastag #BlackLivesMatter expressing
opposition to the movement. Nearly half in opposition tied the group to violence, with many describing the group as terrorist.
Khadijah White, a professor at Rutgers University,
argues that BLM has ushered in a new era of black university student
movements. The ease with which bystanders can record graphic videos of
police violence and post them onto social media has driven activism all
over the world.
The hashtag's usage has gained the attention of high-ranking
politicians and has sometimes encouraged them to support the movement.
In 2020, users of the popular app TikTok noticed that the app seemed to be shadow banning
posts about BLM or recent police killings of black people. TikTok
apologized and attributed the situation to a technical glitch.
Direct action
A "
Hands up!" sign displayed at a Ferguson protest in August 2014
BLM generally engages in direct action tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue. BLM has been known to build power through protest and rallies. BLM has also staged die-ins and held one during the 2015 Twin Cities Marathon.
Black Lives Matter demonstration in Oakland, California, December 2014
Political slogans used during demonstrations include the eponymous "Black Lives Matter", "Hands up, don't shoot" (a later discredited reference attributed to Michael Brown), "I can't breathe" (referring to Eric Garner), "White silence is violence", "No justice, no peace", and "Is my son next?", among others.
According to a 2018 study, "Black Lives Matter protests are more
likely to occur in localities where more black people have previously
been killed by police."
Media, music and other cultural impacts
Since the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2013, with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter, the movement has been depicted and documented in film, song, television, literature, and the visual arts.
A number of media outlets are providing material related to racial
injustice and the Black Lives Matter movement. Published books, novels,
and TV shows have increased in popularity in 2020. Songs, such as Michael Jackson's "They Don't Care About Us" and Kendrick Lamar's "Alright", have been widely used as a rallying call at demonstrations.
The short documentary film, Bars4justice,
features brief appearances by various activists and recording artists
affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement. The film is an official
selection of the 24th Annual Pan African Film Festival. Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement is a 2016 American television documentary film, starring Jesse Williams, about the Black Lives Matter movement.
The February 2015 issue of Essence magazine and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter. In December 2015, BLM was a contender for the Time magazine Person of the Year award, coming in fourth of the eight candidates.
A number of cities have painted murals of "Black Lives Matter" in large letters on their streets. The cities include Washington, D.C., Dallas, Denver, Charlotte, Seattle, Brooklyn, Los Angeles, and Birmingham, Alabama.
On May 9, 2016, Delrish Moss
was sworn in as the first African-American police chief in Ferguson,
Missouri. He acknowledged that he faces such challenges as diversifying
the police force, improving community relations, and addressing issues
that catalyzed the Black Lives Matter movement.
Policing use of excessive force
According to a study from the Bureau of Justice Statistics
from 2002 to 2011, among those who had contact with the police, "blacks
(2.8%) were more likely than whites (1.0%) and Hispanics (1.4%) to
perceive the threat or use of nonfatal force was excessive."
According to The Washington Post,
police officers shot and killed 1,001 people in the United States in
2019. About half of those killed were white, and one quarter were black,
making the rate of deaths for black Americans (31 fatal shootings per
million) more than twice as high as the rate for white Americans (13
fatal shootings per million). The Washington Post also counts 13 unarmed black Americans shot dead by police in 2019.
A 2019 study by Cesario et al. published in Social Psychological and Personality Science
found that after adjusting for crime, there was "no systematic evidence
of anti-black disparities in fatal shootings, fatal shootings of
unarmed citizens, or fatal shootings involving misidentification of
harmless objects".
However, a 2020 study by Ross et al. criticizes the data analysis used
in the Cesario et al. study. Using the same data set, Ross et al.
conclude that there is significant racial bias in police shooting cases
involving unarmed black suspects. This bias is not seen when suspects
were armed.
Map depicting rates of police killings by state in the United States in 2018
A study by Harvard economist Roland Fryer found that blacks and
Hispanics were 50% more likely to experience non-lethal force in police
interactions, but for officer-involved shootings there were "no racial
differences in either the raw data or when contextual factors are taken
into account".
A study by C. Ross, UC Davis found "significant bias in the
killing of unarmed black Americans relative to unarmed white Americans"
by police. The average bias measure was that unarmed African Americans
had 3.49 times the probability of being shot compared to unarmed whites,
although in some jurisdictions the risk could be as much as 20 times
higher. The study found that that 2.79 more armed blacks were shot than
unarmed blacks. The study also found that the documented racial bias in
police shootings could not be explained by differences in local crime
rates.
A since retracted study in PNAS
claimed that black people were actually less likely than white people
to be killed by police, based on the death rates in police encounters. A study published in the journal Nature that found such conclusions were erroneous due to Simpson's paradox. The Nature
paper showed that it was true that white people were more likely to be
killed in a police encounter, overall black people were still being
discriminated against because they had far more interactions with the
police due to structural racism. The paper noted that black people have
far more interactions with the police per capita than white people, and
that black people tend to get stopped for more petty crimes or for no
crime at all. Conversely, white people tend to interact with police in
situations more rarely, and often in more serious crimes such as
shootings, where police are more likely to use force. The Nature
paper also backed up the findings of Ross and Fryer, and concluded that
overall rate of death was a much more useful statistic than the rate of
death in encounters.
Disproportionate policing of Black Lives Matter events
Black Lives Matter protesters are themselves sometimes subject to
excessive policing of the kind against which they are demonstrating. In
May 2020, in addition to police, 43,350 military troops were deployed
against Black Lives Matter protesters nationally. Military surveillance aircraft were deployed against subsequent Black Lives Matter protests. Observers, such as U.S. President Joe Biden, have noted that violent far-right mobilizations, including the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, attracted smaller and more passive police presences than peaceful Black Lives Matter protests. In November 2015, a police officer in Oregon was removed from street duty following a social media post in which he said he would have to "babysit these fools", in reference to a planned BLM event.
Timeline of notable events and demonstrations in the United States
2014
In 2014, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Dontre Hamilton, Eric Garner, John Crawford III, Michael Brown, Ezell Ford, Laquan McDonald, Akai Gurley, Tamir Rice, Antonio Martin, and Jerame Reid, among others.
In July, Eric Garner died in New York City, after a New York City Police Department officer put him in a banned chokehold
while arresting him. Garner's death has been cited as one of several
police killings of African Americans that sparked the Black Lives Matter
movement.
During the Labor Day weekend in August, Black Lives Matter
organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans
from across the United States into Ferguson, Missouri, to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations. The movement continued to be involved in the Ferguson protests, following the death of Michael Brown.
The protests at times came into conflict with local and state police
departments, who typically responded in an armed manner. At one point
the National Guard was called in and a state of emergency was declared.
Also in August, Los Angeles Police Department officers shot and killed Ezell Ford; BLM protested his death in Los Angeles into 2015.
