First edition UK cover
| |
| Author | Richard Dawkins |
|---|---|
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Subjects | |
| Publisher | Bantam Books |
Publication date
| 2 October 2006 |
| Media type | Print (hardcover and paperback) |
| Pages | 464 |
| ISBN | 978-0-618-68000-9 |
| 211/.8 22 | |
| LC Class | BL2775.3 .D39 2006 |
The God Delusion is a 2006 book by English biologist Richard Dawkins, a professorial fellow at New College, Oxford, and former holder of the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding of Science at the University of Oxford.
In The God Delusion, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that belief in a personal god qualifies as a delusion, which he defines as a persistent false belief held in the face of strong contradictory evidence. He is sympathetic to Robert Pirsig's statement in Lila (1991) that "when one person suffers from a delusion it is called insanity. When many people suffer from a delusion it is called religion." With many examples, he explains that one does not need religion to be moral and that the roots of religion and of morality can be explained in non-religious terms.
In early December 2006, it reached number four in the New York Times Hardcover Non-Fiction Best Seller list after nine weeks on the list. More than three million copies were sold. According to Dawkins in a 2016 interview with Matt Dillahunty, an unauthorised Arabic translation of this book has been downloaded 3 million times in Saudi Arabia. The book has attracted widespread commentary, with many books written in response.
Background
Dawkins has argued against creationist explanations of life in his previous works on evolution. The theme of The Blind Watchmaker, published in 1986, is that evolution can explain the apparent design in nature. In The God Delusion he focuses directly on a wider range of arguments used for and against belief in the existence of a god (or gods).
Dawkins identifies himself repeatedly as an atheist, while also
pointing out that, in a sense, he is also agnostic, though "only to the
extent that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden".
Dawkins had long wanted to write a book openly criticising religion,
but his publisher had advised against it. By the year 2006, his
publisher had warmed to the idea. Dawkins attributes this change of mind
to "four years of Bush" (who "literally said that God had told him to invade Iraq"). By that time, a number of authors, including Sam Harris and Christopher Hitchens,
who together with Dawkins were labelled "The Unholy Trinity" by Robert
Weitzel, had already written books openly attacking religion. According to the Amazon.co.uk retailer in August 2007, the book was the best-seller in their sales of books on religion and spirituality, with Hitchens's God is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything coming second. This led to a 50% growth in that category over the three years to that date.
Synopsis
Dawkins dedicates the book to Douglas Adams
and quotes the novelist: "Isn't it enough to see that a garden is
beautiful without having to believe that there are fairies at the bottom
of it too?"
The book contains ten chapters. The first few chapters make a case that
there almost certainly is no God, while the rest discuss religion and
morality.
Dawkins writes that The God Delusion contains four "consciousness-raising" messages:
- Atheists can be happy, balanced, moral, and intellectually fulfilled.
- Natural selection and similar scientific theories are superior to a "God hypothesis"—the illusion of intelligent design—in explaining the living world and the cosmos.
- Children should not be labelled by their parents' religion. Terms like "Catholic child" or "Muslim child" should make people cringe.
- Atheists should be proud, not apologetic, because atheism is evidence of a healthy, independent mind.
"God hypothesis"
Chapter
one, "A deeply religious non-believer", seeks to clarify the difference
between what Dawkins terms "Einsteinian religion" and "supernatural
religion". He notes that the former includes quasi-mystical and pantheistic references to God in the work of physicists like Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking, and describes such pantheism as "sexed up atheism". Dawkins instead takes issue with the theism present in religions like Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism.
The proposed existence of this interventionist God, which Dawkins calls
the "God Hypothesis", becomes an important theme in the book.[14]
He maintains that the existence or non-existence of God is a scientific
fact about the universe, which is discoverable in principle if not in
practice.
Dawkins summarises the main philosophical arguments on God's existence, singling out the argument from design for longer consideration. Dawkins concludes that evolution by natural selection can explain apparent design in nature.
He writes that one of the greatest challenges to the human
intellect has been to explain "how the complex, improbable design in the
universe arises", and suggests that there are two competing
explanations:
- A hypothesis involving a designer, that is, a complex being to account for the complexity that we see.
- A hypothesis, with supporting theories, that explains how, from simple origins and principles, something more complex can emerge.
This is the basic set-up of his argument against the existence of God, the Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit, where he argues that the first attempt is self-refuting, and the second approach is the way forward.
