A day is approximately the period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation around its axis. A solar day is the length of time which elapses between the Sun reaching its highest point in the sky two consecutive times.
In 1960, the second was redefined in terms of the orbital motion of the Earth in the year 1900, and was designated the SI base unit of time. The unit of measurement "day", was redefined as 86,400 SI seconds and symbolized d. In 1967, the second and so the day were redefined by atomic electron transition. A civil day is usually 86,400 seconds, plus or minus a possible leap second in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and occasionally plus or minus an hour in those locations that change from or to daylight saving time.
Day can be defined as each of the twenty-four-hour periods, reckoned from one midnight to the next, into which a week, month, or year is divided, and corresponding to a rotation of the earth on its axis. However, its use depends on its context; for example, when people say 'day and night', 'day' will have a different meaning: the interval of light between two successive nights, the time between sunrise and sunset; the time of light between one night and the next. However, in order to be clear when using 'day' in that sense, "daytime" should be used to distinguish it from "day" referring to a 24-hour period; this is since daytime usually means 'the time of the day between sunrise and sunset.[8] The word day may also refer to a day of the week or to a calendar date, as in answer to the question, "On which day?" The life patterns (circadian rhythms) of humans and many other species are related to Earth's solar day and the day-night cycle.
In 1960, the second was redefined in terms of the orbital motion of the Earth in the year 1900, and was designated the SI base unit of time. The unit of measurement "day", was redefined as 86,400 SI seconds and symbolized d. In 1967, the second and so the day were redefined by atomic electron transition. A civil day is usually 86,400 seconds, plus or minus a possible leap second in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and occasionally plus or minus an hour in those locations that change from or to daylight saving time.
Day can be defined as each of the twenty-four-hour periods, reckoned from one midnight to the next, into which a week, month, or year is divided, and corresponding to a rotation of the earth on its axis. However, its use depends on its context; for example, when people say 'day and night', 'day' will have a different meaning: the interval of light between two successive nights, the time between sunrise and sunset; the time of light between one night and the next. However, in order to be clear when using 'day' in that sense, "daytime" should be used to distinguish it from "day" referring to a 24-hour period; this is since daytime usually means 'the time of the day between sunrise and sunset.[8] The word day may also refer to a day of the week or to a calendar date, as in answer to the question, "On which day?" The life patterns (circadian rhythms) of humans and many other species are related to Earth's solar day and the day-night cycle.
Daytime image of the bay of Naples, Italy
Introduction
Dagr, the Norse god of the day, rides his horse in this 19th-century painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo.
Apparent and mean solar day
Several
definitions of this universal human concept are used according to
context, need and convenience. Besides the day of 24 hours (86, 400
seconds), the word day is used for several different spans of
time based on the rotation of the Earth around its axis. An important
one is the solar day, defined as the time it takes for the Sun to return
to its culmination point (its highest point in the sky). Because
celestial orbits are not perfectly circular, and thus objects travel at
different speeds at various positions in their orbit, a solar day is not
the same length of time throughout the orbital year. Because the Earth
orbits the Sun elliptically as the Earth spins on an inclined axis, this
period can be up to 7.9 seconds more than (or less than) 24 hours. In
recent decades, the average length of a solar day on Earth has been
about 86, 400.002 seconds
(24.000 000 6 hours) and there are currently about 365.242199 solar days in one mean tropical year.
Ancient custom has a new day start at either the rising or
setting of the Sun on the local horizon (Italian reckoning, for example,
being 24 hours from sunset, oldstyle). The exact moment of, and the interval between, two sunrises or sunsets depends on the geographical position (longitude as well as latitude), and the time of year (as indicated by ancient hemispherical sundials).
A more constant day can be defined by the Sun passing through the local meridian, which happens at local noon (upper culmination) or midnight
(lower culmination). The exact moment is dependent on the geographical
longitude, and to a lesser extent on the time of the year. The length of
such a day is nearly constant (24 hours ± 30 seconds). This is the time
as indicated by modern sundials.
A further improvement defines a fictitious mean Sun that moves with constant speed along the celestial equator;
the speed is the same as the average speed of the real Sun, but this
removes the variation over a year as the Earth moves along its orbit
around the Sun (due to both its velocity and its axial tilt).
Stellar day
A day, understood as the span of time it takes for the Earth to make one entire rotation with respect to the celestial background or a distant star (assumed to be fixed), is called a stellar day.
This period of rotation is about 4 minutes less than 24 hours (23 hours
56 minutes and 4.1 seconds) and there are about 366.2422 stellar days
in one mean tropical year (one stellar day more than the number of solar
days). Other planets and moons have stellar and solar days of different
lengths from Earth's.
Daytime
A day, in the sense of daytime that is distinguished from night time, is commonly defined as the period during which sunlight
directly reaches the ground, assuming that there are no local
obstacles. The length of daytime averages slightly more than half of the
24-hour day. Two effects make daytime on average longer than nights.
The Sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 minutes of arc. Additionally, the atmosphere refracts
sunlight in such a way that some of it reaches the ground even when the
Sun is below the horizon by about 34 minutes of arc. So the first light
reaches the ground when the centre of the Sun is still below the
horizon by about 50 minutes of arc.[12] Thus, daytime is on average around 7 minutes longer than 12 hours.
Etymology
The term comes from the Old English dæg, with its cognates such as dagur in Icelandic, Tag in German, and dag in Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Dutch. All of them from the Indo-European root dyau which explains the similarity with Latin dies though the word is known to come from the Germanic branch. As of October 17, 2015, day is the 205th most common word in US English, and the 210th most common in UK English.