In November, a New York City Police Department officer shot and
killed, Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old African-American man. Gurley's death
was later protested by Black Lives Matter in New York City. In Oakland, California, fourteen Black Lives Matter activists were arrested after they stopped a Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) train for more than an hour on Black Friday,
one of the biggest shopping days of the year. The protest, led by Black
Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza, was organized in response to the
grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson for the death of Mike
Brown.
Also in November, Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy
was shot and killed by a Cleveland police officer. Rice's death has also
been cited as contributing to "sparking" the Black Lives Matter
movement.
In December, two to three thousand people gathered at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.
The police at the mall were equipped with riot gear and bomb-sniffing
dogs; at least twenty members of the protest were arrested. Management said that they were "extremely disappointed that organizers
of Black Lives Matter protest chose to ignore our stated policy and
repeated reminders that political protests and demonstrations are not
allowed on Mall of America property".
In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, BLM protested the police shooting of Dontre Hamilton, who died in April. Black Lives Matter protested the shooting of John Crawford III. The shooting of Renisha McBride was protested by Black Lives Matter.
Also in December, in response to the decision by the grand jury
not to indict Darren Wilson on any charges related to the death of
Michael Brown, a protest march was held in Berkeley,
California. Later, in 2015, protesters and journalists who participated
in that rally filed a lawsuit alleging "unconstitutional police
attacks" on attendees.
A week after the Michael Brown verdict, two police officers were
killed in New York City by Ismaaiyl Brinsley, who expressed a desire to
kill police officers in retribution for the deaths of Garner and Brown.
Black Lives Matter condemned the shooting, though some right-wing media
attempted to connect the group to it, with the Patrolman's Benevolent Association
president claiming that there was "blood on [the] hands [of] those that
incited violence on the street under the guise of protests".
A conservative television commentator also attempted to connect Black
Lives Matter to protesters chanting that they wanted to see "dead cops,"
at the December "Millions March" which was organized by different
groups.
2015
A demonstrator, wearing the uniform of the Orioles baseball team on the street in Baltimore, April 2015
In 2015, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Charley Leundeu Keunang, Tony Robinson, Anthony Hill, Meagan Hockaday, Eric Harris, Walter Scott, Freddie Gray, William Chapman, Jonathan Sanders, Sandra Bland, Samuel DuBose, Jeremy McDole, Corey Jones, and Jamar Clark as well Dylan Roof's murder of The Charleston Nine.
In March, BLM protested at Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel's office, demanding reforms within the Chicago Police Department.
Charley Leundeu Keunang, a 43-year-old Cameroonian national, was
fatally shot by Los Angeles Police Department officers. The LAPD
arrested fourteen following BLM demonstrations.
In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the death of Freddie Gray which included the 2015 Baltimore protests. The National Guard was called in. After the shooting of Walter Scott in North Charleston, South Carolina, Black Lives Matter protested Scott's death and called for citizen oversight of police.
In May, a protest by BLM in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest, Say Her Name, decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of Meagan Hockaday, Aiyana Jones, Rekia Boyd, and others. In Cleveland, Ohio, after an officer was acquitted at trial in the shooting of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams, BLM protested. In Madison, Wisconsin, BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the shooting of Tony Robinson.
In June, after Dylann Roof's shooting in a historically black church in Charleston, South Carolina, BLM issued a statement and condemned the shooting as an act of terror. BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting. BLM was part of a march for peace on the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge in South Carolina. After the Charleston shooting, a number of memorials to the Confederate States of America were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized. Around 800 people protested in McKinney, Texas after a video was released showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in McKinney, Texas—to the ground with his knees.
In July, BLM activists across the United States began protests
over the death of Sandra Bland, an African-American woman, who was
allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in Waller County, Texas. In Cincinnati, Ohio, BLM rallied and protested the death of Samuel DuBose after he was shot and killed by a University of Cincinnati police officer. In Newark, New Jersey, over a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality. Also in July, BLM protested the death of Jonathan Sanders who died while being arrested by police in Mississippi.
In August, BLM organizers held a rally in Washington, D.C., calling for a stop to violence against transgender women. In Charlotte, North Carolina, after a judge declared a mistrial in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, Jonathan Ferrell, BLM protested and staged die-ins. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Janelle Monáe, Jidenna, and other BLM activists marched through North Philadelphia to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter. Around August 9, the first anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in St. Louis and across the country.
Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at
Metro Green Line, September 2015
In September, over five hundred BLM protesters in Austin, Texas rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto Interstate 35. In Baltimore, Maryland, BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the Freddie Gray police brutality case. In Sacramento, California, about eight hundred BLM protesters rallied to support a California Senate bill that would increase police oversight. BLM protested the shooting of Jeremy McDole.
In October, Black Lives Matter activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in Chicago. "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests. Quentin Tarantino and Cornel West, participating in "Rise Up October", decried police violence.
An
activist holds a "Black Lives Matter" sign outside the Minneapolis
Police Fourth Precinct building following the officer-involved shooting
of Jamar Clark on November 15, 2015
In November, BLM activists protested after Jamar Clark was shot by Minneapolis Police Department.
A continuous protest was organized at the Minneapolis 4th Precinct
Police. During the encamped protest, protesters, and outside agitators
clashed with police, vandalized the station and attempted to ram the
station with an SUV.
Later that month a march was organized to honor Jamar Clark, from the
4th Precinct to downtown Minneapolis. After the march, a group of men
carrying firearms and body armor
appeared and began calling the protesters racial slurs according to a
spokesperson for Black Lives Matter. After protesters asked the armed
men to leave, the men opened fire, shooting five protesters. All injuries required hospitalization, but were not life-threatening.
The men fled the scene only to be found later and arrested. The three
men arrested were young and white, and observers called them white supremacists.
In February 2017, one of the men arrested, Allen Scarsella, was
convicted of a dozen felony counts of assault and riot in connection
with the shooting. Based in part on months of racist messages Scarsella
had sent his friends before the shooting, the judge rejected arguments
by his defense that Scarsella was "naïve" and sentenced him in April
2017 to 15 years out of a maximum 20-year sentence.
From November into 2016, BLM protested the shooting death of Laquan McDonald,
calling for the resignation of numerous Chicago officials in the wake
of the shooting and its handling. McDonald was shot 16 times by Chicago
Police Officer Jason Van Dyke.
2016
In 2016, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of
numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Bruce
Kelley Jr., Alton Sterling, Philando Castile, Joseph Mann, Abdirahman Abdi, Paul O'Neal, Korryn Gaines, Sylville Smith, Terence Crutcher, Keith Lamont Scott, Alfred Olango, and Deborah Danner, among others.
In January, hundreds of BLM protesters marched in San Francisco to protest the December 2, 2015, shooting death of Mario Woods, who was shot by San Francisco Police officers. The march was held during a Super Bowl event.
BLM held protests, community meetings, teach-ins, and direct actions
across the country with the goal of "reclaim[ing] the radical legacy of Martin Luther King Jr."