At the end of chapter 4 ("Why there almost certainly is no God"),
Dawkins sums up his argument and states, "The temptation [to attribute
the appearance of design to actual design itself] is a false one,
because the designer hypothesis immediately raises the larger problem of
who designed the designer. The whole problem we started out with was
the problem of explaining statistical improbability. It is obviously no
solution to postulate something even more improbable". In addition, chapter 4 asserts that the alternative to the designer hypothesis is not chance, but natural selection.
Dawkins does not claim to disprove God with absolute certainty.
Instead, he suggests as a general principle that simpler explanations
are preferable (see Occam's razor) and that an omniscient or omnipotent
God must be extremely complex (Dawkins argues that it is logically
impossible for a God to be simultaneously omniscient and omnipotent). As
such he argues that the theory of a universe without a God is
preferable to the theory of a universe with a God.
Religion and morality
The
second half of the book begins by exploring the roots of religion and
seeking an explanation for its ubiquity across human cultures. Dawkins
advocates the "theory of religion as an accidental by-product – a
misfiring of something useful" as for example the mind's employment of intentional stance. Dawkins suggests that the theory of memes,
and human susceptibility to religious memes in particular, can explain
how religions might spread like "mind viruses" across societies.
He then turns to the subject of morality, maintaining that we do not need religion to be good. Instead, our morality has a Darwinian
explanation: altruistic genes, selected through the process of
evolution, give people natural empathy. He asks, "would you commit
murder, rape or robbery if you knew that no God existed?" He argues that
very few people would answer "yes", undermining the claim that religion
is needed to make us behave morally. In support of this view, he
surveys the history of morality, arguing that there is a moral Zeitgeist
that continually evolves in society, generally progressing toward
liberalism. As it progresses, this moral consensus influences how
religious leaders interpret their holy writings. Thus, Dawkins states,
morality does not originate from the Bible, rather our moral progress
informs what part of the Bible Christians accept and what they now
dismiss.
Other themes
The God Delusion
is not just a defence of atheism, but also goes on the offensive
against religion. Dawkins sees religion as subverting science, fostering
fanaticism, encouraging bigotry against homosexuals, and influencing society in other negative ways. Dawkins regards religion as a "divisive force" and as a "label for in-group/out-group enmity and vendetta".
He is most outraged about the teaching of religion in schools,
which he considers to be an indoctrination process. He equates the religious teaching of children by parents and teachers in faith schools
to a form of mental abuse. Dawkins considers the labels "Muslim child"
and "Catholic child" equally misapplied as the descriptions "Marxist child" and "Tory
child", as he wonders how a young child can be considered developed
enough to have such independent views on the cosmos and humanity's place
within it.
The book concludes with the question of whether religion, despite
its alleged problems, fills a "much needed gap", giving consolation and
inspiration to people who need it. According to Dawkins, these needs
are much better filled by non-religious means such as philosophy and
science. He suggests that an atheistic worldview is life-affirming in a
way that religion, with its unsatisfying "answers" to life's mysteries,
could never be. An appendix gives addresses for those "needing support
in escaping religion".
Critical reception
The
book provoked an immediate response, both positive and negative, and
was published with endorsements from scientists, such as Nobel laureate
and co-discoverer of the structure of DNA James D. Watson, Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker, as well as popular writers of fiction and the illusionists Penn and Teller. Metacritic reported that the book had an average score of 59 out of 100. The book was nominated for Best Book at the British Book Awards, where Richard Dawkins was named Author of the Year. Nevertheless, the book received mixed reviews from critics, including both religious and atheist commentators. In the London Review of Books, Terry Eagleton
accused Richard Dawkins of not doing proper research into the topic of
his work, religion, and further agreed with critics who accused Dawkins
of committing straw man fallacies against theists (something Dawkins rebuts).
Oxford theologian Alister McGrath (author of The Dawkins Delusion? and Dawkins' God) argues that Dawkins is ignorant of Christian theology, and therefore unable to engage religion and faith intelligently. In reply, Dawkins asks: "Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in leprechauns?", and—in the paperback edition of The God Delusion—he refers to the American biologist PZ Myers, who has satirised this line of argument as "The Courtier's Reply". Dawkins had an extended debate with McGrath at the 2007 Sunday Times Literary Festival.
Eastern Orthodox theologian David Bentley Hart says that Dawkins "devoted several pages of The God Delusion to a discussion of the 'Five Ways' of Thomas Aquinas
but never thought to avail himself of the services of some scholar of
ancient and mediaeval thought who might have explained them to him ...