International System of Units (SI)
A day, symbol d, defined as 86, 400 seconds, is not an SI unit, but is accepted for use with SI. The Second is the base unit of time in SI units.
In 1967–68, during the 13th CGPM (Resolution 1), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) redefined a second as
... the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.
This makes the SI-based day last exactly 794, 243, 384, 928, 000 of those periods.
Leap seconds
Mainly due to tidal effects,
the Earth's rotational period is not constant, resulting in minor
variations for both solar days and stellar "days". The Earth's day has
increased in length over time due to tides raised by the Moon which slow Earth's rotation.
Because of the way the second is defined, the mean length of a day is
now about 86, 400.002 seconds, and is increasing by about 1.7 milliseconds per century (an average over the last 2, 700 years). The length of a day circa 620 million years ago has been estimated from rhythmites (alternating layers in sandstone) as having been about 21.9 hours.
In order to keep the civil day aligned with the apparent movement of the Sun, a day according to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) can include a negative or positive leap second.
Therefore, although typically 86, 400 SI seconds in duration, a civil
day can be either 86, 401 or 86, 399 SI seconds long on such a day.
Leap seconds are announced in advance by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), which measures the Earth's rotation and determines whether a leap second is necessary.
Civil day
For
civil purposes, a common clock time is typically defined for an entire
region based on the local mean solar time at a central meridian. Such time zones began to be adopted about the middle of the 19th century when railroads
with regularly occurring schedules came into use, with most major
countries having adopted them by 1929. As of 2015, throughout the world,
40 such zones are now in use: the central zone, from which all others
are defined as offsets, is known as UTC±00, which uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
The most common convention starts the civil day at midnight: this is near the time of the lower culmination of the Sun on the central meridian of the time zone. Such a day may be referred to as a calendar day.
A day is commonly divided into 24 hours of 60 minutes, with each minute composed of 60 seconds.
Decimal and metric time
In the 19th century, an idea circulated to make a decimal fraction (1⁄10, 000 or 1⁄100, 000) of an astronomical day the base unit of time. This was an afterglow of the short-lived movement toward a decimalisation of timekeeping and the calendar,
which had been given up already due to its difficulty in transitioning
from traditional, more familiar units. The most successful alternative
is the centiday,
equal to 14.4 minutes (864 seconds), being not only a shorter multiple
of an hour (0.24 vs 2.4) but also closer to the SI multiple kilosecond (1, 000 seconds) and equal to the traditional Chinese unit, kè.
Colloquial
The word refers to various similarly defined ideas, such as:
- Full day
- 24 hours (exactly)
- The full day covering both the dark and light periods, beginning from the start of the dark period or from a point near the middle of the dark period
- A full dark and light period, sometimes called a nychthemeron in English, from the Greek for night-day;[18] or more colloquially the term 24 hours. In other languages, 24 hours is also often used. Other languages also have a separate word for a full day.
- Daytime
- The period of light when the Sun is above the local horizon (that is, the time period from sunrise to sunset)
- The time period from 06:00–18:00 (6:00 am – 6:00 pm) or 21:00 (9:00 pm) or another fixed clock period overlapping or offset from other time periods such as "morning", "evening", or "night".
- The time period from first-light "dawn" to last-light "twilight".
Boundaries
Sun and Moon, Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493
For most diurnal
animals, the day naturally begins at dawn and ends at sunset. Humans,
with their cultural norms and scientific knowledge, have employed
several different conceptions of the day's boundaries. Common convention
among the ancient Romans, ancient Chinese
and in modern times is for the civil day to begin at midnight, i.e.
00:00, and last a full 24 hours until 24:00 (i.e. 00:00 of the next
day).
In ancient Egypt, the day was reckoned from sunrise to sunrise. The Jewish day begins at either sunset or nightfall (when three second-magnitude stars appear).
Medieval Europe also followed this tradition, known as Florentine reckoning: in this system, a reference like "two hours into the day" meant two hours after sunset and thus times during the evening need to be shifted back one calendar day in modern reckoning. Days such as Christmas Eve, Halloween, and the Eve of Saint Agnes are remnants of the older pattern when holidays began during the prior evening. Prior to 1926, Turkey had two time systems: Turkish (counting the hours from sunset) and French (counting the hours from midnight).
Validity of tickets,
passes, etc., for a day or a number of days may end at midnight, or
closing time, when that is earlier. However, if a service (e.g., public transport)
operates from for example, 6:00 to 1:00 the next day (which may be
noted as 25:00), the last hour may well count as being part of the
previous day. For services depending on the day ("closed on Sundays",
"does not run on Fridays", and so on) there is a risk of ambiguity. For
example, a day ticket on the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways) is valid for 28 hours, from 0:00 to 28:00 (that is, 4:00 the next day); the validity of a pass on Transport for London
(TfL) services is until the end of the "transport day" – that is to
say, until 4:30 am on the day after the "expires" date stamped on the
pass.
Midnight sun
In places which experience the midnight sun (polar day), daytime may extend beyond one 24-hour period and could even extend to months.
Extraterrestrial bodies
Besides a stellar day on Earth,
determined to be 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds, there are
related such days for bodies in the Solar System other than the Earth. For example:
- Mercury: 58 days, 15 hours, 30 minutes
- Venus: 243 days
- Earth's Moon: 27 days, 7 hours, 12 minutes
- Mars: 1 day, 37 minutes
- Ceres: 9 hours, 4 minutes
- Jupiter: 9 hours, 56 minutes
- Saturn: 10 hours, 33 minutes, 38 seconds (+1m52s;-1m19s)
- Uranus: 17 hours, 14 minutes
- Neptune: 16 hours, 6 minutes
- Pluto: 6 days, 9 hours