In February, Abdullahi Omar Mohamed, a 17-year-old Somali refugee, was shot and injured by Salt Lake City, Utah, police after allegedly being involved in a confrontation with another person. The shooting led to BLM protests.
In June, members of BLM and Color of Change
protested the California conviction and sentencing of Jasmine Richards
for a 2015 incident in which she attempted to stop a police officer from
arresting another woman. Richards was convicted of "attempting to
unlawfully take a person from the lawful custody of a peace officer", a
charge that the state penal code had designated as "lynching" until that word was removed two months prior to the incident.
On July 5, Alton Sterling, a 37-year-old black man, was shot
several times at point-blank range while pinned to the ground by two
white Baton Rouge Police Department officers in Baton Rouge,
Louisiana. On the night of July 5, more than 100 demonstrators in Baton
Rouge shouted "no justice, no peace," set off fireworks, and blocked an
intersection to protest Sterling's death. On July 6, Black Lives Matter held a candlelight vigil in Baton Rouge, with chants of "We love Baton Rouge" and calls for justice.
On July 6, Philando Castile was fatally shot by Jeronimo Yanez, a St. Anthony, Minnesota police officer, after being pulled over in Falcon Heights, a suburb of St. Paul.
Castile was driving a car with his girlfriend and her 4-year-old
daughter as passengers when he was pulled over by Yanez and another
officer. According to his girlfriend, after being asked for his license and registration, Castile told the officer he was licensed to carry a weapon and had one in the car.
She stated: "The officer said don't move. As he was putting his hands
back up, the officer shot him in the arm four or five times." She live-streamed a video on Facebook
in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. Following the fatal
shooting of Castile, BLM protested throughout Minnesota and the United
States.
On July 7, a BLM protest was held in Dallas, Texas that was organized
to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. At the
end of the peaceful protest, Micah Xavier Johnson opened fire in an ambush,
killing five police officers and wounding seven others and two
civilians. The gunman was then killed by a robot-delivered bomb.
Before he died, according to police, Johnson said that "he was upset
about Black Lives Matter", and that "he wanted to kill white people,
especially white officers." Texas Lt. Governor Dan Patrick and other conservative lawmakers blamed the shootings on the Black Lives Matter movement. The Black Lives Matter network released a statement denouncing the shootings. On July 8, more than 100 people were arrested at Black Lives Matter protests across the United States.
In the first half of July, there were at least 112 protests in 88 American cities. On July 13, NBA stars LeBron James, Carmelo Anthony, Chris Paul, and Dwyane Wade opened the 2016 ESPY Awards with a Black Lives Matter message. On July 26, Black Lives Matter held a protest in Austin, Texas, to mark the third anniversary of the shooting death of Larry Jackson Jr. On July 28, Chicago Police Department officers shot Paul O'Neal in the back and killed him following a car chase. After the shooting, hundreds marched in Chicago, Illinois.
In Randallstown,
Maryland, near Baltimore, on August 1, police officers shot and killed
Korryn Gaines, a 23-year-old African-American woman, also shooting and
injuring her son. Gaines' death was protested in Baltimore.
In August, Black Lives Matter protested in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania the death of Bruce Kelley Jr., who was shot after fatally
stabbing a police dog while trying to escape from police the previous
January.
In August, several professional athletes began participating in National Anthem protests. The protests began in the National Football League (NFL) after Colin Kaepernick of the San Francisco 49ers sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, before his team's third preseason game of 2016.
During a post-game interview he explained his position stating, "I am
not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that
oppresses black people and people of color.
To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part
to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting
paid leave and getting away with murder," a protest widely interpreted as in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement. The protests have generated mixed reactions, and have since spread to other U.S. sports leagues.
In September, BLM protested the shooting deaths by police officers of Terence Crutcher in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Keith Lamont Scott in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Charlotte Observer
reported "The protesters began to gather as night fell, hours after the
shooting. They held themed signs that said 'Stop Killing Us' and 'Black
Lives Matter,' and they chanted 'No justice, no peace.' The scene was
sometimes chaotic and tense, with water bottles and stones chucked at
police lines, but many protesters called for peace and implored their
fellow demonstrators not to act violently." Multiple nights of protests in September and October were held in El Cajon, California, following the shooting of Alfred Olango.
2017
During the 2017 Black History Month, a month-long "Black Lives Matter" art exhibition was organized by three Richmond,
Virginia artists at the First Unitarian Universalist Church of Richmond
in the Byrd Park area of the city. The show featured more than 30
diverse multicultural artists on a theme exploring racial equality and
justice.
In the same month Virginia Commonwealth University's James Branch Cabell Library focused on a month-long schedule of events relating to African-American history and showed photos from the church's "Black Lives Matter" exhibition on its outdoor screen. The VCU schedule of events also included: the Real Life Film Series The Angry Heart: The Impact of Racism on Heart Disease among African-Americans; Keith Knight presented the 14th Annual VCU Libraries Black History Month lecture; Lawrence Ross, author of the book Blackballed: The Black and White Politics of Race on America's Campuses talked about how his book related to the "Black Lives Matter" movement; and Velma P. Scantlebury,
M.D., the first black female transplant surgeon in the United States,
discussed "Health Equity in Kidney Transplantation: Experiences from a
surgeon's perspective."
Black Lives Matter protested the shooting of Jocques Clemmons which occurred in Nashville, Tennessee on February 10, 2017. On May 12, 2017, a day after Glenn Funk, the district attorney of Davidson County decided not to prosecute police officer Joshua Lippert, the Nashville chapter of BLM held a demonstration near the Vanderbilt University campus all the way to the residence of Nashville mayor Megan Barry.
On September 27 at the College of William & Mary, students associated with Black Lives Matter protested an ACLU event because the ACLU had fought for the right of Unite the Right rally to be held in Charlottesville, Virginia. William & Mary's president Taylor Reveley responded with a statement defending the college's commitment to open debate.
2018
In February and March 2018, as part of its social justice focus, First Unitarian Church Church of Richmond, Virginia in Richmond, Virginia presented its Second Annual Black Lives Matter Art Exhibition. Works of art in the exhibition were projected at scheduled hours on the large exterior screen (jumbotron) at Virginia Commonwealth University's
Cabell Library. Artists with art in the exhibition were invited to
discuss their work in the Black Lives Matter show as it was projected at
an evening forum in a small amphitheater at VCU's Hibbs Hall. They were
also invited to exhibit afterward at a local showing of the film A Raisin in the Sun.
In April, CNN reported that the largest Facebook account claiming
to be a part of the "Black Lives Matter" movement was a "scam" tied to a
white man in Australia. The account, with 700,000 followers, linked to
fundraisers that raised $100,000 or more, purportedly for U.S. Black
Lives Matter causes; however, some of the money was instead transferred
to Australian banks accounts, according to CNN. Facebook has suspended
the offending page.