As a result, he not only mistook the Five Ways for Thomas's
comprehensive statement on why we should believe in God, which they most
definitely are not, but ended up completely misrepresenting the logic
of every single one of them, and at the most basic levels."
Christian philosopher Keith Ward, in his 2006 book Is Religion Dangerous?, argues against the view of Dawkins and others that religion is socially dangerous.
Ethicist Margaret Somerville, suggested that Dawkins "overstates the case against religion", particularly its role in human conflict.
Many of Dawkins' defenders claim that critics generally misunderstand his real point. During a debate on Radio 3 Hong Kong, David Nicholls, writer and president of the Atheist Foundation of Australia, reiterated Dawkins' sentiments that religion is an "unnecessary" aspect of global problems. Dawkins argues that "the existence of God is a scientific hypothesis like any other". He disagrees with Stephen Jay Gould's principle of nonoverlapping magisteria (NOMA). In an interview with the Time magazine, Dawkins said:
I think that Gould's separate compartments was a purely political ploy to win middle-of-the-road religious people to the science camp. But it's a very empty idea. There are plenty of places where religion does not keep off the scientific turf. Any belief in miracles is flat contradictory not just to the facts of science but to the spirit of science.
Astrophysicist Martin Rees has suggested that Dawkins' attack on mainstream religion is unhelpful. Regarding Rees' claim in his book Our Cosmic Habitat
that "such questions lie beyond science; however, they are the province
of philosophers and theologians", Dawkins asks "what expertise can
theologians bring to deep cosmological questions that scientists
cannot?"
Elsewhere, Dawkins has written that "there's all the difference in the
world between a belief that one is prepared to defend by quoting
evidence and logic, and a belief that is supported by nothing more than
tradition, authority or revelation."
Debate
On 3 October 2007, John Lennox, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford, publicly debated Richard Dawkins at the University of Alabama at Birmingham on Dawkins' views as expressed in The God Delusion, and their validity over and against the Christian faith.
"The God Delusion Debate" marked Dawkins' first visit to the Old South and the first significant discussion on this issue in the "Bible Belt".
The event was sold out, and the Wall Street Journal called it "a revelation: in Alabama, a civil debate over God's existence." Dawkins debated Lennox for the second time at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History
in October 2008. The debate was titled "Has Science Buried God?", in
which Dawkins said that, although he would not accept it, a reasonably
respectable case could be made for "a deistic god, a sort of god of the
physicist, a god of somebody like Paul Davies,
who devised the laws of physics, god the mathematician, god who put
together the cosmos in the first place and then sat back and watched
everything happen" but not for a theistic god.
Reviews and responses
- Alvin Plantinga: The Dawkins Confusion
- Anthony Kenny: Knowledge Belief and Faith
- Thomas Nagel: The Fear of Religion
- Michael Ruse: Chicago Journals Review
- Richard Swinburne: Response to Richard Dawkins
- Alister McGrath and Joanna Collicutt McGrath: The Dawkins Delusion?
- H. Allen Orr: A Mission to Convert
- Terry Eagleton: London Review of Books, Lunging, Flailing, Mispunching
- Antony Flew: The God Delusion Review – Dawkins response
- Murrough O'Brien of The Independent: Our Teapot which art in heaven – Dawkins responds: Do you have to read up on leprechology before disbelieving in them?
- Marilynne Robinson: The God Delusion Review, Harper's Magazine 2006[67]
- Simon Watson: "Richard Dawkins’ The God Delusion and Atheist Fundamentalism," in Anthropoetics: The Journal of Generative Anthropology (Spring 2010)
- William Lane Craig: "Dawkins' Delusion", web article excerpted from Contending with Christianity's Critics
Sales
As of January 2010, the English version of The God Delusion had sold over 2 million copies. As of September 2014, it increased to 3 million copies. It was ranked second on the Amazon.com best-sellers' list in November 2006. It remained on the list for 51 weeks until 30 September 2007. The German version, entitled Der Gotteswahn, had sold over 260,000 copies as of 28 January 2010. The God Delusion has been translated into 35 languages.
