Giovanni Schiaparelli
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|---|---|
Giovanni Schiaparelli
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| Born |
Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli
14 March 1835 |
| Died | 4 July 1910 (aged 75) |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Astronomy |
Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli ForMemRS HFRSE (/ˌskæpəˈrɛli, ˌʃæp-/ SKAP-ə-REL-ee, SHAP-, also US: /skiˌɑːp-/ skee-AHP-, Italian: [dʒoˈvanni virˈdʒiːnjo skjapaˈrɛlli]; 14 March 1835 – 4 July 1910) was an Italian astronomer and science historian.
Biography
He studied at the University of Turin, graduating in 1854, and later did research at Berlin Observatory, under Encke. In 1859–1860 he worked in Pulkovo Observatory near St Petersburg, and then worked for over forty years at Brera Observatory in Milan. He was also a senator of the Kingdom of Italy, a member of the Accademia dei Lincei, the Accademia delle Scienze di Torino and the Regio Istituto Lombardo, and is particularly known for his studies of Mars.
Mars
Among Schiaparelli's contributions are his telescopic observations of Mars. In his initial observations, he named the "seas"
and "continents" of Mars. During the planet's "Great Opposition" of
1877, he observed a dense network of linear structures on the surface of
Mars which he called "canali" in Italian, meaning "channels" but the
term was mistranslated into English as "canals".
While the term "canals" indicates an artificial construction, the term "channels" connotes
that the observed features were natural configurations of the planetary
surface. From the incorrect translation into the term "canals", various
assumptions were made about life on Mars; as these assumptions were
popularized, the "canals" of Mars became famous, giving rise to waves of
hypotheses, speculation, and folklore about the possibility of intelligent life on Mars, the Martians. Among the most fervent supporters of the artificial-canal hypothesis was the American astronomer Percival Lowell, who spent much of his life trying to prove the existence of intelligent life on the red planet.
After Lowell's death in 1916, astronomers developed a consensus against
the canal hypothesis, but the popular concept of Martian canals
excavated by intelligent Martians remained in the public mind for the
first half of the 20th century, and inspired a corpus of works of
classic science fiction.
Later, with notable thanks to the observations of the Italian astronomer Vincenzo Cerulli, scientists came to the conclusion that the famous channels were actually mere optical illusions.
The last popular speculations about canals were finally put to rest
during the spaceflight era beginning in the 1960s, when visiting
spacecraft such as Mariner 4
photographed the surface with much higher resolution than Earth-based
telescopes, confirming that there are no structures resembling "canals".
In his book Life on Mars, Schiaparelli wrote: "Rather than
true channels in a form familiar to us, we must imagine depressions in
the soil that are not very deep, extended in a straight direction for
thousands of miles, over a width of 100, 200 kilometers and maybe more. I
have already pointed out that, in the absence of rain on Mars, these
channels are probably the main mechanism by which the water (and with it
organic life) can spread on the dry surface of the planet."
Astronomy and history of science
Schiaparelli's planisphere of Mercury
| 69 Hesperia | 29 April 1861 | MPC |
An observer of objects in the Solar System, Schiaparelli worked on binary stars, discovered the large main-belt asteroid 69 Hesperia on 29 April 1861, and demonstrated that the meteor showers were associated with comets. He proved, for example, that the orbit of the Leonid meteor shower coincided with that of the comet Tempel-Tuttle.
These observations led the astronomer to formulate the hypothesis,
subsequently proved to be correct, that the meteor showers could be the
trails of comets. He was also a keen observer of the inner planets Mercury and Venus. He made several drawings and determined their rotation periods. In 1965, it was shown that his and most other subsequent measurements of Mercury's period were incorrect.
Schiaparelli was a scholar of the history of classical astronomy. He was the first to realize that the concentric spheres of Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus, unlike those used by many astronomers of later times, were not to be taken as material objects, but only as part of an algorithm similar to the modern Fourier series.
Honors and awards
Schiaparelli's grave at the Monumental Cemetery of Milan, Italy
Awards
- Lalande Prize (1868)
- Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1872)
- Bruce Medal (1902)
Named after him
- The main-belt asteroid 4062 Schiaparelli, named on 15 September 1989 (M.P.C. 15090).
- The lunar crater Schiaparelli
- The Martian crater Schiaparelli
- Schiaparelli Dorsum on Mercury
- The 2016 ExoMars' Schiaparelli lander.
Relatives
His niece, Elsa Schiaparelli, became a noted designer or maker of haute couture.
Selected writings
- 1873 – Le stelle cadenti (The Falling Stars)
- 1893 – La vita sul pianeta Marte (Life on Mars)
- 1925 – Scritti sulla storia della astronomia antica (Writings on the History of Classical Astronomy) in three volumes. Bologna. Reprint: Milano, Mimesis, 1997.