2020
On February 23, 2020, Ahmaud Arbery, an unarmed 25-year-old African-American man, was fatally shot while jogging in Glynn County, Georgia.
Arbery had been pursued and confronted by three white residents driving
two vehicles, including a father and son who were armed. All three men have been indicted on nine counts, including felony murder.
On March 13, Louisville police officers knocked down the
apartment door of 26-year-old African American Breonna Taylor, serving a
no-knock search warrant for drug suspicions. Police fired several shots during the encounter which led to her death. Her boyfriend who was present at the time had called 911 and said, "someone kicked in the door and shot my girlfriend". Protests were held in Louisville with calls for police reform.
On May 25, Christian Cooper, a black bird-watcher at New York's Central Park experienced a confrontation with a white woman after he asked her to put her dog on a leash in the Ramble,
a no-dogs-off-leash area. The interaction escalated when the white
woman called the police to say that an African-American man was
threatening her.
On July 6, the Manhattan District Attorney's office announced that the
woman would be charged with falsely reporting an incident in the third
degree.
George Floyd protests
George Floyd protests at Lafayette Square, Washington D.C., May 30, 2020
At the end of May, spurred on by a rash of racially charged events including those above, over 450 major protests were held in cities and towns across the United States and three continents. The breaking point was due primarily to the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin,
eventually charged with second-degree murder after a video circulated
showing Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck for nearly nine minutes while
Floyd pleaded for his life, repeating: "I can't breathe."
Following protesters' demands for additional prosecutions, three other
officers were charged with aiding and abetting second-degree murder.
Protests in May 2020 after George Floyd's death
"Black Lives Matter" on the facade of the Washington National Cathedral, June 10, 2020
Black Lives Matter organized rallies in the United States and worldwide from May 30 onwards,
with protesters enacting Floyd's final moments, many lying down in
streets and on bridges, yelling "I can't breathe," while others marched
by the thousands, some carrying signs that read, "Tell your brother in
blue, don't shoot"—"Who do you call when the murderer wears a badge?"
and "Justice for George Floyd."
While global in nature and supported by several unassociated
organizations, the Black Lives Matter movement has been inextricably
linked to these monumental protests. Black Lives Matter called to "defund the police", a slogan with varying interpretations from police abolition to divestment from police and prisons to reinvestment in social services in communities of color. In 2020, NPR reported that the Washington D.C. Black Lives Matter chapter's demands were defunding the police, halting the construction of new jails, decriminalizing sex work, removing police from schools, exonerating protesters and abolishing cash bail in Maryland.
On June 5, Washington, D.C.'s Mayor Muriel Bowser announced that part of the street outside of the White House had been officially renamed to Black Lives Matter Plaza posted with a street sign.
On June 7, in the wake of global George Floyd protests and Black Lives Matter's call to "defund the police", the Minneapolis City Council
voted to "disband its police department" to shift funding to social
programs in communities of color. City Council President Lisa Bender
said, "Our efforts at incremental reform have failed. Period." The
council vote came after the Minneapolis Public Schools, the University
of Minnesota and Minneapolis Parks and Recreation cut ties with the
Minneapolis Police Department.
At the end of 2020, approximately $8 million of the city's $179 million
police budget was reallocated for violence prevention pilot programs,
and was considered the type of incremental reform that activists and
politicians had earlier denounced.
On July 20, the Strike for Black Lives, organized in part by Black Lives Matter, featured thousands of workers across the United States performing a walkout to raise awareness of systemic racism following Floyd's death.
From May 22 to August 22, there were more than 10,600 BLM protest events in the United States.
International movement
In 2015, after the death of Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland, black activists around the world modeled efforts for reform on Black Lives Matter and the Arab Spring. This international movement has been referred to as the "Black Spring". Connections have also been forged with parallel international efforts such as the Dalit rights movement.
Australia
Following the death of Ms Dhu in police custody in August 2014, protests often made reference to the BLM movement. In July 2016, a BLM rally was organized in Melbourne, Australia, which 3,500 people attended. The protest also emphasized the issues of mistreatment of Aboriginal Australians by the Australian police and government.
In May 2017, Black Lives Matter was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize, which "honours a nominee who has promoted 'peace with justice', human rights and non-violence".
In early June 2020, soon after the George Floyd protests in the US, protests took place in Australia, with many of them focusing on the local issue of Aboriginal deaths in custody, racism in Australia and other injustices faced by Indigenous Australians. Cricketer Michael Holding criticized Australia, as well as England, for refusing to take a knee in support of Black Lives Matter during cricket matches.
Brazil
Blacks in Brazil suffer from economic marginalization, state violence, discrimination, and lower life-expectancy.
In June 2020, two Black children, 5-year-old Miguel Otávio Santana da
Silva and 14-year-old João Pedro Matos Pinto, died in Brazil. Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva was under the watch of the white boss of his mother when he fell off the balcony of a building. João Pedro Matos Pinto was shot in the back by police in Rio de Janeiro during a raid where the police discharged seventy shots. He was killed the same week as George Floyd. Their deaths prompted protests in cities across the country. The slogan "Black Lives Matter" was translated to "Vidas Negras Importam" in Portuguese. Protests continued throughout 2020 and were renewed at the end of the year after supermarket security guards beat 40-year-old welder João Alberto Silveira Freitas to death in Porto Alegre.
Canada
In July 2015, BLM protesters shut down Allen Road in Toronto, Ontario,
protesting the shooting deaths of two black men in the metropolitan
area—Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby—at the hands of police.
In September, BLM activists shut down streets in Toronto, citing police
brutality and solidarity with "marginalized black lives" as reason for
the shutdown. Black Lives Matter was a featured part of the Take Back the Night event in Toronto.
In June 2016, Black Lives Matter was selected by Pride Toronto as the honored group in that year's Pride parade, during which they staged a sit-in to block the parade from moving forward for approximately half an hour. They issued several demands for Pride to adjust its relationship with LGBTQ people of color, including stable funding and a suitable venue for the established Blockorama event, improved diversity in the organization's staff and volunteer base, and that Toronto Police officers be banned from marching in the parade in uniform. Pride executive director Mathieu Chantelois
signed BLM's statement of demand, but later asserted that he had signed
it only to end the sit-in and get the parade moving, and had not agreed
to honor the demands.
In late August 2016, the Toronto chapter protested outside the Special Investigations Unit in Mississauga in response to the death of Abdirahman Abdi, who died during an arrest in Ottawa.
In 2020, the death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet and the killing of D'Andre Campbell in Canada sparked BLM protests demanding the defunding of police services.
As of December 2020, there are five Canadian BLM chapters in Toronto, Vancouver, Waterloo Region, Edmonton, and New Brunswick.
The other focal point of the Black Lives Matter movement in Canada is addressing issues, racism and other injustices faced by Indigenous Canadians.
Denmark
In Denmark, an organization named Black Lives Matter Denmark was founded in 2016 by Bwalya Sørensen [da], a woman from Zambia
who came to Denmark when she was 19 years old. The organization is
centered around Sørensen and mainly focuses on rejected asylum seekers
and criminal foreigners, sentenced to expulsion from Denmark.