Responding books
Many books have been written in response to The God Delusion. For example:
- The Devil's Delusion, by David Berlinski
- Darwin's Angel, by John Cornwell
- God's Undertaker: Has Science Buried God?, by John Lennox (Oxford: Lion, 2009)
- The Dawkins Delusion?, by Alister McGrath and Joanna Collicutt McGrath
Legal repercussions in Turkey
In Turkey, where the book had sold at least 6,000 copies, a prosecutor launched a probe into whether The God Delusion
was "an attack on holy values", following a complaint in November 2007.
If convicted, the Turkish publisher and translator, Erol Karaaslan,
would have faced a prison sentence of inciting religious hatred and
insulting religious values.
In April 2008, the court acquitted the defendant. In ruling out the
need to confiscate copies of the book, the presiding judge stated that
banning it "would fundamentally limit the freedom of thought".
Dawkins' website, richarddawkins.net, was banned in Turkey later that year after complaints from creationist Adnan Oktar (Harun Yahya) for alleged defamation. By July 2011, the ban had been lifted.
Editions
English
List of editions in English:
- (in English) The God Delusion, hardcover edition, Bantam Press, 2006.
- The God Delusion, paperback edition (with new preface by Richard Dawkins), Black Swan, 2007.
- The God Delusion, 10th anniversary edition (with new introduction by Richard Dawkins and afterword by Daniel Dennett), Black Swan, 2016.
Translations
The
book has been officially translated into many different languages, such
as Spanish, German, Italian, and Turkish. Dawkins has also promoted
unofficial translations of the book in languages such as Arabic and Bengali. There are also Telugu and Tamil translations of the book.
Non-exhaustive list of international editions:
- (in Greek) Η περί Θεού αυταπάτη, translated by Maria Giatroudaki, Panagiotis Delivorias, Alekos Mamalis, Nikos Ntaikos, Kostas Simos, Vasilis Sakellariou, 2007 (ISBN 978-960-6717-07-9).
- (Brazilian Portuguese) Deus, um Delírio, translated by Fernanda Ravagnani, São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007 (ISBN 9788535910704).
- (European Portuguese) A desilusão de Deus, translated by Lígia Rodrigues and Maria João Camilo, Lisbon: Casa das Letras, 2007 (ISBN 978-972-46-1758-9).
- (in Swedish) Illusionen om Gud, translated by Margareta Eklöf, Stockholm: Leopard, 2007 (ISBN 9789173431767).
- (in Finnish) Jumalharha, translated by Kimmo Pietiläinen, Helsinki: Terra Cognita, 2007 (ISBN 9789525697001).
- (in Turkish) Tanri Yanilgisi, translated by Tnc Bilgin, Kuzey Yayinlari, 2007 (ISBN 9944315117).
- (in Croatian) Iluzija o Bogu, translated by Žarko Vodinelić, Zagreb: Izvori, 2007 (ISBN 0-618-68000-4).
- (in German) Der Gotteswahn, translated by Sebastian Vogel, Ullstein Taschenbuch, 2008 (ISBN 3548372325).
- (in French) Pour en finir avec Dieu, translated by Marie-France Desjeux-Lefort, 2008 (ISBN 9782221108932).
- (in Italian) L'illusione di Dio, translated by Laura Serra, Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2008 (ISBN 8804581646).
- (in Norwegian) Gud - en vrangforestilling translated by Finn B. Larsen and Ingrid Sande Larsen, 2007 (ISBN 9788292769027).
- (in Russian) Бог как иллюзия, 2008 (ISBN 978-5-389-00334-7).
- (in Tamil) கடவுள் ஒரு பொய் நம்பிக்கை, translated by G. V. K. Aasaan, Cen̲n̲ai, 2009 (ISBN 9788189788056).[84]
- (in Spanish) El espejismo de Dios, translated by Natalia Pérez-Galdós, Madrid: Espasa, 2013 (ISBN 8467031972).
- (in Latvian) Dieva delūzija, translated by Aldis Lauzis, Riga: Jumava, 2014 (ISBN 9789934115202).
- (Slovak) Boží blud, translated by Jana Lenzová, Bratislava: Citadella, 2016 (ISBN 978-80-89628-66-7)
Interviews
- "The flying spaghetti monster", interview with Steve Paulson, Salon.com, 13 October 2006
- "God vs. Science", discussion with Francis Collins, TIME, 13 November 2006
- "The God Delusion", interview with George Stroumboulopoulos, The Hour, 5 May 2007
- "God . . . in other words", interview with Ruth Gledhill, The Times, 10 May 2007
- "Richard Dawkins: An Argument for Atheism", interview with Terry Gross, Fresh Air, 7 March 2008