The connection to the U.S. organization is unclear, but Sørensen has
said she was encouraged by someone in the U.S. to start a Danish
chapter, and that she, in 2017, was visited by the U.S. co-founder, Opal Tometi.
In June 2020, following the death of George Floyd, Black Lives Matter Denmark held a demonstration in Copenhagen
that attracted 15,000 participants. Following the demonstration, the
organization and Sørensen, in particular, received much criticism
because rules separated people by ethnicity: at the demonstration, only
black people could be in front, and white people were disallowed to
participate in some chants. Other controversies included Sørensen refusing to co-host a demonstration with Amnesty International because their employees were white, and illegally raising money, while calling the missing fundraising permit peaceful "civil disobedience". Sørensen herself has been criticized for splitting the movement with her confrontational style.
A new organization, named Afro Danish Collective, was announced in June 2020, with Roger Matthisen [da], former member of the Folketing for The Alternative,
as spokesperson. The organization has similar goals as Black Lives
Matter Denmark, but will take a more moderate approach, including not
distinguishing between people at demonstrations based on their skin
color.
Matthisen said Afro Danish Collective was in part established because
the leadership of Black Lives Matter Denmark had not been professional
enough.
Black Lives Matter protest in
Berlin, Germany, May 30, 2020
France
On July 18, 2020, thousands of protesters marched near Paris to commemorate the fourth anniversary of the death of Adama Traoré.
Traoré, a black man, was arrested in July 2016 and fainted after being
pinned to the ground by police officers. He later died at a police
station; the circumstances of his death are unclear.
Germany
On June 6, 2020, tens of thousands of people gathered across Germany to support the Black Lives Matter movement. On July 18, 2020, more than 1,500 protesters participated in an anti-racism march in Berlin to condemn police brutality.
Japan
In the wake of the murder of George Floyd, several demonstrations
took place in Japan, including a 1,000-person demonstration in Osaka on June 7, 2020, and a 3,500-person march through the streets of Shibuya and Harajuku areas of Tokyo on June 14, 2020. The movement has been met with some backlash in the country, notably on the internet, where some users criticized tennis player Naomi Osaka after she encouraged people to join a Black Lives Matter march in the city of Osaka.
New Zealand
Black Lives Matter protest in Auckland, June 14, 2020
On June 1, 2020, several BLM solidarity protests in response to the death of George Floyd were held in several New Zealand cities including Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Tauranga, Palmerston North and Hamilton.
The Auckland event, which attracted between 2,000 and 4,000
participants, was organized by several members of New Zealand's African
community. Auckland organizer Mahlete Tekeste, African-American
expatriate Kainee Simone, and sportsperson Israel Adesanya compared racism, mass incarceration, and police violence against African Americans to the over-representation of Māori and Pacific Islanders
in New Zealand prisons, the controversial armed police response squad
trials, and existing racism against minorities in New Zealand including
the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings. Hip hop artist and music producer Mazbou Q also called on Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern to condemn violence against black Americans.
The left-wing Green Party, a member of the Labour-led coalition government,
has also expressed support for the Black Lives Matter movement, linking
the plight of African Americans to the racism, inequality, and higher
incarceration rate experienced by the Māori and Pasifika communities.
The BLM protests in New Zealand attracted criticism from Deputy Prime Minister Winston Peters for violating the country's COVID-19 pandemic social distancing regulations banning mass gatherings of over 100 people.
United Kingdom
Black Lives Matter emerged as a movement in the UK in the summer of 2016. Thousands attended protests against police racism in Manchester on July 11, and a group called Black Lives Matter UK (UKBLM) was set up in the wake of the June 26 Brexit referendum at a meeting addressed by US BLM activist Patrisse Cullors. On August 4, 2016, BLM protesters blocked London City Airport in London, England. Several demonstrators chained themselves together on the airport's runway.
Nine people were arrested in connection with the incident. There were
also BLM-themed protests in other English cities including Birmingham and Nottingham. The UK-held protests marked the fifth anniversary of the shooting death of Mark Duggan.
In 2016, tabloid newspapers ran several stories seeking to expose
and discredit BLM activists, leading the movement to adopt anonymity. On June 25, 2017, BLM supporters protested in Stratford, London over the death of Edson Da Costa, who died in police custody. There were no arrests made at the protest. According to Patrick Vernon, BLM's start in the UK in 2016 was not met with respect. From 2018 onwards, after events like the Grenfell Tower fire and the Windrush scandal, the movement was viewed more favorably by black Britons, in particular senior black Britions. In December 2019, Black Lives Matter UK worked with the coalition Wretched of the Earth to represent the voices of global indigenous peoples and people of color in the climate justice movement.
Protest outside the U.S. Embassy in London, June 7, 2020
In 2020, protests were held in support of the Black Lives Matter
protests in the US. Following the murder of George Floyd, London
protests took place in Trafalgar Square on May 31, Hyde Park on June 3, Parliament Square on June 6, and outside the US Embassy on June 7. Similar protests took place in Manchester, Bristol, and Cardiff.
The UK protests not only showed solidarity with U.S. protesters, but
also commemorated black people who have died in the UK, with protesters
chanting, carrying signs, and sharing social media posts with names of
victims including Julian Cole, Belly Mujinga, Nuno Cardoso, and Sarah Reed.
The empty pedestal of the
statue of Edward Colston in
Bristol.
Subject to increasing controversy since the 1990s, when his prior
reputation as a philanthropist came under scrutiny due to a growing
awareness of his slave trading, in June 2020 the statue was toppled,
defaced and pushed into
Bristol Harbour.
On June 7, protests continued in many towns and cities. During a Black Lives Matter protest in Bristol, the city center statue of Edward Colston,
a late 17th early 18th-century philanthropist, politician and slave
trader, was pulled down by protesters, rolled along the road and pushed
into Bristol Harbour. The act was later condemned by Home Secretary Priti Patel who said "This hooliganism is utterly indefensible." In London, after it was defaced a few days earlier, protesters defaced the statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square, Westminster with graffiti for a second time. Black spray paint was sprayed over his name and the words "was a racist" were sprayed underneath. A protester also attempted to burn the Union Jack flag flying at the Cenotaph, a memorial to Britain's war dead.
Later in the evening violence broke out between protesters and police. A
total of 49 police officers were injured after demonstrators threw
bottles and fireworks at them. Over the weekend, a total of 135 arrests were made by police. British Prime Minister Boris Johnson
commented on the events, saying "those who attack public property or
the police – who injure the police officers who are trying to keep us
all safe – those people will face the full force of the law; not just
because of the hurt and damage they are causing, but because of the
damage they are doing to the cause they claim to represent."
Peaceful protests took place in Leeds' Millennium Square on June 14, 2020 organized by a coalition of organizations: Black Voices Matter', which included Black Lives Matter Leeds. A second protest was held on Woodhouse Moor on June 21, organized by Black Lives Matter Leeds.
On June 18, Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab stated in a radio interview that the "taking the knee"
gesture associated with Black Lives Matter "feels to me like a symbol
of subjugation and subordination, rather than one of liberation and
emancipation", and suggested that it had originated in the TV series Game of Thrones.
On June 28, Black Lives Matter UK faced criticism for making a
series of tweets from their verified Twitter account regarding Israel,
including one that claims "mainstream British politics is gagged of the
right to critique Zionism". The Premier League, who were carrying the Black Lives Matter logo on their football shirts for the rest of the 2019–20 season, subsequently said that attempts by groups to hijack the cause to suit their own political ends are entirely unwelcome.
After receiving considerable donations in summer 2020, Black Lives Matter UK formalised its organisation.
In September 2020, the group changed its official name to Black
Liberation Movement UK and became legally registered as a community
benefit society. However, the group still uses the Black Lives Matter name in its global cooperative efforts.
In January 2021, the Black Liberation Movement began to distribute its
funds to grassroots black-led and anti-racist organisations across the
UK.
Activists from a different BLM group, Charles Gordon and Sasha Johnson, founded the Taking The Initiative Party (TTIP) in the summer of 2020 had applied to register as a political party through the Electoral Commission; however, BLM UK said "BLM UK has no intention to set up a political party. This person or group is not affiliated with us."
In December 2020, following completion of a month-long lockdown in England to help prevent the spread of COVID-19,
a limited number of football supporters were allowed back into some
stadiums for the first time since March 2020. On the first weekend of
the measure taking effect, a section of Millwall fans at The Den notably booed the taking the knee gesture by their own players as well as those of the visitors Derby County ahead of a match between the two sides. The act was condemned by Derby manager Wayne Rooney, government minister James Cleverly, and TV pundits Gary Lineker and Micah Richards.
The England cricket team took the knee in their opening 2020 test series against the West Indies
and in three one day internationals against Ireland. It was not
repeated for the games against Pakistan and Australia, a move criticized
by the Wisden editorial board, while former West Indies player Michael Holding accused them of coming up with "lame excuses" for no longer taking the knee before games.
We Believe sign in Arlington, Virginia, October 2020
BLM-themed lawn signs
In 2020 issue-based yard signs emerged in neighborhoods across the United States supporting multiple liberal movements commonly with a Black Lives Matter theme. Stemming from the original "Kindness is everything" sign with the introductory line “In this house, we believe:” many iterations begin more succinctly “We believe” after which a list of movements is enumerated
often starting with Black Lives Matter. An even stack of colored lines
of correlated phrases stand in vibrant contrast to one another against a
black background.
The "Kindness is Everything" sign originated as a white woman's show of opposition to Trump on his first day in office.
In September 2020, West St. Paul
resident Ryan Weyandt painted a Black Lives Matter mural on a fence
surrounding his property. The mural was nearly 75 feet (23 m) long,
with 6-foot (1.8 m) high letters, with the word "lives" painted in
rainbow colors, signifying Black LGBTQ+ persons. He was forced to paint over the sign as it was in violation of the city's sign ordinance.
2016 United States presidential election
Bern Machine with a BLM sticker, September 18, 2015
Primaries
Democrats
At the Netroots Nation Conference in July 2015, dozens of Black Lives Matter activists took over the stage at an event featuring Martin O'Malley
and Bernie Sanders. Activists, including Black Lives Matter co-founder
Patrisse Cullors, asked both candidates for specific policy proposals to
address deaths in police custody. The protesters chanted several slogans, including "if I die in police custody, burn everything down" and "Shut this crap down". The expression "Shut it down" would go on to become a popular phrase in Black Lives Matter protests and on social media.
After conference organizers pleaded with the protesters for
several minutes, O'Malley responded by pledging to release a
wide-ranging plan for criminal justice reform. Protesters later booed
O'Malley when he stated "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All
lives matter." O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he did not mean to disrespect the black community.
On August 8, 2015, a speech by Democratic presidential candidate and civil rights activist Bernie Sanders was disrupted by a group who would go on to found the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder Marissa Johnson who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists. Sanders issued a platform in response.
Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives
Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to Sanders' supporters, claiming
these actions did not represent her understanding of BLM. She was then
sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter which she described as
threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in
Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not
issued an apology. In August 2015, the Democratic National Committee passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.
In the first Democratic primary debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter. In reply, Bernie Sanders stated, "Black lives matter."
Martin O'Malley said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is
making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as
a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of
color." In response, Hillary Clinton pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color." Jim Webb, on the other hand, replied: "As the president of the United States, every life in this country matters." Hillary Clinton
was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: "What
would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama
couldn't?"
Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives, and
emphasized what she described as a more pragmatic approach to enacting
change, stating "Look, I don't believe you change hearts. I believe you
change laws". Without policy change, she felt "we'll be back here in 10
years having the same conversation."
In June 2015, Clinton used the phrase "all lives matter" in a speech
about the opportunities of young people of color, prompting backlash
that she may misunderstand the message of "Black Lives Matter."
A week after the first Democratic primary debate was held in Las
Vegas, BLM launched a petition targeted at the DNC and its chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz demanding more debates, and "specifically for a #BlackLivesMatter themed Presidential debate." The petition received over 10,000 signatures within 24 hours of being launched, and had over 33,000 signatures as of October 27, 2015.
The DNC said that it would permit presidential candidates to attend a
presidential town hall organized by activists, but that it would not add
another debate to its official schedule.
In response, the organization released a press statement on its
Facebook page stating that "[i]n consultation with our chapters, our
communities, allies, and supporters, we remain unequivocal that a
Presidential Town Hall with support from the DNC does not sufficiently
respond to the concerns raised by our members", continuing to demand a
full additional debate.
After the first debate, in October 2015, a speech by Hillary Clinton on criminal justice reform and race at Atlanta University Center was interrupted by BLM activists.
In February 2016, two Black Lives Matter activists protested at a
private fundraiser for Clinton about statements she made in 1996 in
which she referred to young people as "super-predators". One of the
activists wanted Clinton to apologize for "mass incarceration" in
connection with her support for her husband, then-President Bill
Clinton's 1994 criminal reform law.
Republicans
Republican candidates have been mostly critical of BLM. In August 2015, Ben Carson, the only African American vying for the Republican nomination for the presidency, called the movement "silly". Carson also said that BLM should care for all black lives, not just a few. In the first Republican presidential debate, which took place in Cleveland, one question referenced Black Lives Matter. In response to the question, Scott Walker advocated for the proper training of law enforcement and blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment, while Marco Rubio was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.
In August 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate Jeb Bush.
As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the
protesters by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".
Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group". Candidate Chris Christie, the New Jersey Governor, criticized President Obama for supporting BLM, stating that the movement calls for the murder of police officers. Christie's statement was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.
BLM activists also called on the Republican National Committee to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice. The RNC, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead also supported a townhall or forum.
In November 2015, a BLM protester was physically assaulted at a Donald Trump
rally in Birmingham, Alabama. In response, Trump said, "maybe he should
have been roughed up because it was absolutely disgusting what he was
doing." Trump had previously threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.
Anti-Trump protest in New York City, March 19, 2016
In March 2016, Black Lives Matter helped organize the 2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest that forced Trump to cancel the event.
Four individuals were arrested and charged in the incident; two were
"charged with felony aggravated battery to a police officer and
resisting arrest", one was "charged with two misdemeanor counts of
resisting and obstructing a peace officer", and the fourth "was charged
with one misdemeanor count of resisting and obstructing a peace
officer". A CBS reporter was one of those arrested outside the rally. He was charged with resisting arrest.
General election
A group called Mothers of the Movement,
which includes the mothers of Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Eric Garner,
and other mothers whose "unarmed African-American children have been
killed by law enforcement or due to gun violence," addressed the 2016 Democratic National Convention on July 26.
Commenting on the first of 2016 presidential debates
between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, some media outlets
characterized Clinton's references to implicit bias and systemic racism as speaking "the language of the Black Lives Matter movement," while others pointed out neither Clinton nor Trump used the words "Black Lives Matter."
In a The Washington Post op-ed, DeRay Mckesson endorsed
Hillary Clinton, because her "platform on racial justice is strong". He
articulated that voting alone is not the only way to bring about
"transformational change". He said that "I voted my entire life, and I
was still tear-gassed in the streets of St. Louis and Baltimore. I voted
my entire life, and those votes did not convict the killers of Sandra
Bland, Freddie Gray or Michael Brown".
Reactions
The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter has varied consistently and considerably by race.
A majority of Americans disapproved of the movement through 2018, after
which it started gaining wider support. Black Lives Matter's popularity
surged and reached its highest levels yet in the summer of 2020, when a
Pew Research Center
poll found that 60% of white, 77% of Hispanic, 75% of Asian and 86% of
African-Americans either strongly supported or somewhat supported BLM.
However, its popularity had declined considerably in September of the
same year, when another Pew Research Center poll showed that its overall
approval ratings among all American adults had gone down by 12
percentage points to 55%, and that 45% of whites, 66% of Hispanics and
69% of Asians now approved of it. Support remained widespread among black-American adults (up 1% to 87%).
The phrase "All Lives Matter"
sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, but has
been criticized for dismissing or misunderstanding the message of "Black
Lives Matter". Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson, the hashtag
Blue Lives Matter was created by supporters of the police. A few civil rights leaders have disagreed with tactics used by Black Lives Matter activists. Public and academic debate at large has arisen over the structure and tactics used.
In the weeks following the death of George Floyd, many
corporations came out in support of the movement, donating and enacting
policy changes in accordance with the group's ethos.
"All Lives Matter"
The phrase "All Lives Matter" sprang up as response to the Black
Lives Matter movement, shortly after the movement gained national
attention. Several notable individuals have supported All Lives Matter. Its proponents include Senator Tim Scott. NFL cornerback Richard Sherman supports the All Lives Matter message, saying "I stand by what I said that All Lives Matter and that we are human beings."
According to an August 2015 telephone poll, 78% of likely American
voters said that the statement "all lives matter" was closest to their
own personal views when compared to "black lives matter" or neither.
Only 11% said that the statement "black lives matter" was closest. Nine
percent said that neither statement reflected their own personal point
of view.
According to professor David Theo Goldberg, "All Lives Matter" reflects a view of "racial dismissal, ignoring, and denial".
Professor Charles "Chip" Linscott said that "All Lives Matter" promotes
the "erasure of structural anti-black racism and black social death in
the name of formal and ideological equality and post-racial
colorblindness".
Founders have responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity,
saying, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it
means that Black lives, which are seen without value within White supremacy, are important to your liberation." President Barack Obama spoke to the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.
Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the
phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no
one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there
is a specific problem that is happening in the African American
community that's not happening in other communities." He also said "that
is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."
"Blue Lives Matter"
Blue Lives Matter is a countermovement in the United States advocating that those who are prosecuted and convicted of killing law enforcement officers should be sentenced under hate crime statutes. It was started in response to Black Lives Matter after the homicides of NYPD officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu in Brooklyn, New York on December 20, 2014.
Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson and in response to BLM, the hashtag #BlueLivesMatter was created by supporters of the police.
Following this, Blue Lives Matter became a pro-police officer movement
in the United States. It expanded after the killings of American police
officers.
Criticized by the ACLU and others, the movement inspired a state
law in Louisiana that made it a hate crime to target police officers,
firefighters, and emergency medical service personnel.
"White Lives Matter"
White Lives Matter is an activist group created in response to Black Lives Matter. In August 2016, the Southern Poverty Law Center added "White Lives Matter" to its list of hate groups. The group has also been active in the United Kingdom. The "White Lives Matter" slogan was chanted by torch-wielding alt-right protesters during the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. On October 28, 2017, numerous "White Lives Matter" rallies broke out in Tennessee. Dominated in Shelbyville particularly, protesters justified their movement in response to the increasing number of immigrants and refugees to Middle Tennessee.
"White Lives Matter" movements have also been present in European
football, with instances of corresponding banners being raised at
stadiums in the Czech Republic, Ukraine, Hungary, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.
Disinformation
The Anti-Defamation League
reports numerous attempts to spread disinformation about BLM, citing as
examples mid-June 2020 posts "featuring a sticker instructing people to
'kill a white on sight' spread on Facebook and Twitter. The sticker
included the hashtags #BlackLivesMatter and #Antifa." On Telegram, a "white supremacist channel encouraged members to distribute the propaganda." Another disinformation campaign, originating in June 2020 on 4chan, had the "goal of getting the hashtags #AllWhitesAreNazis (#AWAN) trending on Twitter.
Organizers hoped to commandeer hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter and #BLM
with a high volume of tweets—purportedly from Black activist
accounts—containing the #AWAN hashtag." According to the ADL, the
campaign's supporters hoped to sow tension and promote white supremacist
accelerationism.
Conservative pundits such as Ryan Fournier and Candace Owens have falsely claimed that ActBlue
funnels donations intended for Black Lives Matter to Democratic
candidates, with some going so far as to allege the organization is a money laundering scam.
According to scholars, Russian operatives associated with the Internet Research Agency
have engaged in a sustained campaign to simultaneously promote the
Black Lives Matter movement as well as to oppose it. In some cases,
Russian operatives encouraged antagonism and violence toward BLM members.
Fake manifesto
In June 2020, an unknown party created a website at BLMManifesto.com
purporting to be the manifesto of the BLM movement. The text mimics a
1919 Italian Fascist Manifesto, modified to relate to racial injustice.
According to Snopes, the website appears intended to discredit the BLM movement.
Statistics
The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter
varies considerably by race. According to a September 2015 poll on race
relations, nearly two-thirds of African Americans mostly agree with
Black Lives Matter, while 30% of black Americans and 37% of white
Americans do not have an opinion about Black Lives Matter.
Of white people surveyed, 41% thought that Black Lives Matter advocated
violence, and 59% of whites thought that Black Lives Matter distracted
attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. By comparison,
82% of black people polled thought that Black Lives Matter was a
nonviolent movement, and 26% of blacks thought that Black Lives Matter
distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. On
the question of whether "Black Lives Matter" was mostly a movement or
mostly a slogan, 46% of whites and 67% of blacks thought that it is
mostly a movement.
A nationally representative internet survey conducted by the Center for
the Study of Diversity and
Democracy at Northwestern University found that 82 percent of African
Americans believe that the movement is at least moderately effective
at achieving its stated goals, although 64 percent of the respondents
believed that the movement would be more effective if it had a more
centralized leadership structure.
A poll in June 2016 found that 65% of black American adults
supported Black Lives Matter and 40% of white American adults support
it. Fifty-nine percent of black Americans thought that Black Lives
Matter would "be effective, in the long run, in helping blacks achieve
equality" and 34% of white Americans thought so. A 2017 Harvard-Harris survey found that 35% of whites and 83% of blacks have a favorable view of the movement.
According to an analysis by The Guardian of statistics collected by the US Crisis Monitor,
during most of 2020 "US law enforcement agencies have used teargas,
pepper spray, rubber bullets, and beatings at a much higher percentage
at Black Lives Matter demonstrations than at pro-Trump or other
rightwing protests",
regardless of whether the protest was violent or peaceful. The analysis
also notes that "the vast majority of the thousands of protests across
the United States in the past year have been peaceful, and [...] most
protests by both the left and the right were not met with any violent
response by law enforcement."
2020
A BLM protest in
Ohio, July 2020
With the resurgence of Black Lives Matter in national headlines amid
global protests, the movement saw an increase in support in 2020. Although they began from different perspectives, as per the New York Times' The Upshot,
"all kinds of voters moved sharply in the direction of supporting the
movement" just within the two weeks between late May and early June "as
much as [they] had in the preceding two years." The Pew Research Center reported that "[m]ost Americans express[ed] support for the Black Lives Matter movement" during this period.
According to Terrance Woodbury, a researcher of attitudes among
young adults, "[the] movement has evolved from Black people vs. the
police to young people vs. racism." An online survey of people aged from 18 to 34 by the Global Strategy Group found broad support from the participants, except by those who identified as pro-Trump Republicans.
Opal Tometi theorizes that increased support was the result of
economic anxiety and contempt for the American government's handling of
the COVID-19 pandemic. Protests led by Black Lives Matter throughout the summer eventually developed into one of the larger movements in U.S. history.
However, the movement's momentum and popularity began to decline,
with a Pew Research Center poll showing that support for Black Lives
Matter had fallen by 12 percentage points to 55% of all American adults
by September, and had returned to a net negative approval rating among
white Americans as well as significantly declining in popularity among
Hispanic Americans. Support remained widespread among black American adults (up 1% from June to 87%).
Criticism
Tactics
Some black civil rights leaders such as Cecil "Chip" Murray, Najee Ali, and Earl Ofari Hutchinson
have criticized the tactics of BLM as disrespectful and ineffective,
with Ali claiming "all they can do is disrupt and make noise." Author and minister Barbara Ann Reynolds has also criticized the confrontational tactics of BLM. Economist Glenn Loury,
while supportive of the fundamentals of the movement, has criticized
public retribution against "White politicians who state All Lives
Matter" and the apparent polarizing effects of the movement.
In his 2018 book The Once and Future Liberal, Mark Lilla criticizes Black Lives Matter as part of his broader left-wing critique of identity politics.
Though he agreed with their aims, he called their rhetoric "a textbook
example in how to not build solidarity", arguing that the campaign
alienates people with their negative attitude toward American society
and law enforcement and with their overbearing tactics. He also compared
them unfavorably to the civil rights movement leaders, who were
"consciously appealing to what we share" instead of emphasizing
differences of race and other identities.
According to Inside Higher Ed, Black Lives Matter protests at the College of William & Mary resulted in an invited speaker being shut down.
Academic freedom
Many academics, including John McWhorter,
Eric Kaufmann,
John Ellis,
Marybeth Gasman,
Glenn Loury,
and at least 153 other scholars have criticized tactics used by some Black Lives Matter activists as silencing speech and repressing academic freedom. They claim that the result is self-censorship, reduced academic inquiry, and research bias.
Critics claim academics have been hesitant to speak out against repression for fear of retribution.
In particular, high-profile academics have spoken out against the
use of "diversity statements" in admission, hiring, and tenure
decisions, including Jeffrey Flier, Dean of the Harvard Medical School, and Abigail Thompson, Vice President of the American Mathematical Society. Thompson drew comparisons to McCarthy-era loyalty oaths. When schools receive state funding, scholars have criticized Black Lives Matter pledges as unconstitutional.
Views on law enforcement
Some critics accuse Black Lives Matter of being anti-police.
Sgt. Demetrick Pennie of the Dallas Police Department filed an
unsuccessful lawsuit against Black Lives Matter in September 2016, which
accused the group of inciting a "race war."
Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in
a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law
enforcement groups claim the chant promotes death to police. The protest
organizer disputed that interpretation, saying "What we are promoting
is that if black people who kill police officers are going to fry, then
we want police officers to face the same treatment that we face as
civilians for killing officers."
Ferguson, Missouri, August 17, 2014
Disconnect from underprivileged communities
Some black community leaders have come out against the movement as disconnected from the people it claims to represent. In opposing August 2020 budget cuts, New York City Councilman I. Daneek Miller,
co-chairman of the council's Black, Latino and Asian Caucus opposed
reducing police funding and stated, "Black folks want to be safe like
everyone else...we can't allow folks from outside our community to
lecture us about Black lives." Vanessa Gibson
of the Bronx's 16th Council District stated that, "My working-class
people, my homeowners, my tenants, my neighbors—they are not out there
screaming and yelling, because they have to work." Mayor Ras Baraka of Newark, New Jersey, called "defund the police" a "bourgeois liberal" solution to racism.
Insufficient focus on women
Women from within the Black Lives Matter movement, including
professor and civil rights advocate Treva B. Lindsey, have argued that
BLM has sidelined black women's experiences in favor of black men's
experiences. For example, more demonstrations have been organized to
protest the killings of Michael Brown and Trayvon Martin than the killings of Kayla Moore or Rekia Boyd.
In response, Say Her Name
was founded to focus specifically on the killing of black women by
police and to bring their names into the Black Lives Matter protest.
Their stated goal is to offer a more complete, but not competing,
narrative with the overall Black Lives Matter movement.
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